I
`
`DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
`DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
`Third Edition
`Third Edition
`
`John G. Proakis, Ph.D., n.E.
`John G. Proakis, Ph.D., P.E.
`Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
`Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
`Northeastern University
`N o rt heas tern U n iuersit y
`
`McGraw-Hill, Inc.
`McGraw-Hill, Inc.
`New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotri Caracas Lisbon
`New York St. Louis San Francisco A uckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon
`London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi
`London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi
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`San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
`
`TQ Delta Exhibit 2006 (Part 1 of 2)
`Cisco Systems, Inc. v. TQ Delta LLC
`IPR2016-01021
`
`1
`
`

`

`This book was set in Times Roman.
`This book was set in Times Roman'
`*"r" G"otg" T' Hoffman and John M' Morriss;
`The editors were George T. Hoffman and John M. Morriss;
`il;;;;;.
`rfr" orodu.tion supervisor was Leroy A' Young'
`the production supervisor was Leroy A. Young.
`The cover was designed by Tana Kamine.
`ih"'.ou", was designcd by Tana Kaminc'
`Prolcct supcrvision was d"";;t Thc Universitics Pr.ess (Belfast) Ltd'
`Project supervision was done by The Universi ties Press (Belfast) Ltd.
`ii. iib"'i*tt.y & Sons Company was printer and bindcr'
`R. R. Donne lley & Sons Company was printe r a nd binder.
`
`DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
`DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
`Copyright @ 1995. 1989' 1983 by McGraw-Hill' lnc' All riehts reserved' Printed in the
`Copyright © 1995, 1·989, 1983 by McGraw-Hili, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in th e
`tlnited States o[ Amc.ca' ;;t;;t ;; ptttitttd under the iJnircd Statcs copyright Act
`United States of America. Except as permitted under the Uni ted States Copyright Act
`of 1976,no part of tttit ptifi"uiln tuy U" reproduced or distributed in any form or by
`of 1976, no part of this publication may bc reproduced or distributed in any form or by
`any means, or stored in u autu Uu'" or retrieval system' without the prior written
`any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written
`permission of th e publisher.
`pcrmission of the Publisher'
`
`This book is printed on acid-free paper'
`This book is printed on acid-free paper.
`
`34567890 DOODOC 9987
`3456?890 DOC/DOC 9987
`ISBN 0-07-051726-6
`rsBN 0-07-051726-6
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging'in'Publication Data
`Library of Congress CataIoging-in-Publication Data
`Proakis, John G.
`Proakis. John G.
`"--i'igii.i
`/ John G' Proakis'-3rd ed'
`Digital communications / John G. Proakis.-3rd ed.
`";. ..
`;tt.-(McGraw-Hill series in electrical and computer
`""r"munications
`(McGraw-Hili series in e lectrical a nd computer
`p.
`cm.-
`enginecring' Communlcations and signal processing)
`engineering. Communications and signal processing)
`'--it.fua"Jbitriographical
`Includes bibliographica l refe rences and index.
`refercnces and index'
`ISBN 0-07-051726-6
`ISBN 0-07-05i726-6
`I. Title. II. Series.
`I. Digital communications.
`I. Title .
`II. Series.
`1. Digital communications
`1995
`TK5103.7.P76
`TK5103.7.P76 1995
`62 I .382-dc20
`621.382-dc20
`
`e4-41620
`94-41620
`
`a
`
`--
`
`-
`
`-
`
`t
`
`Jtt
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`lU
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`l'
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`'
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`2
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`

