`
`INTERNATIONAL
`STANDARD
`
`use/EEC
`11172-2
`
`First edition
`1993—08-01
`
`Information technology '— Coding of
`moving pictures and associated audio for
`digital storage media at up to about
`1,5 Mbitls —
`
`Part 2:
`
`Video
`
`Technologies de {information “4 Coa'age de l'image animée et du son
`assocfé pour les- supports de stcckage numériqua jusqu'é environ
`1.5 Mbit/s —
`Pam's 2: Video
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`ISO/IEC 11 172-2 1993(E)
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`
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`lSO/iEC 11172-2: 1993 {E}
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`Conlents
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`Page
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`Fmeword .................................... . .7 .......................................................... . .ii i
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`Introduction..i...............................
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`Section 1: General ...................................................................................... ..1
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`1.}
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`Scope ............................................................................................ ..1
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`1.2
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`Normative
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`Section 2: Technical
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`2.]
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`2.2
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`Symbols-and
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`2.3 Method of descxibing bitslream syntax.................................................... l3
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`
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`
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`2!."-
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`Annexes
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`15
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`m ‘0
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`A
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`13
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`C
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`8 by S Inverse discrete cosine translonn
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`Variable lenthcode
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`Video buffering
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`D_
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`Guidetoencoding
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`List of patent holders....................................................................... .109
`
`E F
`
`© ISO/{EC 1993
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form 01 by
`any means, elactronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without
`permission in writing from the publisher.
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`o ISO/IEC
`
`ISO/IEC 11172~2: 1993 (E)
`
`Foreword
`
`lSO ltbe International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the Inter—
`netiona Electrotecltnlcal Commission) form the specialized system for
`worldwide standardization. Na’donal bodies that are members of
`ISO or
`
`lnzemational Standards through
`the development of
`EEC participate it
`technical committees established by the respective organization 'to deal
`with particular fields 0% techn-cal activity.
`ISO and IEC technical com-
`mittees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organ—
`lzations, governmental and nongovernmental, in liaison with £80 and lEC,
`also take part ‘n the work.
`
`In the field of informazim technology, :80 and IEC have established a joint
`technical committee, ‘SO/IEC JTC 1. D'aft International Standards adopted
`by the loint technical committee are circulated to national bodes for vote
`ing. Publication as an International Standard requires-app'oval by at least
`75% o‘ the national bodies casting a vote.
`'
`
`International Standard iSO/IEC 11172-2 was prepared by JOint Technical
`_ Committee ESQ/IEC JTC 1, information technology, Sub-Committee SC 29,
`Coded representation“oir audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia infcr~
`7 matio‘n.
`'
`'
`'
`'
`
`ISDIJEC 11172 consists ot the following parts, under the‘general title in—
`formation technology —' Coding of moving pictures and aesociated audio
`for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 MbiVs:
`
`'— Part 1‘: Systems
`
`— Part 2: "Video
`
`— Part 3: Audio
`
`—— Part 4: Compliance testing
`
`Annexes A, 'B and C form'an integral part of this part of 18011 EC 11172.
`Annexes D, E and F are for information only.
`‘
`-
`'
`
`
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`iSO/iEC 11172-2: 1993 (E)
`
`o ISO/IEO
`
`Introduction
`
`Note —- Readers intonested in an overview of the MPEG Video layer should read this Introduction and then
`
`proceed to annex D, before returning to clauses I and 2.
`
`0.1
`
`Purpose
`
`This part ofISDIIEC 11 172 was developed in response to the growing need for a common format for
`represennt compressed video on various digital storage media such as CD3, DATs, Winchester disks and
`optical drives. This part of lSO/[EC 11172 specifies a coded representation that can be used for
`compressing vidco sequences to binates around 1,5 Mbitls. The use of this part of ISOIEEC 11172 means
`thatmotion video can be manipulated as aforrn oforanputer data and can be transmitted and received over
`existing and fixture networks. The coded representation can be used with both 625 -Iine and Sij-tine
`television and provides flexibility for use with workstation and personal computer displays.
`
`'Ihis part ofISOIEBC 11172 was developed to operate principally from storage media offering acontinuous
`unrufer rate of about 1.5 .Vlbitls. Neverthelessit can be used more widely than this because the approach
`taken is generic.
