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`ENTRIES
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`a
`
`puter
`Ictlo
`Fifth iztiim
`
`:
`'
`Fuiiy updated with the iatest
`technologies, terms, and acronyms.
`Easy to read, expertly iliustrated -
`_
`Definitive coverage of hatdware;
`software, the Internet, and more!
`
`Samsung Exhibit 1026 Page 00001
`
`Samsung Exhibit 1026 Page 00001
`
`

`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Mkrosort Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`Copyright e 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No pan of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmiued in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.-5th ed.
`p. ;em.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers-~Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267 2002
`004'.03--dc21
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Qwr 7 6 5 4 3 2
`
`Distributed in Canada by Penguin Books Canada Limited.
`
`A CLP catalbgue record for this book is available from the .British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books ure available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa(cid:173)
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site nt www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`·
`Send comments to n~sphlpur@microsoft.<:om.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveSlOre, ActiveSync, ActivcX, Authenticodc,
`BnckOffice, BizTalk, ClenrType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirecLinput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DircctSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Holmail, lntelliEye,
`lntelliMouse, lntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press. Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, l?botoDraw, PowerPoint, SbarePoint, UltimatcTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual lnterDev, Visual J++. Visual SourceSnfe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Window~ Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`nnd events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name. e-mail addrc.~s. logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Pan No. XOS-41929
`
`(
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`8
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`Page 00002
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`

`
`E
`
`CGM
`
`channel hop
`
`Web page. including such features as providing a fonn that
`users can fill out, image map~ that contmn links to other
`Web pa~;es or resources, and links that users can click on to
`send e-mnil to a specified address. ActiveX contrOls and
`Java npplets can provide much the same functionality as
`CGl scripts. through different mcuns. See also CGI (defini(cid:173)
`tion 1), cgi-bin, image map. Perl. Compare ActiveX con(cid:173)
`trol. Java applet.
`CGM n. See Compute.r Graphics Metafile.
`chad n. The paper removed when a hole is puncbed in a
`c3Itl. in a wpe, or at the perforated edge of continuous-form
`paper-the comput.:r equivalent of a doughnut hole.
`chaining ''- 1. In computers, the linking of two or more
`entities so that they are dependent upon one another for
`operation. 2. ln programming, the linking of two or more
`programs so that the fir~1 program causes the second pro(cid:173)
`gram to begin executing. 3. In program.mmg. linking pro(cid:173)
`gram statements so that each statement, except for the
`fU'St, relies on the previous suuement for input. 4 . With
`ba.tch files, linking two or more batch files so that the
`completion of the first batch file causes the second batch
`file to begin executing. 5. With data storage, linking two
`or more individual units of storage. For example, a single
`file on a disk may actually be stored on several different
`sectors or the disk, each of which points to the next sector
`containing a piece of that file. The~e sectors arc said to be
`chained together, or. more litentlly. to be a chnin of clus(cid:173)
`ter~. 6. See daisy chaining.
`chain printer 11. See line printer.
`chalkware 11. See vaporware.
`Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol ''- An
`authentication scheme used by PPP servers to validate the
`identity of the originator of a connection, upon conocclion
`or any time later. Acronym: CHAP. Su also authentica(cid:173)
`tion. PPP.
`change directory 11. See cd.
`change file n. A file thm records transactional changes
`occumng in o database. providing a basis for updating a
`ma~tcr file and cstabli~hing an audit Lrnil. Also called:
`trnnl'lletion log. See als11 addition record.
`change management n. J. The process of tracking and
`contro!Jing updates, revisions. and other changes to a
`hardwurco ur sof1ware product or project. 2. The procc:~s of
`mtu1aging chtU1ge during u company's l'eStructuriog or
`reengineerlng.
`
`c hannel 11. I. A path or link through which infom1ation
`passes between two devices. A channel cun be either inter(cid:173)
`nal or ex.ternalto a microcomputer. 2. In communications,
`a medium for transferring infom1adon. Depending on its
`type, a communications channel can carry information
`(data, sound,aodlor video) in either analog or digital form.
`A communicntions channel can be a physicaJ link, such as
`the cable connecting two stntions in 11 network. or it can
`consist of sorne electromagnetic trnnsnrission on one or
`more frequencies within a bandwidth in the electromag(cid:173)
`netic spectrum, as in rodio und television. or in optical.