`

`CONTENTS
`CONTENTS
`
`Preface
`Preface
`
`1
`1
`
`Introduction
`Introduction
`1-1 Elements of a Digital Communication System
`1-1 Elements of a Digital Communication System
`1-2 Communication Channels ' and Their Characteristics
`1-2 Communication Channels ' and Their Characteristics
`1-3 Mathematical Models for Communication Channels
`1-3 Mathematical Models for Communication Channels
`1-4 A Historical Perspective in tbe Development of Digital
`1-4 A Historical Perspective in tbe Development of Digital
`Communications
`Communications
`1-5 Overview of the Book
`1-5 Overview of the Book
`1-6 Bibliograpbical Noles and References
`1-6 Bibliograpbical Noles and References
`
`2 Probability and Stochastic Processes
`2 Probability and Stochastic Processes
`2-1 Probability
`2-1 Probability
`2-1-1 Random Variables, Probability Distributions.
`2-1-1 Random Variables, Probability Distributions.
`and Probability Densities
`and Probability Densities
`2-1-2 Functions of Random Variables
`2-1-2 Functions of Random Variables
`2-1-3 Statistical Averages of Random Variables
`2-1-3 Statistical Averages of Random Variables
`2-1-4 Some Useful Probability Distributions
`2-1-4 Some Useful Probability Distributions
`2-1-5 Upper bounds on the Tail Probability
`2-1-5 Upper bounds on the Tail Probability
`2-1-6 Sums of Random Variables and the Central limit
`2-1-6 Sums of Random Variables and the Central limit
`Theorem
`Theorem
`2-2 Stocbastic Processes
`2-2 Stocbastic Processes
`2-2-1 Statistical Averages
`2-2-1 Statistical Averages
`2-2-2 Power Density Spectrum
`2-2-2 Power Density Spectrum
`2-2-3 Response of a linear Time-Invariant System to a Random
`2-2-3 Response of a linear Time-Invariant System to a Random
`Input Signal
`Input Signal
`2-2-4 Sampling Theorem for Band-Limited Stochastic Processes
`2-2-4 Sampling Theorem for Band-Limited Stochastic Processes
`2-2-5 Discrete-Tune Stochastic Signals and Systems
`2-2-5 Discrete-Tune Stochastic Signals and Systems
`2-2-6 Cyclostationary Processes
`2-2-6 Cyclostationary Processes
`2-3 Bibliograpbical Notes and References
`2-3 Bibliograpbical NOles and References
`Problems
`Problems
`
`xix
`xix
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`1
`1
`3
`3
`11
`11
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`13
`13
`16
`16
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`16
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`17
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`22
`22
`28
`28
`33
`33
`37
`37
`53
`53
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`58
`58
`62
`62
`64
`64
`67
`67
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`68
`68
`72
`72
`74
`74
`75
`75
`77
`77
`77
`77
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`3
`
`

`

`3 Source Coding
`3 Source Coding
`3-1 Mathematical Models for Information
`3-1 Mathematical Models for Information
`3-2 A Logarithmic Measure of Information
`3-2 A Logarithmic Measure of Information
`3-2-1 Average Mutual Information and Entropy
`3-2-1 Average Mutual Information and Entropy
`3-2-2
`Information Measures for Continuous Random Variables
`3-2-2
`Information Measures for Continuous Random Variables
`3-3 Coding for Discrete Sources
`3-3 Coding for Discrete Sources
`3-3-1 Coding for Discrete Memoryless Sources
`3-3-1 Coding for Discrete Memoryless Sources
`3-3-2 Discrete Stationary Sources
`3-3-2 Discrete Stationary Sources
`3-3-3 The Lempel-Ziv Algorithm
`3-3-3 The Lempel-Ziv Algorithm
`3-4 Coding for Analog Sources-Optimum Quantization
`3-4 Coding for Analog Sources-Optimum Quantization
`3-4-1 Rate-Distortion Function
`3-4-1 Rate-Distortion Function
`3-4-2 Scalar Quantization
`3-4-2 Scalar Quantization
`3-4-3 Vector Quantization
`3-4-3 Vector Quantization
`3-5 Coding Techniques for Analog Sources
`3-5 Coding Techniques for Analog Sources
`3-5-1 Temporal Waveform Coding
`3-5-1 Temporal Waveform Coding
`3-5-2 Spectral Waveform Coding
`3-5-2 Spectral Waveform Coding
`3-5-3 Model-Based Source Coding
`3-5-3 Model-Based Source Coding
`3-6 Bibliographical Notes and Refmmces
`3-6 Bibliographical Noles and Refmmces
`Problems
`Problems
`
`4 Characterization of Communication Signals
`4 Characterization of Communication Signals
`and Systems
`and Systems
`4-1 Representation of Bandpass Signals and Systems
`4-1 Representation of Bandpass Signals and Systems
`4-1-1 Representation of Bandpass Signals
`4-1-1 Representation of Bandpass Signals
`4-1-2 Representation of Unear Bandpass Systems
`4-1-2 Representation of Linear Bandpass Systems
`4-1-3 Response of a Bandpass System to a Bandpass Signal
`4-1-3 Response of a Bandpass System to a Bandpass Signal
`4-1-4 Representation of Bandpass Stationary Stochastic
`4-1-4 Representation of Bandpass Stationary Stochastic
`Processes
`Processes
`4-2 Signal Space Representation
`4-2 Signal Space Representation
`4-2-1 Vector Space Concepts
`4-2-1 Vector Space Concepts
`4-2-2 Signal Space Concepts
`4-2-2 Signal Space Concepts
`4-2-3 Orthogonal Expansions of Signals
`4-2-3 Orthogonal Expansions of Signals
`4-3 Represen tation of Digitally Modulated Signals
`4-3 Represen tation of Digitally Modulated Signals
`4-3-1 Memoryless Modulation Methods
`4-3-1 Memoryless Modulation Methods
`4-3-2 Linear Modulation With Memory
`4-3-2 Linear Modulation With Memory
`4-3-3 Nonlinear Modulation Metbods with Memory
`4-3-3 Nonlinear Modulation Metbods with Memory
`4-4 Spectral Cbaracteristics of Digitally Modulated Signals
`4-4 Spectral Cbaracteristics of Digitally Modulated Signals
`4-4-1 Power Specua of Linearly Modulated Si&nals
`4-4-1 Power Specua of Linearly Modulated Si&nals
`4-4-2 Power Spectra of CPFSK and CPM Signals
`4-4-2 Power Spectra of CPFSK and CPM Signals
`4-4-3 Power Spe,<,ra of Modulated Signals with Memory
`4-4-3 Power Spe,<,ra of Modulated Signals with Memory
`4-5 Bibliograpbical Notes and Referen~
`4-5 Bibliograpbical Notes and Referen~
`Problems
`Problems
`
`5 Optimum Receivers for the Additive White
`5 Optimum Receivers for the Additive White
`Gaussian Noise Channel
`Gaussian Noise Channel
`5-1 Optimum Receiver for Signals (Jorrupted by A WGN
`5-1 Optimum Receiver for Signals (Jorrupted by A WGN
`5-1-1 Correlation Demodulator
`5-1-1 Correlation Demodulator
`5-1-2 Matched-Filter Demodulator
`5-1-2 Matched-Filter Demodulator
`
`82
`82
`82
`82
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`84
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`87
`91
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`94
`103
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`106
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`118
`118
`125
`125
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`125
`136
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`144
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`144
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`152
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`238
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`4
`
`