`
`0.1.1 Coding parameters
`
`'lhe intention indeveloping this part of ISOr’IKi 1.1172 has been to define asonroe coding algorithm with a
`large degree of flexibility that can be used in many different applications. To achieve this goal, a number of
`the parameters defining the characteristics ofcoded bitstreams and dermier are contained indie bitstream
`itself, This allows for example, the algorithm to be used for pictures witha variety of sins and aspect
`ratios and on channels or devices operating at awide range of bitrates
`
`Betnuse of the large range of the characteristics of bitstreams that can he represented by this part of ISOIIEC
`11172. a sub-set of these coding parameters known as the "Constrained Parameters" hasbeen defined. The
`aim in defining the constrained parameters is to offer guidance about a widely useful range ofparameters.
`Conforming to this set of constraints is not a requirement of this part of ISO/IEC 11172. A flag in the
`bitstream indicates whether or not it is a Constrained Paranetets hitstreun.
`
`Summary of the Constrained Parameters:
`
`
`
`
`
`Vertical ictun: size
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`l"(vmU“
`
`'
`
`Ct-r ‘3 EL 5' J!‘1O\ am
`r
`_
`'
`
`
`
`Less than -64 to +615 pets (using half-pol vectors)
`
`
`Less than or A a a] to 396 macrobloclrs
`
`ackwardificode and unward_f_code <= 4 see mbleDJ
`
`
`
`Less than oreuai m 1 856 000 hits/s (constant bitrate
`
`
`
`0.2 Overview of the algorithm
`
`The coded representation defined in this part of ISO/IEC 11172 achieves a high crunpression ratio while
`preserving good picture quality. The algorithm is not lossiess as the exact pcl values are not preserved
`during coding. The choice of the techniques is based on the need to balance a high picture quality and
`compression ratio with the requirement to make random access to the coded bitstreant. Obtaining good
`_
`_
`picture quality attire bitrates of interest demands a very high compression ratio which is not achievable
`with intraframe coding alone. I'he need for random access, however, is best satisfied with pure iIIBEUMfi EXhlblt 2005
`coding- This requires a carefulbalancebetween intra- and interframe coding andMmmmm 1191(201601 13 5
`recursive temporal redundancy reduuion.
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`© lSO/IEC
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`ISO/[EC 11172-2: 1993 (E)
`
`A number of techniqucsare used to achieve a high compression ratio. The first, which is almost
`independent from this part ofISO/[EC 11172, is to select an appropriate spatial resolution for the signal.
`The algorithm then ums blocknhased motion compensation to reduce the temporal redundancy. Motion
`compensation is used for causal prediction of the current picture from a previous picture, for non-causal
`prediction of the cment picture from a futurepicture or for interpolative prediction from past aid future
`pictures. Motion vectors are defined for each 16-pel hy 16—line region of the picture. The difference signal,
`the prediction error. is further compressed using the discrete cosine transform (DCI‘) to remove spatial
`correlation before it is quantized in an irreversible process mat discards the less important informatim.
`Finally, the motion vectors are combined with the DCT information, and coded using variabie length codes-
`
`0.2.1 Temporal processing
`
`Bernuse of die conflicting requirements of random access and highly efficient compression, three main
`picture types are defined. Inna-coded pictures (I-Pictures) are coded without reference to other pictures.
`They provide access points to the coded sequence where decoding canbegin, butare ended with only a
`moderate compression ratio. Predictive coded pictures (PAPictures) are codedmore efficiently using motion
`compensated prediction from a pastintraor predictivecoded picture and are generally used as a reference for
`further‘prediction. Bidirectionally—predittive coded pictues (B-Pictures) provide the highest degree of
`compression but require both part and ftture reference picnrres for motion compensation. Bidirectionally—
`predictive coded pictures are never used as references for prediction The organisation of the three picture
`types in 'a sequerceis very flexible. The choice is left to the encoder and will depend on the requirements of
`the application. Figure I illustrates the relationship between the three differentpicnrre types.
