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`AstraZeneca Exhibit 2020
`Lannett v. AstraZeneca
`IPR2015-01629
`
`

`
`Copyright © 1993 by Van Nostrand Reinhold
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92- 1 3951
`ISBN 0-4-12-01 13 1-8
`
`All rights reserved. Certain portions of this work © 1930. 1920, 1919 by The Chemical Catalog Co., lne., and
`I987, 1981, l9Tt', 1971, 1966, 1956, 1950 by Van Nostrand Reinhold. No part ofthis work covered by the copyright
`hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including pho-
`tocopying, recording, taping, or informational storage and retrieval systems——without written permission of the
`publisher.
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`Printed in the United States of America
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`Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Condensed chemical dictionary.
`1-Iawley‘s condensed chemical dictionary.—l2th ed./revised by
`Richard J. Lewis, Sr.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 0-442-01131-8
`I-iawlcy, Gessner Goodrich, 1905-1983
`I.
`1. Chemistry~—Dietionaries.
`H. Lewis, Richard J., St.
`Iii. Title.
`QD5.CS
`1992
`S40’ .3—dc20
`
`92-18951
`CIP
`
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`

`
`175
`
`BUFFER
`
`of
`quantity
`(British thermal unit). The
`mu.
`heat required to raise the temperature of one
`pound of water one degree Fahrenheit (usually
`from 39 to 40F). This is the accepted unit for the
`comparison of heating values of fuels. For ex-
`ample, fuel gases range from 100 (low producer
`gas) to 3200 (pure butane) Btu/cu ft. The usual
`standard for a city gas is approximately 500
`Btu/cu ft.
`
`BTX. Commercial abbreviation for benzene, tol-
`uene, xylene,
`the three major aromatic com-
`pounds.
`
`Bu.
`
`Informal abbreviation for butyl.
`
`bubble cap column.
`
`See tower, distillation.
`
`bubbler cap plate. A part of distillation equip-
`ment for obtaining efficient contact between
`gases and liquids. The liquid flows over the sur-
`face of a perforated plate while the gas flows
`through the perforations.
`
`Bucherer-Bergs reaction. Preparation of hydan-
`toin from carbonyl compound by reaction with
`potassium cyanide and ammonium carbonate,
`or from the corresponding cyanohydrin and am-
`monium carbonate.
`
`Bucherer reaction. A procedure for preparation
`of B-naphthylamine by heating B-naphthol with
`a water solution of ammonium sulfite. “A sul-
`fite solution is prepared by saturating concen-
`trated ammonia solution with sulfur dioxide and
`adding an equal volume of concentrated ammo-
`nia solution, B-naphthol is added and the charge
`is heated in an autoclave provided with a stirrer
`or a shaking mechanism” (L.F. Fieser). This re-
`action is also involved in the preparation of sev-
`eral azo dye intermediates, e.g., Tobias acid.
`
`Diazoace
`Buchner method of ring enlargement.
`tic acid ester reacts with benzene and homologs
`to give the corresponding esters of noncaradie-
`nic acid, transformed at high temperatures to
`derivatives of cycloheptatriene, phenylacetic
`acid, and B-phenylpropionic acid (when one or
`' more methyl groups are present in the initial hy-
`drocarbon).
`
`bucket elevator. See conveyor (5).
`
`buckminsterfullerene.
`
`(buckyballs). C60.
`
`
`
`Spherical aromatic molecule with a hollow trun-
`cated-icosahedron structure, similar to a soccer
`ball. First reported in the mid—l980s. Capable of
`enclosing ions or atoms in a host-guest relation-
`ship.
`
`buckyballs.
`
`See buckminsterfullerene.
`
`buclizine hydrochloride.
`C28H33ClN2-2HC1.
`1-p-chlorobenzhydry1-4-(p-(tert)-butylbenzyl)pi-
`perazinedihydrochloride.
`Use: Medicine (antihistamine).
`
`Bucherer carbazole synthesis. Formation of car-
`bazoles from naphthols or naphthylamines,
`arylhydrazines, and sodium bisulfite.
`
`Budde effect.
`The increase in volume of halogen
`vapors on exposure to light.
`
`Buchner-Curtius-Schlotterbeckreaction. Form
`ation of keto compounds from aldehydes and al-
`iphatic diazo compounds; ethylene oxides may
`also be formed.
`
`German
`A
`(1860-1917).
`Buchner, Eduard.
`chemist who was awarded the Nobel prize for
`chemistry in 1907. His works included the syn-
`thesis of diiodoacetamid through alcoholic fer-
`mentation caused by enzymes, as well as the dis-
`covery of zymase,
`the first enzyme to be
`isolated. He received his Ph.D. at the University
`Of Munich, where he became a lecturer. Later,
`he taught and performed research at Tubingen,
`Berlin, and Wurzburg.
`
`“Budium” [Du Pant].
`TM for a polybutadiene
`finish for application to tin plate.
`
`buffer.
`
`A solution containing both a weak acid
`and its conjugate weak base, whose pH changes
`only slightly on addition of acid or alkali. The
`weak acid becomes a buffer when alkali
`is
`added, and the weak base becomes a buffer
`when acid is added. This action is explained by
`the reaction
`
`A+H2O->B+H3O,,
`
`in which the base B is formed by the loss of a
`proton from the corresponding acid A. The acid
`
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`