`

`5-1-3 The Optimum Detector
`5-1-3 The Optimum Detector
`5-1-4 The Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detector
`5-1-4 The Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detector
`5-1-5 A Symbol-by-Symbol MAP Detector for Signals
`5-1-5 A Symbol-by-Symbol MAP Detector for Signals
`with Memory
`with Memory
`5-2 Performance of the Optimum Receiver for Memoryless
`5-2 Performance of the Optimum Receiver for Memoryless
`Modulation
`Modulation
`5-2-1 Probability of Error for Binary Modulation
`5-2-1 Probability of Error for Binary Modulation
`5-2-2 Probability of Error for M-ary Orthogonal Signals
`5-2-2 Probability of Error for M-ary Orthogonal Signals
`5-2-3 Probability of Error for M-ary Biorthogonal Signals
`5-2-3 Probability of Error for M -ary Biorthogonal Signals
`5-2-4 Probability of Error for Simplex Signals
`5-2-4 Probability of Error for Simplex Signals
`5-2-5 Probability of Error for M-ary Binary-Coded Signals
`5-2-5 Probability of Error for M-ary Binary-Coded Signals
`5-2-6 Probability of Error for M -ary PAM
`5-2-6 Probability of Error for M -ary PAM
`5-2-7 Probability of Error for M -ary PSK
`5-2-7 Probability of Error for M -ary PSK
`5-2-8 Dilferelltial PSK (DPSK) and its Perfonnance
`5-2-8 Dilferelltial PSK (DPSK) and its Perfonnance
`5-2-9 Probability of Error for QAM
`5-2-9 Probability of Error for QAM
`5-2-10 Comparison of Digital Modulation Methods
`5-2-10 Comparison of Digital Modulation Methods
`5-3 Optimum Receiver for CPM Signals
`5-3 Optimum Receiver for CPM Signals
`5-3-] Optimum Demodulation and Detection of CPM
`5-3-] Optimum Demodulation and Detection of CPM
`5-3-2 Performance of CfM Signals
`5-3-2 Performance of CfM Signals
`5-3-3 Symbol-by-Symbol Detection of CPM Signals
`5-3-3 Symbol-by-Symbol Detection of CPM Signals
`5-4 Optimum Receiver for Signals with Random Phase in A WGN
`5-4 Optimum Receiver for Signals with Random Phase in A WGN
`Channel
`Channel
`5-4-1 Optimum Receivedor Binary Signals
`5-4-1 Optimum Receivedor Binary Signals
`5-4-2 Optimum Receiver>for M-ary Orthogonal Signals
`5-4-2 Optimum Receiver>for M-ary Orthogonal Signals
`5-4-3 Probability of Error for Envelope Detection of M -ary
`5-4-3 Probability of Error for Envelope Detection of M -ary
`Orthogonal Signals
`Orthogonal Signals
`5-4-4 Probability of Error for Envelope Detection of Correlated
`5-4-4 Probability of Error for Envelope Detection of Correlated
`Binary Signals
`Binary Signals
`5-5 Regenerative Repeaters and Link Budget Analysis
`5-5 Regenerative Repeaters and Link Budget Analysis
`5-5-] Regenerative Repeaters
`5-5-] Regenerative Repeaters
`5-5-2 Communication Link Budget Analysis
`5-5-2 Communication Link Budget Analysis
`5-6 Bibliographical Notes and References
`5-6 Bibliographical Notes and References
`Problems
`Problems
`
`6 Carrier and Symbol Synchronization
`6 Carrier and Symbol Synchronization
`6-1 Signal Parameter Estimation
`6-1 Signal Parameter Estimation
`6-]-] The Likelihood Function
`6-)-1 The Likelihood Function
`6-1-2 Carrier Recovery and Symbol Synchronization
`6-1-2 Carrier Recovery and Symbol Synchronization
`in Signal Demodulation
`in Signal Demodulation
`6-2 Carrier Phase Estimation
`6-2 Carrier Phase Estimation
`6-2-1 Maximum-Likelihood carrier Phase ESlimation
`6-2-1 Maximum-Likelihood carrier Phase ESlimation
`6-2-2 The Phase-Locked Loop
`6-2-2 The Phase-Lock.ed Loop
`6-2-3 Effect of Additive Noise on the Phase Estimate
`6-2-3 Effect of Additive Noise on the Phase Estimate
`6-2-4 Decision-Directed Loops
`6-2-4 Decision-Directed Loops
`6-2-5 Non-Decision-Directed Loops
`6-2-5 Non-Decision-Directed Loops
`6-3 Symbol Timing Estimation
`6-3 Symbol Timing Estimation
`6-3-1 Maximum-Likelihood TIming Estimation
`6-3-1 Maximum-Likelihood TIming Estimation
`6-3-2 Non-Decision-Directed Timing Estimation
`6-3-2 Non-Decision-Directed Timing Estimation
`
`244
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`249
`249
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`254
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`257
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`260
`264
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`274
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`278
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`282
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`284
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`285
`285
`2'lO
`2'lO
`296
`296
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`301
`301
`302
`302
`308
`308
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`308
`308
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`312
`312
`3!3
`3!3
`314
`314
`316
`316
`319
`319
`320
`320
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`333
`333
`333
`333
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`335
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`361
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`5
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`