`
`Bidirectional
`
`Prediction
`
`Prediction
`
`Figure l -- Example of temporal picture structure
`
`The fourth picture type defined in this part of ISO/lEC 11172, the D—picture, is provided to allow-a simple,
`but limited quality, fashforward playback mode.
`
`0.2.2 Motion representation - macrobloclrs
`
`The choice of 16 by 16 macrohlocks for the motion-compensation unit is aresult of the trade-off between
`increasing the coding efficiency provided by using motion hrfcrrnao‘on and the Overhead needed to storcit.
`Each macroblock can be one of a number of different types. For example. intra—(Dded, forward-predictive-
`coded, backward-predictive coded, and bidirectionally~predictive—coded macrobloclts are penru'tted in
`hidirectionally-predictive coded pictures. Depending on the type of the macrohlock, motion vector
`information and other side information are stored with the compressed prediction error signal in each
`macrohlock. Themotion vectors are encoded differentially with respect to the lust coded motion vector,
`using variable-length codes. The maximum length of the vectors that may berepresented can be
`progrannned, on a picture—by—picttue basis, so that the mosr demanding applications can be met without
`compromising the pmnnancc of the system in more normal situations.
`
`c
`.
`I'
`'
`‘
`tts the responsibility of the encoder to mlculntc appropriate motion vectors
`does not specify how this should be done.
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`lSO/iEC 11172-2: 1993 (E)
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`I
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`©ISO/1EC
`
`6.2.3 Spatial redundancy reduction
`
`Both original pictures and prediction error signals have high spatial redundancy. This part of lSO/lEC
`11172 usesa block-based DCT method with visually weighted quantization and run—length coding. Each 8
`by 8 bleak of the original picmre for intro-coded macrobloclzs or of the prediction errorfor predictive—wded
`merobloclrs is transformed into the DCT domain where it ’n scaled before being quantized. After
`quant'zation many of the coefficients are zero in value and so live—dimensional run—length and variable
`length coding is used to encode the remaining coefficients efficiently.
`
`0.3 Encoding
`
`This part of ISOIIBC 11172 does not Specify an encoding process. It specifies the syntax and semantics of
`the bitstream and the signal proceSsing in the decoder. As a result, many options are left open to encoders
`to trade-off cost and speed against pieture quality and coding efficiency. This clause is abrief description of
`the functions that need to be performed by an encoder. Figure 2shows thernain functional blocks.
`
`Motion
`
`stimator Source input pictures
`
`DCT is discrete cosine transform
`
`DC'I‘l is inverse discrete cosine transform
`Q is quantization
`Q'] is dequantization
`VLC is variable length coding
`
`Figure 2 -- Simplified video encoder block diagram
`
`The input video signal m an be digitized and representedas a luminance and two colour difference signals
`(Y, Cb, Cr). This may he followed by preprocessing and format conversion to selectan appropriate
`window. resolution and input format. This part of [SO/113C 11172 requires that the colour difference
`signals (Cb and Cr) are subsatnpled with respect to the luminance by 2:l in both vertical and horizontal
`directions and are reformatted, if necessary, as a non-interlaced signal.
`
`The euooder must choow which picture type to use. for each picture. Having defined the picture-types, the
`encoder esdmams motion vectors for each 16 by 16 macroblock in the picture.
`In P~Pictures one vector is
`needed for each non—intro macroblock and in B-Pictnres one or two vectors areneeded.
`
`if B-Picmres are used some reordering of the piaure sequence is necessary before encoding. BecaBdeTMA EXhibit 2005
`Pictures are coded using bidirectional motion oommnsated prediction, they can ordAPpMdMAthRZO 16-0 1 13 5
`subsequent reference picture (an I or P—Picture) hasbeen decoded. Therefore the pictures are reordered by the
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`© ISO/IEO
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`ISOl'IEC 11172—2: 1993 (E)
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`encodersothat the pictures arrive at the decoder in the order fordecoding. The correct d'splay order is
`recovered by the decoder;
`
`The basic unit of coding within a picture is the macrobloclc. Within each picture, macrobloclcs are encoded
`in sequence, left to right, top to bottom. Each macrnblock consists of six 8 by 8 blocks: four blocks of
`luminance, one block of Cb chromhtance, and one block of Cr chromiuance. See figure 3. Note that the
`picture area covered by the four blocks of luminance is the same as the area covered by each of the
`chrominance blocks. This is due to subsampling of the chrominance information to match the sensitivity of
`the human visual system.