`microwave. or voice-grade communication. /\/so called:
`circuit. line. Set also analog, band, bandwidth, digital,
`electromagnetic spectrum, frequency. 3. A single color
`within a digital color space. For example, the RGB color
`space contains lhree channels-red, green, and blue-and
`all colors within the RGB color space are creJtcd with a
`combinalion of one or more Of those three color channels.
`In CMYK there arc four cltannels-<:yan. magenta, yel(cid:173)
`low. nnd black. Color management and graphics applica(cid:173)
`tions rely on control and manipulation of individual color
`channels. Su also color spnee.
`channel access n. 1. A method used in networked sys(cid:173)
`tems to gain access to the data communication channel
`1J1atlit1ks two or more computers. Common methods of
`channel access are contention. polling, and the token ring
`network. See also channel, contention, polling. token ring
`network. 2. fn wireless technology. an uccess method such
`as COMA (Code Division Multiple Access). See also
`Code Division Multiple Access.
`channel adapter n. A device that enables hardware
`using two different types of com'Vunicutions channels to
`communicate.
`channel aggregator 11. See content aggregator.
`c hannel capacity "· The speed 3! which a communica(cid:173)
`tions channel cun transfer information, measured in bits
`per second (bps) or in baud.
`Channel Definition Format"· A file format based on
`XML that describes a channel-a collection of Web
`page.~n a server. The Channel Defmition fonnot i.~
`used with the Active 01annel fcawre in Microsoft Internet
`Explorer to deliver selected. often personalrtcd, infonna(cid:173)
`tion lo individuals on n ~ubscrlption ba.sis. See also Active
`Channel, webca<ring
`channel hop vb. Tu switdl repeatedly from one IRC
`channel to another. St'e also IRC.
`
`94
`
`channelop
`
`cha nne lop 1t.
`tRC channel wl
`able p:u-ticipant
`channel opere
`Channel Servl
`CHAP 11. See C
`Protocol.
`character n. ;I
`symbol or con~
`by ooc unit-I
`necessarily visi
`space, for exarr
`or any of the di
`manage not on I
`look (fonnatun
`information, a 1
`ringe return or
`ument. It can b
`page, or mark t
`character, EBC
`character cell
`resentS the spru
`the screen. Cor
`pixels as charac
`snme size for n
`spnccd fonts. Sl
`Apple Macinto
`the same, buttl
`character coc
`ticular choractt
`The character c
`another key, su
`t:llamplc. press
`character code
`~ey normally s
`case A. Compo
`character del
`computer can 1
`determining tho
`display bitmap
`mapped font.
`
`Page 00003
`
`

`
`PCMIA device
`
`Peachy virus
`
`peek
`
`thb context, ~uch a card consists of conventional static
`RAM chips powered by o smoll bnnery (IJ)d is designed to
`provide addilionnl RAM to the system. See also PC Card.
`Comport' flash memory.
`PCMIA device 11. See PC Card.
`p-code 11. Su pseudocode.
`PCS n. See Pcrsoool Communication~ Services.
`PCT n. J. Acron)'ITI for progrorn comprehension tool. A
`soft wan:: engineering tool that facilitates the process of
`understanding the &trueture and/or functionolity of com(cid:173)
`puter programs. 2. Acronym for Private Communications
`Technology, n protocol st:tndard drafted by Microsoft nod
`submitted to the IETF for consideration . .PCr,like the
`Nctscape-destgned SSL (Secure SocketS Layer). suppons
`uuthentic:u.ion nnd cncrypllon for securing privacy m Inter(cid:173)
`net commurucations. 3. Acronym for Personol Communi(cid:173)
`cations Technology. An enhllllCed version of Secure
`Sockets Layer (SSL}.
`. (X:X n. The file extcn~iou that identifies bitmapped
`images in the PC Paintbrush file formaL
`PC/ XT n. The ~ond-gcneration of the originol ffiM Per(cid:173)
`soool Computer. The IBM PCIXT was introduced in 1983
`nnd was tlte first uf the PC computers lO support hard
`disks. See nlsu lBM PC.