`

`6-4 Joint Estimation of Carrier Phase and Symbol Timing
`Joint Estimation of Carrier Phase and Symbol Timing
`6-4
`6-5 Performance Characteristics of ML Estimators
`6-5 Performance Characteristics of ML Estimators
`6-6 Bibliographical Notes and References
`6-6 Bibliographical Notes and References
`Problems
`Problems
`
`7 Channel Capacity and Coding
`7 Channel Capacity and Coding
`7-1 Channel Models and Channel Capacity
`7-1 Channel Models and Channel Capacity
`7-1-1 Channel Models
`7-1-1 Channel Models
`7-1-2 Channel Capacity
`7-1-2 Channel Capacity
`7-1-3 Achieving Channel Capacity with Orthogonal Signals
`7-1-3 Achieving Channel Capacity with Orthogonal Signals
`7-\-4 Channel Reliability Functions
`7-\-4 Channel Reliability Functions
`7-2 Random Selection of Codes
`7-2 Random Selection of Codes
`7-2-1 Random Coding Based on M-ary Binary-Coded Signals
`7-2-1 Random Coding Based on M-ary Binary-Coded Signals
`7-2-2 Random Coding Based on M-ary Multiamplitude Signals
`7-2-2 Random Coding Based on M-ary Multiamplitude Signals
`7-2-3 Comparison of R:f with the Capacity of the AWGN
`7-2-3 Comparison of R:f with the Capacity of the AWGN
`Channel
`Channel
`7-3 Communication System Design Based on the Cutoff Rate
`7-3 Communication System Design Based on the Cutoff Rate
`7-4 Bibliographical NOles and References
`7-4 Bibliographical NOles and References
`Problems
`Problems
`
`8 Block and Convolutional Channel Codes
`8 Block and Convolutional Channel Codes
`8-1 Linear Block Codes
`8-1 Linear Block Codes
`8-1-1 The Generator Matrix and the Parity Check Matrix
`8-1-1 The Generator Matrix and the Parity Check Matrix
`8-\-2 Some Specific Linear Block Codes
`8-1-2 Some SpecifiC Linear Block Codes
`8-\-3 . Cyclic Codes
`8-\-3 . Cyclic Codes
`8-1-4 OpthlUm Soft-Decision Decoding of Linear Block Codes
`8-1-4 OpthlUm Soft-Decision Decoding of Linear Block. Codes
`8-1-5 Hard-Decision Decoding
`8-1-5 Hard-Decision Decoding
`8-1-6 Comparison of Performance between Hard-Decision and
`8-1-6 Comparison of Performance between Hard-Decision and
`Soft-Decision Decoding
`Soft-Decision Decoding
`8-1-7 Bounds on Minimum Distance of Linear Block Codes
`8-1-7 Bounds on Minimum Distance of Linear Block Codes
`8-1-8 Nonbinary Block Codes and Concatenated Block Codes
`8-1-8 Nonbinary Block Codes and Concatenated Block. Codes
`Imerleaving 01 Coded Data for Channels with Burst
`Imerleaving 01 Coded Data for Channels with Burst
`8-1-9
`8-1-9
`Errors
`Errors
`8-2 Convolutional Codes
`8-2 Convolutional Codes
`8-2-1 The Transfer Function of a Convolutional Code
`8-2-1 The Transfer Function of a Convolutional Code
`8-2-2 Optimum Decoding of Convohllional Codes-
`8-2-2 Optimum Decoding of Convohllional Codes-
`The Viterbi Algorithm
`The Viterbi Algorithm
`8-2-3 Probability of Error for Soft-Decision Decoding
`8-2-3 Probability of Error for Soft-Decision Decoding
`8-2-4 Probability of Error for Hard-Decision Decoding
`8-2-4 Probability of Error for Hard-Decision Decoding
`8-2-5 Distance Properties of Binary Convolutional Codes
`8-2-5 Distance Properties of Binary Convolutional Codes
`8-2-6 Nonbinary Dua\-k Codes and Concatenated Codes
`8-2-6 Nonbinary Dual-k Codes and Concatenated Codes
`8-2-7 Otber Decoding Algorithms for Convolutional C~
`8-2-7 Otber Decoding Algorithms for Convolutional C~
`8-2-8 Practical Considerations in the Ajlpliallion of
`8-2-8 Practical Considerations in the Ajlpliallion of
`Convolutional Codes
`Convolutional Codes
`8-3 Coded Modulation for Bandwidth-Constrained Channels
`8-3 Coded Modulation for Bandwidth-Constrained Channels
`8-4 Bibliographical Note, and References
`8-4 Bibliographical Note, and References
`Problems
`Problems
`
`365
`365
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`367
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`370
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`371
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`397
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`399
`399
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`400
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`406
`406
`406
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`413
`413
`413
`413
`4\7
`4\7
`421
`421
`423
`423
`436
`436
`445
`445
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`456
`456
`461
`461
`464
`464
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`468
`468
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`470
`477
`477
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`483
`483
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`486
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`489
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`492
`492
`492
`SOD
`SOD
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`506
`506
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`511
`526
`526
`528
`528
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`6
`
`