`-
`
`Ill
`
`Y
`
`Ch
`
`Cr
`
`Figure 3 ~-
`
`'Macroblock structure
`
`,
`Firstly, fora given microblock, the coding mode is chosen. It depends on the picture type, the
`effectiveness of motion compensated prediction in that local region, and the nature of the signal within the
`block. Secondly, depending on the coding mode, amotion compensated prediction of the contents of the
`block based on past ancUor future reference pictures is formed. This prediction is subtracted from the actual
`data in the current macrohlock to form an error signal. Thirdly, this error signal is separatcd into S by 8
`blocks (4 luminance and2 chrominance bloaks in each macrobloclc) and a discrete cosine transform is
`performed on each block. Each resulting 8 by 8 block of DCT onefiicients is quantized and the two—
`dimensional block is scanned in a zigezag order to convert itinto a one-dimensional suing of quantized DCT
`coefficients. Fourthly, the side-information for the macroblock (mode, motion vectors etc} and the
`quantized coefficient data are encoded. For maximum efficimcy, a number of variable length code tables are
`defined forthe different data elements. Run~length coding is used for the quantized cocfficientdrta
`
`A consequence of using different picture types and variable length coding is that the overall datarate is
`variable In applications tint involve a fixed-rate channel. aFlFO buffer may be used to match the encoder
`output to the channel. The status of this buffer may be monitored to control the number of bits generated
`by the encoder. Controlling the quantization process is the most direct way of controllingthe citrate. This
`part of ISO/113C 1 1172 specifies an abstractrnodel of the buffering system (the Video Buffering Verifier} in
`order to constrain the maximum variability in the number of bits that are used for a given picture. This
`ensures that abitstrearn can be decoded with a buffer of known size.
`
`At this stage, the coded representation of the picture has been generated. The final step in the encoder is to
`regenerate I—Pictures and P-Pictures by decoding the data so that they can be med as reference pictures for.
`subsequent encoding. The quantized coefficients are dequan tized and an inverse 8 by 8 1Dle is performed on
`each block. The prediction error signal produced is then added back to the prediction signal and limited to
`the required range to give a decoded reference picture.
`
`0.4 Decoding
`
`it is considerably simpler than encoding as there is no
`Decoding is the inverse of the encoding operation.
`need to perform motion estimation and there are many fewer options. The decoding procem is defined by
`this part of ISOJIEC 11172. The descripticn that follows is a very brief overview of one possible way of
`decoding abitstream. Other decoders with different architectures are possrblc. Figure 4 shows the main
`functional blocks.
`
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`“ISO/[EC 11172-2: 1993 (E)
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`©__ISOJEEC
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`
`
`Reconstructed
`output pictures
`
`DCT'1 is inverse discrete cosine transform
`(2-1
`_ isdequantizaticn
`NIde is demultiplexing
`VLD
`is variable length decoding
`
`Figure 4 -- Basic video decoder block diagram
`
`For fixed—rate applications, the channel fills a FIFO buffer at a constant rate with the coded bitstream. The
`decoder reads this buffer and decodes the data elements in thebitstream according to the defined syntax.
`
`As the decoder reads the bitstream, it identifies the start of a coded pictureand then the type of the picture.
`It decodes each macrohlock in the picture in turn. The macrohlodt type and the motion vectors, if present,
`are used to construct a prediction of the currentrnacroblock based on past and future referent:- pictures that
`-- have been stored in thedecodcr'. The coefficient dataare decoded and dequanlized. Each 8 by 8 block of
`coefficient date is transformed by an inverse DCT (specified in annex A), and the result is added to the
`prediction signal and limited to the defined range.
`
`After all the macroblocks in the picture have been processed the picture has been reconstructed If it is an [—
`picture or aP—picture it is a reference picture for subsequent pictures and is stored, replacing the oldest stored
`reference picture. Before the pictures are displayed they may need to be tea—ordered from the coded order to '
`their flannel display order. Aflerr‘eordering the pictures are available, in digital form, for post-processing
`and display in any manner that the application chooses.