`
`BU!-‘OTENINE
`
`176
`
`may be a cation such as NH,,*, a neutral mole-
`cule such as CH3CO0l-I, or an anion such as
`H,PO,,'. When alkali is added, hydrogen ions
`are retnoved to form water, but as long as the
`added alkali is not in excess of the buffer acid,
`many of the hydrogen ions are replaced by fur-
`ther ionization of A to maintain the equilibrium.
`When acid is added, this reaction is reversed as
`hydrogen ions combine with B to form A. The
`pH ofa buffer solution may be calculated by the
`mass-law equation, pH = pK' + log Cr,/Ca, in
`which pK'
`is the negative logarithm of the ap-
`parent ionization constant of the buffer acid and
`the concentrations are those of the buffer base
`and its conjugate acid.
`
`bufolenine.
`
`[3—(2-ditnethylaminoethyl)—5—i11dolol].
`Cl2HI6N2O‘
`Properties: Colorless prisms, insoluble in water.
`soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in ether, solu-
`ble in dilute acids and alkalies.
`Derivation: From toads and toadstools; also
`tnade synthetically.
`Hazard: A hallucinogenic agent.
`Use: Medicine (experimental).
`See also hallucinogen.
`
`builder detergent. A substance that increases the
`effectiveness of a soap or synthetic detergent by
`acting as a softener and as a sequestering and
`bu ffcring agent. Phosphate—silicate formula-
`tions, once widely used, have been restricted for
`environmental reasons. They have largely been
`replaced by EDTA or by zeolites, sometimes
`combined with nitrolotriacetic acid. Certain
`starch derivatives can be used as builders.
`See also zeolite.
`
`(2-nitro—l,1-bis{p-chlorophenyl)butane).
`Iutlan.
`CAS:76—20-0.
`(:,,H,,ct,N0,.
`Hazard: A toxic chlorinated nitrogenous com-
`pound used as an insecticide. When mixed with
`Prolan, the product is called Dilan.
`See also Prolan, Dilan.
`
`bulk density. See density.
`
`bulking agent. Chemically inert material used
`for increasing volume.
`
`lntllion. Bttlk precious metals as produced at re-
`fineries or gold-silver alloy produced in refining.
`
`liutumiiodyl.
`(.3,HTCONHC,,HI,CH:C(C2H5)COONa.
`[3(3-Butyrylatnino-2,4,6-tri-iodophenyl)—2-ethyl
`sodium acrylate].
`Used in medicine (radiopaque contrast medium,
`diagnostic aid).
`
`synthetic
`huna rubbers. German vulcanizable
`rubbers from butadiene with sodium as a cata-
`lyst.
`See also rubber.
`
`bunker fuel oil. A heavy residual oil used as fuel
`by ships, by industry, and for large—scale heating
`installations.
`
`burner
`laboratory
`Bunsen burner. Common
`which allows regulation of the air to be mixed
`with the gas before burning.
`
`(1811-1899). Born in
`Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm.
`Germany, Bunsen is remembered chiefly for his
`invention of the laboratory burner named after
`him. He engaged in a wide range of industrial
`and chemical research, including blast-furnace
`firing, electrolytic cells, separation of metals by
`electric current. spectroscopic techniques (with
`Kirchhoff}, and production of light metals by
`electrical decomposition of their molten chlo-
`rides. He also discovered two elements, rubid-
`ium and cesium.
`
`buoyancy balance. Balance, made of silica, ca-
`pable of extreme accuracy.
`Use: To determine the density of gases.
`
`hurette. A liquid-measuring device used exten-
`sively in chemical laboratories. It is a vertical
`glass tube, open at
`the top, supported on a
`bracket, and equipped with scale graduation
`marks and a hand-operated stopcock at or near
`the bottom. The liquid to be dispensed is flowed
`in at the open end and can then be withdrawn in
`measured amounts by operating the stopcock.
`
`Burgundy pitch. A resin obtained from Norway
`spruce or European silver fir. Other types, e.g.,
`that from various species of pines, are also of-
`fered under this name. Characterized by extreme
`tackiness, soluble in acetone and alcohol. Used
`to some extent
`in surgeon’s tape and various
`special adhesive compositions.
`
`burlap. A coarse, loose-woven fabric made from
`jute or similar fiber, used in low—cost laminated
`composites; as liner or backing in upholstery,
`carpets, etc., and as a bagging material.
`It is
`often impregnated with hot-melt adhesive.
`
`burnable poison. A neutron absorber (poison)
`such as boron which when incorporated in the
`fuel or fuel cladding of a nuclear reactor, grad-
`ually “burns up" (is changed into nonabsorbing
`material) under neutron irradiation. This pro-
`cess compensates for the loss of reactivity that
`occurs as fuel is consumed and fission-product
`poisons accumulate, and keeps the overall char-
`
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