`

`9 Signal Design for Band-Limited Channels
`9 Signal Design for Band-Limited Channels
`9-1 Characterization of Band-Umited Channels
`9-1 Characterization of Band-Umited Channels
`9-2 Signal Design for Band-Limited Channels
`9-2 Signal Design for Band-Limited Channels
`9-2-1 Design of Band-Umited Signals for No Intersymbol
`9-2-1 Design of Band-Umited Signals for No Intersymbol
`Interference-The Nyquist Criterion
`Interference-The Nyquist Criterion
`9-2-2 Design of Band-Limited SignaIs with Controlled ISI-
`9-2-2 Design of Band-Limited SignaIs with Controlled ISI-
`Partial-Response Signals
`Partial-Response Signals
`9-2-3 Data Dete«ion for Controlled lSI
`9-2-3 Data Detettion for Controlled lSI
`9-2-4 Signal Design for Channels with Distortion
`9-2-4 Signal Design for Channels with Distortion
`9-3 Probability of Error in Detection of PAM
`9-3 Probability of Error in Detection of PAM
`9-3-1 Probability of Error for Dete«ion of PAM with Zero lSI
`9-3-1 Probability of Error for Detettion of PAM with Zero lSI
`9-3-2 Probability of Error for Dete«ion of Partial-Response
`9-3-2 Probability of Error for Detettion of Partial-Response
`Signals
`Signals
`9-3-3 Probability of Error for Optimum Signals in Channel
`9-3-3 Probability of Error for Optimum Signals in Channel
`with Distortion
`with Distortion
`9-4 Modulation Codes for Spectrum Shaping
`9-4 Modulation Codes for Spectrum Shaping
`9-5 Bibliographical Notes and References
`9-5 Bibliographical Notes and References
`Problems
`Problems
`19 Communication through Band-Limited Linear
`19 Communication through Band-Limited Linear
`Filter Channels
`Filter Channels
`10-1 Optimum Receiver for Channels with lSI and A WON
`10-1 Optimum Receiver for Channels with lSI and A WON
`10-1-1 Optimum Maximum-Likelihood Receiver
`10-1-1 Optimum Maximum-Likelihood Receiver
`10-1-2 A Discrete-Time Model for a Channel with lSI
`10-1-2 A Discrete-Time Model for a Channel with lSI
`10-1-3 The Viterbi Algorithm for the DiscRte-Tune White
`10-1-3 The Viterbi Algorithm for the Discrete-Tune White
`Noise Filter Model
`Noise Filter Model
`10-1-4 Perforrnaru::e of MLSE for Channels with lSI
`10-1-4 PerfOl1ll8llCe of MLSE for Channels with lSI
`10-2 Linear Equalization
`10-2 Linear Equalization
`10-2-1 Peak Distortion Criterion
`10-2-1 Peak Distortion Criterion
`\0-2-2 Mean Square Error (MSE) Criterion
`\0-2-2 Mean Square Error (MSE) Criterion
`10-2-3 Performaace Characteristics of the MSE Equalizer
`10-2-3 PerfornlalK:e Characteristics of the MSE Equalizer
`10-2-4 Fractionally Spaced Equalizer
`10-2-4 Fractionally Spaced Equalizer
`10-3 Decision-Feedback Equalization
`10-3 Decision-Feedback Equalization
`10-3-1 Coe8icient Optimization
`10-3-1 Coe8icient Optimization
`10-3-2 Performance Characteristics of DFE
`10-3-2 Performance Characteristics of DFE
`10-3-3 Predittive Decision-Feedback Equalizer
`10-3-3 Predictive Decision-Feedback Equalizer
`10-4 Bibliograpbical Notes and References
`10-4 Bibliograpbical Notes and References
`Problems
`Problems
`11 Adaptive· Equalization
`11 Adaptive· Equalization
`11-1 Adaptive Unear Equalizer
`11-1 Adaptive Unear Equalizer
`11-1-1 The Zero-Forcing Algorithm
`11-1-1 The Zero-Forcing Algorithm
`11-1-2 The LMS aJaorithm
`11-1-2 The LMS aJaorithm
`11-1-3 Converpnce Propertiea of the LMS Algorithm
`11-1-3 Converpnce Propertiea of the LMS Algorithm
`11-1-4 Excess MSE Due to Noisy Gradient Eatimates
`11-1-4 Excess MSE Due to Noisy Gradient Eatimates
`11-1-S Baseband lIOd Passband Unear Equalizers
`11-1-S Baseband lIOd Passband Unear Equalizers
`11-2 Adaptive Decision-Feedback Equalizer
`11-2 Adaptive Decision-Feedback Equalizer
`11-2-1 Adaptive Equalization of Trellia-Coded Signals
`11-2-1 Adaptive Equalization of Trellia-Coded Signals
`
`534
`534
`534
`534
`540
`540
`
`542
`542
`
`548
`548
`551
`551
`557
`557
`561
`561
`561
`561
`
`562
`562
`
`565
`565
`566
`566
`576
`576
`576
`576
`
`583
`583
`584
`584
`584
`584
`586
`586
`
`589
`589
`593
`593
`601
`601
`602
`602
`607
`607
`612
`612
`617
`617
`621
`621
`621
`621
`622
`622
`626
`626
`628
`628
`628
`628
`
`636
`636
`636
`636
`637
`637
`639
`639
`642
`642
`644
`644
`648
`648
`649
`649
`6SO
`6SO
`
`7
`
`

