`
`OMPUTER NETWORKS
`
`ANDREW S. TANENBAUM
`
`I,
`
`93
`
`Broadcasting
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`1100110110 4M|LE
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`0110110011
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`2MlLE
`
`WELCOME
`TO THE
`* INFORMATION ‘
`SUPER
`HIGHWAY
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`1
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`M2M
`Ex. 2003
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`
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`Computer Networks
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`Third Edition
`
`Andrew S. Tanenbaum
`
`Vrije Universiteit
`Amsterdam, The Netherlands
`
`For book and bookstore information
`
`http://www.prenha||.com
`
`Prentice Hall PTR
`Upper Saddle /-"fivéer, New Jersey 07458 M2M
`
`EX. 2003
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`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`Tanenbaum. Andrew S. 1944-.
`Computer networks / Andrew S. Tanenbaum. —— 3rd ed.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN ()—l3—349945—6
`
`I .Compute1' networks.
`TK5 I()5.5.T36 1996
`()04.6—~dc20
`
`I. Title.
`
`96-4121
`CIP
`
`Editorial/production manager: Cami/Ie TI‘€Ilf£l('()SI(’
`Interior design and composition: Amirew S. Tunenlmmn
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`Cover concept: Andrcir S. Ykmenbaunz,fir)/11 an idea I)_\'Marily1z Tre/m/imi
`Interior graphics: Hadel Studio
`Manufacturing manager: Alexis R. H€_\'(/I
`Acquisitions editor: Mary Fran:
`Editorial Assistant: Noreen Regina
`
` um”nu
`
`6) 1996 by Prentice Hall PTR
`Prentice—Hall, Inc.
`
`A Simon & Schuster Company
`Upper Saddle River. New Jersey 07458
`
`The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information.
`contact:
`
`Corporate Sales Department, Prentice Hall PTR. One Lake Street. Upper Saddle River. NJ 07458.
`Phone: (800) 382-3419: Fax: (201) 236-7141. E—mail: corpsales@prenhall.com
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced. in any form or by any means. without
`permission in writing from the publisher.
`
`All product names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`10
`9
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`5
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`ISBN 0-13-349945-6
`
`Prentice—Hall International (UK) Limited. Lam/on
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`M2M
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`SEC. 2.4
`
`THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
`
`131
`
`town, and the other one’s wife was the town telephone operator. He quickly saw
`that either he was going to have to invent automatic telephone switching equip-
`ment or he was going to go out of business. He chose the first option. For nearly
`100 years.
`the circuit switching equipment used worldwide was known as
`Strowger gear.
`(History does not record whether the now—unemployed switch-
`board operator got a job as an information operator, answering questions such as:
`What is the phone number of an undertaker?
`The model shown in Fig. 2—34(a) is highly simplified of course, because parts
`of the “copper” path between the two telephones may,
`in fact, be microwave
`links onto which thousands of calls are multiplexed. Nevertheless, the basic idea
`is valid: once a call has been set up, a dedicated path between both ends exists and
`will continue to exist until the call is finished.
`
`
`
`Physical copper
`connection set up
`when call is made
`
`Switching office
`
` -i
`
`i ii
`
`L -i H
`
`TH.
`
`I
`
`:1 Cl
`
`C
`
`\
`
`—i-
`
`z
`
`Packets queued up
`for subsequent
`transmission
`
`_l——
`
`El @
`
`1 3
`
`(b)
`
`Fig. 2-34. (:1) Circuit switching. (b) Packet switching.
`
`An important property of circuit switching is the need to set up an end—to—end
`path before any data can be sent. The elapsed time between the end of dialing and
`the start of ringing can easily be 10 sec, more on long—distance or international
`calls. During this time interval, the telephone system is hunting for a copper path,
`as shown in Fig. 2-35(a). Note that before data transmission can even begin, the
`call
`request signal must propagate all
`the way to the destination, and be
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