`
`0.5
`
`Structure of the coded video bitstream
`
`This part of ISOHEC 11172 spedfics a syntax for acoded video bitstrearn. This syntax contains six layers,
`each of which either supports a signal processing or a system function:
`
`DCT unit
`
`La ers of the max
`Sequence layer
`Group ofpictures layer
`Picture layer
`Slice layer
`Macroblock layer
`Blmkla r
`
`Random access unit: context
`Random access unit: video
`Primary coding unit
`Resynchronizatjon unit
`Motion compemalion unit
`
`0.6 Features supported by the algorithm
`
`Applications using compressed video on digital storage media need to be able to perform anumber of
`operations in addition to normal forward playback of the signence. The coded bitstreatrt has been designed
`to su
`rt :1 number of these 0
`ral‘o s.
`‘ "
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`_© ISO/[EC
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`lSO/IEC 11172-2: 1993
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`(i . 6 .1 Random access
`
`Random access is an essential feature for video 0113 storage medium. Random access requires that any
`picture can be decoded in a l’mited amount of time. It implies the existence of access points in the
`bitstream — that is segments of information that are identifiable and can bedecoded without reference to ether
`segments of data A spacing of two random access points [Irma-Picnms) per secmd can be achieved
`without significant loss ofpieture quality.
`
`0. 6. 2 Fast search
`
`Depending on the storage medium, it is possible to scan the access points in a coded bitstream (with the
`help of an applicatiomspecifie tirectory or other knowledge beyond the Scope of this part of ISO/[EC
`]] 172) to obtain a last—forward and fast—reverse playback effect
`
`0.6 . 3 Reverse piayback
`
`Some applications may require the video signal Lobe played in reverse order. This canbe achieved in a
`decoder by using memory to store entire groups ofpictures alter. they have been decoded before being
`displayed in reverse order. An encoder can make this feature easier by redrcing the length of groups of
`pictures.
`
`0.5.4 Error robustness
`
`Most digital storage mediaand communication channels are not error—free. Approoriate channel coding
`schemes should be usede are beyond the scope of this part of ISOIIEC 11172. Nevertheless the
`compression scheme defined in this part of ISO/IEC-l 1172 is robust to residual errors. The slice structure
`allows a decoder torccovcr after a data error and to resynchmnize its decoding. Therefore. bit errors in the
`compressed data will cause errors in the decoded picmres to be limited in area. Decoders may be able to use
`concealment strategies to disguise these errors.
`
`0.6.5 Editing
`
`Thereis a conflict between the requirement for high coding efficiency and easy editing. The coding structure
`and syntax have not been designed with the primary aim of simplifying editing at any picture. Nevertheless
`a number of features have been included that enable editing of coded data
`
`
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`tNTERNATIONAL STANDARD © ISO/IE0 ISO/EEC 11172-2: 1993 (E)
`
`Information technology —- Coding of moving
`pictures and associated audio for digital storage
`media at up to about 15 Mbit/s —
`
`Part 2:
`Video
`
`Section 1: General
`
`1.1
`
`Scope
`
`This part of lSOlIEC 11172 specifies the coded representation of video for digital storage media and
`specifies the decoding process. The representation supports normal speed forward playback, as well as
`special functions such as random access, fast forward playback, fast reverse playback, normal speed reverse
`playback, pause and still pictures. This part of ISO/IEC 1117215 compathe with standard 525- and 625-
`line television formats, and it provides flexibility for use with personal computer and workstation displays.
`
`lSO/IBC 11172 is primarily applicable to digital storage media supporting a continuous transfer rate up to
`about 1,3 Mbit/s, such as Compact Disc, Digital Audio Tape. and magnetic hard disks. Nevertheless itcan
`be used more widely than this because of the generic approach mken- The storage media maybe directly
`connected to the decoder, or via communications means such as busses,LANs, or telecommunicatious
`links. This panoflSOfiEC l1172 is intended for non-interlaced video formats having approximately 238
`lines of 352 pets and picture rates around 24 Hz to 30 Hz.