`

`Jl-3 An Adaptive Channel Estimator for ML Sequence Detection
`Jl-3 An Adaptive Channel Estimator for ML Sequence Detection
`11-4 Recursive Least-Squares Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization
`11-4 Recursive Least-Squares Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization
`11-4-1 Recursive Least-Squares (Kalman) Algorithm
`11-4-1 Recursive Least-Squares (Kalman) Algorithm
`11-4-2 Linear Prediction and Ihe Lattice Filter
`11-4-2 Linear Prediction and Ihe Lattice Filter
`11-5 Self-Recovering (Blind) Equalization
`11-5 Self-Recovering (Blind) Equalization
`11-5-1 Blind Equalization Based on Maximum-Likelihood
`11-5-1 Blind Equalization Based on Maximum-Likelihood
`Criterion
`Criterion
`11-5-2 Stochastic Gradient Algorithms
`11-5-2 Stochastic Gradient Algorithms
`11-5-3 Blind Equalization Algorithms Based on Second-
`11-5-3 Blind Equalization Algorithms Based on Second-
`and Higher-Order Signal Statistics
`and Higher-Order Signal Statistics
`11-6 Bihliographical Nores and References
`11-6 Bihliographical Nores and References
`Problems
`Problems
`
`12 Multichannel and Multicarrier Systems
`12 Multichannel and Multicarrier Systems
`12-1 Multichannel Dig.tal Communication in AWGN Channels
`12-1 Multichannel Dig.tal Communication in AWGN Channels
`12-1-1 Binary Signals
`12-1-1 Binary Signals
`12-1-2 M-ory Orthogonal Signals
`12-1-2 M-ory Orthogonal Signals
`12-2 MulticaTrier Communications
`12-2 MulticaTrier Communications
`12-2-i Capacity of a Non-Ideal Linear Filter Channel
`12-2-i Capacity of a Non-Ideal Linear Filter Channel
`12-2-2 An FFf-Based Multicarrie, System
`12-2-2 An FFf-Based Multicarrie, System
`12-3 Bibiliographical Notes and References
`12-3 Bibiliographical Notes and References
`Problems
`Problems
`
`13 Spread Spectrum Signals for Digital Communications
`13 Spread Spectrum Signals for Digital Communications
`/>lodel of Spread Spectrum Digital Communication System
`f..lodel of Spread Spectrum Digital Communication System
`13-1
`13-1
`13-2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals
`13-2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals
`13-2-1 Error Rate Performance of Ihe Decoder
`13-2-1 Error Rate Performance of Ihe Decoder
`13-2-2 Some Applications of OS Spread Spectrum Signals
`13-2-2 Some Applications of OS Spread Spectrum Signals
`13-2-3 Effect of Pulsed Interference on OS Spread Spectmm
`13-2-3 Effect of Pulsed Interference on OS Spread Spectmm
`Systems
`Systems
`13-2-4 Generation of PN Sequences
`13-2-4 Generation of PN Sequences
`13-3 Frequcncy-Hoppped Spread Spectrum Signals
`13-3 Frequcncy-Hoppped Spread Spectrum Signals
`13-3-1 Performance of FH Spread Spectrum Signals in AWGN
`13-3-1 Performance of FH Spread Spectrum Signals in AWGN
`Channel
`Channel
`13-3-2 Performance of FH Spread Spectrum Signals in Partial-
`13-3-2 Performance of FH Spread Spectrum Signals in Partial-
`Band Interference
`Band Interference
`U-3-3 A COMA System Based on FH Spread Spectrum Signals
`D-3-J A COMA System Based on FH Spread Spectrum Signals
`13-4 Other Types of Spread Spectrum Signals
`13-4 Other Types of Spread Spectrum Signals
`13-5 Synchronilation of Spread Spectrum Signals
`13-5 Synchronilation of Spread Spectrum Signals
`13-6 Bibliographical Notes and References
`13-6 Bibliographical Notes and References
`Probiems
`Probiems
`
`14 Digital Communication through Fading
`14 Digital Communication through Fading
`Multipath Channels
`Multipath Channels
`14-1 Characterization of Fading Multipath Channels
`14-1 Characterization of Fading Multipath Channels
`14-1-\ Channel Correlation Functions and Power Spectra
`14-1-1 Channel Correlation Functions and Power Spectra
`14-/-2 Slalislieal Models for Fading Channels
`14-1-2 Slalistieal Models for Fading Channels
`
`652
`652
`654
`654
`656
`656
`660
`660
`664
`664
`
`664
`664
`668
`668
`
`673
`673
`675
`675
`676
`676
`
`6SO
`6SO
`680
`680
`682
`682
`684
`684
`686
`686
`687
`687
`689
`689
`692
`692
`&93
`&93
`
`695
`695
`&97
`&97
`698
`698
`702
`702
`712
`712
`
`717
`717
`724
`724
`729
`729
`
`732
`732
`
`734
`734
`741
`741
`743
`743
`744
`744
`752
`752
`753
`753
`
`758
`758
`759
`759
`762
`762
`767
`767
`
`8
`
`