`PC/ XT keyboard 11. 1lte keyboard for the PC/XT.
`Strong, reliable, und equipped with 83 keys, the PC/XT
`keyboard offers o typist an audible click. See also mM
`PC. PCIXT
`PDA n. Acronym for Personal Digital Assis((IJ)L A light(cid:173)
`weight paJmtop computer dcstgned to provide specific
`functions like per~onal organization (calendar, note tak(cid:173)
`ing, database, culculutor, nod so on) as well as communi(cid:173)
`cations. More ndvunccd models olso offer multimedia
`features. Mnny PDA devices rely on n pen or other point·
`mg device for mput mstcad of 3 keyboard or mouse,
`although some offer 3 keyboard too small for touch typing
`to usc in COnJU11Clion With a pen or pomting device. For
`data storage, a PDA reltes on nash memory instead of
`
`power-hungry disk drives. See also finnware, flash mem(cid:173)
`ory, h3ndhcld PC, PC Cnn.l. pen computer.
`PDC n. See Primary Domain Controller.
`PO.CD drive n. Sbon for (lh~ change rcwritablc disc(cid:173)
`compact disc drive. /1. stomge device that combines a CD(cid:173)
`ROM drive and n phuse chllllge rewritable disc (PO) drive.
`which can store up to 650 megabytes of data on cartridges
`of rewritable optical dl~s. Su tl/.so phnse-cbnngc recording.
`POD n. Acronym for POI'Ulblc D1gital Document. A
`graphics fiJe created from a document by QutckDraw GX
`under Mac OS. PODs are stored in a form thnr is indepen·
`dent of printer resolution; they print m tho highest resolu(cid:173)
`tion available on the printer used; and they can contain the
`original fonts used in the document. Therefore, a POD can
`be printed by a computer other than the one on which it
`was created.
`. pdf n. 1lte fiJe extension that 1denu.fies documentS
`encoded in the Portllble Document Format developed by
`Adobe Systems. To di~play or print a .pdf file, the user
`should obtain the freeware Adobe Acrobat Reader. Su
`also Acrobat, Portable Document f ormat.
`POL n Stt page-description language.
`PDM 11. See pulse duration modulation.
`PDO n. See Ponnble Distributed Objects.
`PDS n. 1. Acronym for Pr()ccssor Direct Slot. An ex pan·
`sion slot in Macintosh computers that is counected
`directly to the CPU signols. There are scverol kinds of
`PDS slOtS with different numbers of pins nnd different sets
`of signals. depending on which CPU is used in a particular
`computer. 2. Acronym for Parall"! Data Structure. A hid·
`den ftle. locuted in the root dtrectory or a di~k that is
`shared under AppleShare. that contains access privilege
`inrormal.ion for folders.
`Peachy virus n. A virus, first detected m 2001, that was
`the first to attempt to spre:ld 11M:lf through PDF files. Tbe
`Pe3Chy virus takes :tdvanUlge of an Adobe Acrobat feature
`th:1t enable.~ users to embed files m PDF documentS. Tbe
`embedded Peachy virus file mfec1~ 1he computer of a user
`
`who downloac
`Adobe A~TOb8
`peek vb. 1. Tc
`lion. Peck con
`guages such a:
`specific mt:mo
`in a buiTer a.~~·
`oJJy removing
`peer n. Anyo
`nerwork that o
`oerwork archil
`pee r-to-pee r :
`computerS that
`communicate 1
`oonsidert:d cqll
`as a sen-er 10 tJ
`server :uchitcc
`However, oct\\<
`under client/sc
`calkd: peer-to
`communicatio1
`peer-to-peer ,
`devices that or
`a network bast
`work architect
`peer-to-peer 1
`PE file n. Su
`pel n. Shon fc
`PEM n. Su PI
`pen n. Su ligl
`pen-based cc
`written symbo
`sensitive pad. ,
`pen compute
`mary input de•
`Apencomput
`
`396
`
`Page 00004
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`

`
`serial port adapter 11. An interface card or device that
`either provides a serial port or converts n serial port to
`another use. See also adapter, serial port.
`serial printer n. A printer connected to the computer via
`a serial interface (commonly RS-232-C or compatible).