`
`1.2 Normative references
`
`The following International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
`provisions of this part of ISOIIEC 11172. At the time of publication, the editionsindicated were valid.
`All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISOIJEC 1 1172 are
`encouraged to investigate the possrbility of applying the most recent editions of the statidaxds indicated
`below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
`
`ISO/IEC 11172-11993 Injbmatlon technology— Coding oft/noting pictures and associated audiofm digital
`storage media at up to about 1,5 Molt/s - Part 1: Systems
`
`.
`
`[SO/EEC 11172-321993 Injbmation technology- Coding of moving pictures and arsociated audio for digital
`storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s- Port 3 Audio.
`
`CCIR Recommendation 601-2 Encoding parameters ofdig ital television for studios.
`
`CCIR Report 624—4 Characteristics of systemsjormonochrom and colour television.
`
`CCIR Recommendation 648 Recording of audio signals.
`
`CCIR Report 955—2 Sound broadcasting by satelliteforportable and mobile receivers, includin Annex IV
`Summon) description ofAdvancco' Digital System [1.
`P
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`ISO/{EC 11172—2: 1993 (E)
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`© SSO/lEC
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`IEEEDIafI Standard P11 SDIDZ 1990 Specificalion for {he implementation of8.r 8 inverse discrete ms‘ine
`imng‘om".
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`IEC publication 9118:1987 CD Digital Audio System.
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`© [SOIIEC
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`ISO/[EC 11172—2: 1993 {E]
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`Section 2: Technical elements
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`2.1 Definitions
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`For the purposes of ISOflEC 11172, the following definitions apply. If Specific to a part. this is noted in
`squarebracizets.
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`2.1.1 ac coefficient Ivideo]: Any DCT coefficient for which the frequency in one or both dimensions
`is non-zero.
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`In the case of compressed audio an access unit is an audio access unit.
`2.1.2 access unit lsystcrn]:
`the case of compressed video an access unit is the coded represean of a picture
`
`In
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`2.1.3 adaptive segmentation {audio}: A subdivision of the digital representation of an audio signal
`in variable segments of time.
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`2.1.4 adaptive bit allocation [audio]: The assignment of bits to subbands in a time and frequency
`varying fashion according to a psychoacousdc model.
`'
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`2.1.5 adaptive noise allocation [audio]: The assignment of coding noise to frequency bands in a
`time and frequency varying fashion aocording to a psychoacoustic model.
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`2.1.6 alias [audio]: Mirrored signal component resulting from sub-Nyquist sampling.
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`2.1.7 analysis filter-hank [audio]: Filterbank in the encoder that transforms a broadband PCM audio
`signal into a set of subsampled suhband samples.
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`2.1.3 audio access unit [audio]: ForiLayers i and I1 an audio access unit is defined as the smallest
`partof the encoded bitstrcarn which car be decoded by itself, where decoded means “fully recondructed
`sound'. For Layer [11 an audio across unit is part of the bitstream that is decodahle with the um of
`previously acquiredmain information
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`2.1.9 audio buffer [audio]: A buffer in the system target decoder for storage of compressed audio data.
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`2.1.10 audio sequence [audio]: A non-interrupted series of audio frames in which the following
`parameters arenot diangcd:
`- ID
`— layer
`- Sampling Frequency
`- PorLayer l and II: Bittate index
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`2.1.11 backward motion vector [video]: A motion vector that is used for motion compensation
`from a reference picture at a later time in display order.
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`2.1.12 Bark {audio}: Unit of critical baud rate. The Bark scale is anon-linear mapping of the frequency
`scale over the audio range closely corresponding with the fiequency selectivity of the human ear across the
`band.
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`2.1.13 bidirecfionally predictive-coded picture; B-picture [video]: A picture that is coded
`using motion compensated prediction from a past and'or future reference picture.
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`2.1.14 bitrntc: The rate at which the compressed bitsiream is delivered from the storage medium to the
`input of a decoder.
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`2.1.15 block companding [audio]: Normalizing of the digital representation of an audio signal
`within a certain time period.
`'
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`2.1.16 block [video]: An 8-row by 8-colturnt orthogonal block of pels.