`

`14-2 The Ellect of Characteristics on the Choice
`14-2 The Ellect of Characteristics on the Choice
`of a Channel Model
`of a Channel Model
`14-3 Frequency-Nonselective. Slowly Fading Channel
`14-3 Frequency-Nonse1ective. Slowly Fading Channel
`14-4 Diversity Techniques for Fading Multipath Channels
`14-4 Diversity Techniques for Fading Multipath Channels
`14-4-1 Binary Signals
`14-4-1 Binary Signals
`14-4-2 Mu1tiphase Signals
`14-4-2 Mu1tiphase Signals
`14-4-3 M-ary Orthogonal Signals
`14-4-3 M-ary Orthogonal Signals
`14-5 Digital Signaling over a Frequency-Selective, Slowly Fading
`14-5 Digital Signaling over a Frequency-Selective, Slowly Fading
`Channel
`Channel
`14-5-1 A Tapped-Delay-Line Channel Model
`14-5-1 A Tapped-Delay-Line Channel Model
`14-5-2 The RAKE Demodulator
`14-5-2 The RAKE Demodulator
`14-5-3 Performance of RAKE Receiver
`14-5-3 Performance of RAKE Receiver
`14-6 Coded Waveforms (or Fading Channels
`14-6 Coded Waveforms (or Fading Channels
`14-6-1 Probability of Error for Soft-Decision Decoding of Linear
`14-6-1 Probability of Error for Soft-Decision Decoding of Linear
`Binary Block Codes
`Binary Block Codes
`14-6-2 Probability of Error for Hard-Decision Decoding of
`14-6-2 Probability of Error for Hard-Decision Decoding of
`Linear Binary Block Codes
`Linear Binary Block Codes
`14-6-3 Upper Bounds on the Performance of Convolutional
`14-6-3 Upper Bounds on the Performance of Convolutional
`Codes for a Raleigh Fading Channel
`Codes for a Raleigh Fading Channel
`14-6-4 Usc of Constant-Weight Codes and Concatenated Code.
`14-6-4 Usc of Constant-Weight Codes and Concatenated Code.
`for a Fading Channel
`for a Fading Channel
`14-6-5 System Design Based on the Cutoll Rate
`14-6-5 System Design Based on the Cutoll Rate
`14-6-6 Trellis-Coded Modulation
`14-6-6 Trellis-Coded Modulation
`14-7 Bibliographical Notes and References
`14-7 Bibliographical Notes and References
`Problems
`Problems
`
`15 Multiuser Communications
`15 Multiuser Communications
`15-1
`Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques
`15-1
`Introduction to Multiple Access Techniques
`15-2 Capacity of Mulliple Access Methods
`15-2 Capacity of Mulliple Access Methods
`15-3 Code-Division Multiple Access
`15-3 Code-Division Multiple Access
`15-3-1 CDMA Signal and Channel Models
`15-3-1 CDMA Signal and Channel Models
`15-3-2 The Optimum Receiver
`15-3-2 The Optimum Receiver
`15-3-3 Suboptimum Detectors
`15-3-3 Suboptimum Detectors
`15-3-4 Performance Characteristics of Detectors
`15-3-4 Performance Characteristics of Detectors
`15-4 Random Access Methods
`15-4 Random Access Methods
`15-4-1 ALOHA System and Protocols
`15-4-1 ALOHA System and Protocols
`15-4-2 Carrier Sense Systems and Protocols
`15-4-2 Carrier Sense Systems and Protocols
`15-5 Bibliographical Notes and References
`15-5 Bibliographical Notes and References
`Problems
`Problems
`
`AppeDdis: A
`AppeDdis: A
`
`The Levinson-Durbin Algorithm
`The Levinson-Durbin Algorithm
`
`AppeDdis: B
`AppendixB
`
`Error Probability for Multichannel
`Error Probability for Multichannel
`Binary Signals
`Binary Signals
`
`no
`no
`772
`772
`n7
`n7
`778
`778
`785
`785
`787
`787
`
`195
`195
`195
`195
`797
`797
`798
`798
`~
`~
`
`808
`808
`
`811
`811
`
`811
`811
`
`814
`814
`825
`825
`830
`830
`832
`832
`833
`833
`
`840
`840
`840
`840
`843
`843
`849
`849
`849
`849
`851
`851
`854
`854
`859
`859
`862
`862
`863
`863
`867
`867
`872
`872
`873
`873
`
`879
`879
`
`882
`882
`
`9
`
`