`Connectors for this type of printer vary wide.ly, which is
`one reason they are less popular than parallel printers
`among those who usc IBM and mM-compatible PCs.
`Serial printers are standard for Apple computers. See also
`DB conncclOr, serial, serial transmission. Compare paral(cid:173)
`lel printer.
`serial processing n. See sequential processing (defini(cid:173)
`tion2).
`Serial Storage Architecture n: see SSA.
`serial transmission n. The transfer of discrete signals
`one after another. [n communications and data. transfer,
`serial transmission involves sending information over a
`single line one bit at a lime, as in modem-to-modem con(cid:173)
`nections. Compare parallel transmission.
`series circuit n. A circuit in which two or more compo(cid:173)
`nents are linked in series. All the current passes through
`each component in a series circuit, but the voltage is
`divided among the components. See the illustration. Com(cid:173)
`pare parallel circuit.
`
`Series circuit
`
`serifl adj. Marked by the use of serifs. For example.
`Goudy is a serif typeface, whe.rcas Helvetica is a sans serif
`typeface. See the illustration. See also scriP. Compare
`sans serif.
`
`ABC
`ABC
`
`v
`
`Serifs
`
`Serif. II serif typeface (top) and a sans serif typeface (bouom).
`
`serlf2 n. Any of the short lines or ornaments at lhe ends of
`the strokes that form a typeface character.
`
`Server Message Block
`
`server n. 1. On a local area network (LAN), a computer
`running administrative software that controls access to the
`network and its resources, such as printers and disk drives.
`and provides resources to computers functioning ns work(cid:173)
`stations on the network. 2- On the Internet or other net(cid:173)
`work, a computer or program that responds to commands
`from a client. For example, a tile server may contain an
`archive of data or program files: when a client submits a
`request for a file, the server transfers a copy of the file to
`the client. See also application server (definitions I and 2),
`clientfserver architecture. Compare client (definition 3).
`server appliance 11. A device designed to deliver one or
`more specific network services in a single turnkey pack(cid:173)
`age that includes both hardware and software. All neces(cid:173)
`sary programs are preinstalled on a server appliance,
`which has minimal, simplified options and controls.
`Server appliances can be used to complement or replace
`traditional servers on a network and can provide such ser(cid:173)
`vices as file and printer sharing and Internet connectivity.
`Also called: appliance. See also information appliance.
`server-based application 11. A program that is shared
`over a network. The program is storc:d on the network
`server and can be used at more than one client machine at
`a time.
`server cluster n. A group of independent computer sys(cid:173)
`tems, known ns nodes, working together as a single system
`to ensure that mission-critical applications and resources
`remain available to clients. A server cluster is the type of
`cluster that Cluster service implements. See also cluster.
`server control n. See ASP.NET server control.
`server error 11. A failure to complete a request for in for·
`mation through HTTP that results from an error at the
`server rather than an error by the client or the user. Server
`errors are indicated by HTTP starus codes beginning with
`5. See also HTTP, HTTP status codes.
`server farm 11. A centralized grouping of network servers
`mainLaincd by un enterprise or. often, an Internet servjce
`provider (JSP). A server farm provides a network with
`load balancing, scalability, and fault tolerance. Individual
`servers may be connected in such a way that tl1ey appear
`to represent a single resource.
`serverlet 11. See servlet.
`Server Message Block n. See SM13.
`
`server push-pull
`techniques indivi
`pull." In server pt
`the data connecti•
`continue sending
`ent pull, the servt
`connection does r
`directive to the b1
`after a cenain int•
`a new URL. See
`(definition 2), UF
`
`Server pt
`
`doc1
`
`doc2
`
`Server
`
`Server pusiJ..pu/1.
`
`serve r·slde lncl
`dynamic text in \
`includes are spec
`and interpreted b
`document body t
`brows~;:r. Server-!
`include the date/!
`nym: SSI. See a/:
`service n. 1. A <
`such as technical
`ence to progratru
`that provides sup
`low (close to the
`cialized, soft wan
`work servers-f<
`provide the netw
`for locating user.
`Service Advert!
`scrvice-providin
`or applical!on se
`Work that it is a\
`it uses the pro tot
`same server goe:
`announce that it
`See also server (
`
`474
`
`Page 00005