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`ESO/IEC 11172-2: 1993 (E)
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`©ISOi’IEC
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`2.1.18 byte aligned: A bit in a coded bitsmam is byte-aligned if its position is amuln'ple of 8-hiLs
`from the firstbit in the stream.
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`2.1.19 byte: Sequence of 8-bits.
`
`2.1.20 channel: A digital medium that stores or transports an ISOi’lEC 11 [72 stream.
`
`2.1.2} channel [audio]: The left and right channels of a stereo signal
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`2.1.22 chrominance (component) [video]: A matrix, block or single pel representing one of the
`two colour difference signals related to Ihe primary colours in the manner defined in CCIR Rec 601. The
`symbols umd for the colour difference signals are Cr and Cb.
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`2.1.23 coded audio bitstrearn [audio]: A coded representation of an audio signal as specified in
`[SOIIEC 11172-3.
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`2.1.24 coded video bitstream [VideoIZ A coded representation of a series of one or more. pictures as
`specified in this part of {SO/IEC 11172.
`,
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`2.1.25 coded order [video]: The order in which the pictures are stored and decoded. This order is not
`necessarily the same as the display order.
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`2.1.26 coded representation: A data elementas represented in its encoded form.
`
`2.1.27 coding parameters [video]: The set of user-definable parameters that characterize a coded video
`bitstream. Bitstreams are characterised by coding parameters. Decoders are characterised by the bilstreams
`that they are capable of decoding.
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`2.1.23 component [video]: A matrix, block or single pal. from one of the three matrices (luminance
`and two chrotrtinance) that make up a picture,
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`2.1.29 compress-ion: Reduction in the number of hits used to representari item of data.
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`2.1.30 constant bitrate coded video [video]: A compressed video bitstream with a constant
`averagebitrate.
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`2.1.31 constant bitrate: Operation where the bitrate is constant from start to finish of the compressad
`bitstreain.
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`2.1.32 constrained parameters [video]: The values of the set of coding parameters defined in
`2.4.3.2.
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`2.1.33 constrained system parameter stream (CSPS) [system]: An ISO/[EC 1 1172
`multiplexed stream for which the constraints defined in 2.4.6 of ISOIIEC 11172-1 apply.
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`2.1.34 CRC: Cyclic redundancy code.
`
`2.1.35 critical band rate [audio]: Psychoacoustic function of frequency. At a given audible
`frequency it is proportional to the number of critical bands below that frequency. _ The units of the critical
`band rate scale areBarks.
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`2.1.36 critical band [audio]: Psychoacoustic measure in the spectral domain which corresponds to the
`frequency seiedivity of the human ear. This selectivity is expressed in Bark.
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`2.1.37 data element: An item of data as represented before encoding and after decoding.
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`2.1.38 tic-coefficient [video]: The DCT coefficient for which the frequency is zero in hothPUMA Exhibit 2005
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`© ISO/IEO
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`ISO/lEC 11172-2: 1993 (E)
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`2.1.39 tic-coded picture; Dupicture {video}: A picture that is coded using only information from
`itself. 0f the DUI" coefficients in the coded representation, only the dcecoeificients are present
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`2.1.40 DCT coefficient: The amplitude of a specific cosine basis funcriou.
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`2.1.41 decoded stream: The decoded reconstruction of a compressed bitstream.
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`2.1.42 decoder input buffer [video]: The first-in first-out
`buffering verifier.
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`(FIFO) buffer specified in the video
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`2.1.43 decoder input rate {video}: The data rate specified in the video buffering verifim' and encoded
`in the coded video bitstream.
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`2.1.44 decoder. An embodiment of a decoding process.
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`2.1.45 decoding (process): The process defined in ISO/EEC 11172 that reads an input coded hitstream
`and produces decoded pictures or audio samples.
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`2.1.46 decoding time-stamp; DTS [systeml: A field that marr be present in a packet header that
`indicates the timelhat an access unit is decoded in the system targetdecoder.
`'
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`2.1.47r die-emphasis {audiok Filtering applied to an audio signal after storage or transmission to undo
`a linear distortion due tolemphasis.
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`2.1.48 dequantization [video]: The process of rescaling the quant