`

`Appendix C Error Probabilities for Adaptive Reception
`Appendix C Error Probabilities for Adaptive Reception
`of M -phase Signals
`of M -phase Signals
`C-l Mathematical Model for an M -phase Signaling
`C-l Mathematical Model for an M -phase Signaling
`Communications System
`Communications System
`C-2 Characteristic Function and Probability Density
`C-2 Characteristic Function and Probability Density
`Function of the Phase e
`Function of the Phase e
`C-3 Error Probabilities for Slowly Rayleigh Fading
`C-3 Error Probabilities for Slowly Rayleigh Fading
`Channels
`Channels
`C-4 Error Probabilities for Time-Invariant and Ricean
`C-4 Error Probabilities for Time-Invariant and Ricean
`Fading Channels
`Fading Channels
`
`Appendix D Square-Root Factorization
`Appendix D Square-Root Factorization
`References and Bibliography
`References and Bibliography
`Index
`Index
`
`887
`887
`
`887
`887
`
`889
`889
`
`891
`891
`
`893
`893
`sen
`sen
`899
`899
`917
`917
`
`10
`
`

`

`1
`1
`
`INTRODUCfION
`INTRODUCfION
`
`In this book, we present the basic principles that underlie the analysis and
`In this book, we present the basic principles that underlie the analysis and
`design of digital communication systems. The subject of digital communica(cid:173)
`design of digital communication systems. The subject of digital communica(cid:173)
`tions involves the transmission of information in digital form from a source
`tions involves the transmission of information in digital form from a source
`that generates the information 10 one or more destinations. Of particular
`that generates the information 10 one or more destinations. Of particular
`importance in the analysis and design of communication systems are the
`importance in the analysis and design of communication systems are the
`characteristics of the physical channels through which the information is
`characteristics of the physical channels through which the information is
`transmitted. The characteristics of the channel generally affect the design of
`transmitted. The characteristics of the channel generally affect the design of
`the basic building blocks of the communication system. Below, we describe the
`the basic building blocks of the communication system. Below, we describe the
`elements of a communication system and their functions.
`elements of a communication system and their functions.
`
`1-1 ELEMENTS OF A DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
`1-1 ELEMENTS OF A DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
`SYSTEM
`SYSTEM
`
`Figure 1-1-1 illustrates the functional diagram and the basic elements of a
`Figure 1-1-1 illustrates the functional diagram and the basic elements of a
`digital communication system. The source output may be either an analog
`digital communication system. The source output may be either an analog
`signal, such as audio or video signal, or a digital signal, such as the output of a
`signal, such as audio or video signal, or a digital signal, such as the output of a
`teletype machine, that is discrete in time and has a finite number of output
`teletype machine, that is discrete in time and has a finite number of output
`characters. In a digital communication system, the messages produced by the
`characters. In a digital communication system, the messages produced by the
`source are converted into a sequence of binary digits. Ideally