(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`Under Armour Inc.
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`adidas AG,
`Patent Owner
`
`Case No. IPR2015-00700
`
`Patent No. 8,579,767
`
`DECLARATION OF WILLIAM MICHALSON, PH.D.
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`1
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`I, William R. Michalson, declare as follows:
`
`I.
`
`Introduction
`
`1.
`
`I have prepared this Declaration for consideration by the Patent Trial
`
`and Appeal Board in connection with the above-referenced inter partes review
`
`proceeding.
`
`2.
`
`I am over eighteen years of age, and I would otherwise be competent
`
`to testify as to the matters set forth herein if I am called upon to do so.
`
`3.
`
`I have written this Declaration at the request of and have been retained
`
`by Kilpatrick Townsend & Stockton, LLP, which represents Patent Owner adidas
`
`AG.
`
`4.
`
`I am being paid for my work in this matter at the rate of $425.00 per
`
`hour, plus reimbursement of reasonable expenses. My compensation does not
`
`depend on the outcome of this matter and I have no financial interest in that
`
`outcome.
`
`5.
`
`I have been asked to provide my opinion as to the validity of United
`
`States Patent No. 8,579,767 (the “’767 Patent”). Specifically, I have been asked to
`
`evaluate the validity of claims 6, 7, 8, 12 and 13 of the ‘767 Patent (“the
`
`challenged claims.”)
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`2
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`II.
`
`Background & Qualifications
`
`6.
`
`In forming my opinions expressed in this Declaration, I relied on my
`
`knowledge and experience in the field and on documents and information
`
`referenced in this Declaration.
`
`7.
`
`I received my Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the Worcester
`
`Polytechnic Institute in 1989, my Master of Science in Electrical Engineering from
`
`the Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1985, and my Bachelor of Science in
`
`Electrical Engineering from Syracuse University in 1981.
`
`8.
`
`I was employed as an engineer at Raytheon Company from 1981 until
`
`1991. During this period, I worked on a variety of projects that involved both
`
`hardware and software design and debugging. These projects involved developing
`
`computer systems and software for a variety of applications, including the
`
`following: air traffic display systems, signal and data processing systems, and
`
`communications systems. During this time period, I was involved in hardware and
`
`software development that included experience working with satellite, airborne,
`
`and ground-based systems for navigation and communications. From 1985 until
`
`1988, I received a fellowship from Raytheon to pursue my Ph.D. degree, and I
`
`worked part-time during this period. I returned to Raytheon full-time from 1988
`
`until 1991.
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`3
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`9.
`
`I have been a full-time faculty member at the Worcester Polytechnic
`
`Institute in Massachusetts since 1991. My emphasis at the Worcester Polytechnic
`
`Institute is on teaching and conducting research on navigation, communications,
`
`and computer system design.
`
`10.
`
`I hold eight patents in the fields of audio signal processing, indoor
`
`geolocation devices, and handheld GPS (Global Positioning System) mapping
`
`devices. I have authored or co-authored over 100 original articles in the fields of
`
`communications networks, precision location systems, and GPS, including more
`
`than 15 journal papers and 90 conference papers. I have also authored one book
`
`chapter relating to optical interconnect networks for massively parallel computers.
`
`I am a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
`
`11.
`
`I have worked in the field of computer architecture and computer
`
`systems since I began employment at Raytheon in 1981. In addition, I teach classes
`
`relating to computer architecture and design, and I also teach classes relating to
`
`embedded system designs, advanced system architectures, and real-time system
`
`designs, which relate to the design of computer systems, including real-time
`
`operating systems and programming. I have worked extensively in software
`
`programming, including during my employment at Raytheon and in a variety of
`
`projects relating to navigation and communications systems at the Worcester
`
`Polytechnic Institute.
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`4
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`12.
`
`GPS and GPS-related technologies have dominated the bulk of my
`
`research since 1992. I have been involved in numerous academic, consulting, and
`
`litigation projects
`
`involving navigation, communications and computer
`
`technologies. Examples of my academic projects include a container tracking
`
`system in 2003 that explored the application of tracking and communications
`
`technologies to track shipping containers, an automotive-based system in 2000 that
`
`combined GPS and map data in an automotive environment, a remote hazard
`
`detection system in 1996 that combined GPS and radio communications to
`
`remotely identify hazards to the engineer operating a freight train, and a
`
`differential GPS system in 1995 that combined GPS and radio technologies to
`
`determine the precise path of vehicles operating off-road during forest operations.
`
`As a consultant, I have worked with the combination of GPS and radio
`
`communications in the context of space shuttle docking operations, transfer of
`
`traffic information to GPS devices in a vehicle, combinations of GPS and cellular
`
`communications for the tracking of individuals, and map-based handheld tracking
`
`devices.
`
`13.
`
`I have extensive experience with the development and maintenance of
`
`the hardware and software associated with server computers, including server
`
`computers attached to the Internet. This experience includes the installation and
`
`maintenance of web servers and file servers, as well as the design, development,
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`5
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`test, and maintenance of web based applications. These applications typically
`
`employ C/C++, Java, JavaScript, PHP, HTML, MySQL, and other applications,
`
`languages and/or utilities as might be appropriate for a given application.
`
`14.
`
`I have extensive experience in the design, implementation, and testing
`
`of hardware and software systems in the context of a client-server computer
`
`architecture in which at least one client computer exchanges navigation and/or GIS
`
`information with at least one server computer through a wired and/or wireless
`
`network.
`
`15.
`
`Since 1992, I have not only been involved with the development of
`
`GIS-related software for evaluating various aspects of GPS performance, but I
`
`have also used a number of commercial GPS and GIS products. GPS products I am
`
`familiar with include products produced by GEC Plessey, Motorola, Rockwell,
`
`Trimble, Novatel, Magellan, Garmin, and others. GIS products I am familiar with
`
`include products such as ArcView/ArcGIS, GeoRover, and Navtech, as well as
`
`various data sets made available by government agencies (for example, USGS
`
`topographical maps, Digital Elevation Models, marine and aviation charts, and the
`
`like). I am also familiar with numerous GIS and mapping products that existed in
`
`the market since the late 1980s, including systems and software developed by Etak,
`
`Microsoft, DeLorme, AutoMap, and others.
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:25)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`6
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`16.
`
`During the period between 1999 and 2004 I was involved with
`
`projects funded by the National Institute of Justice and the US Army. These
`
`projects were initially motivated by the fire at the Worcester Cold Storage building
`
`fire on December 3, 1999 which claimed the lives of six firefighters who became
`
`lost inside the burning building. This work was later additionally motivated by a
`
`need to monitor the location and physiological status of troops involved with
`
`indoor, underground and urban warfare. As a part of this work I participated in the
`
`design and development of location determination systems, communications
`
`systems, and physiological sensors, as well as hardware and software integration of
`
`those systems.
`
`17.
`
`A detailed listing of my qualifications and experience is addressed in
`
`my resume, which is attached hereto as Attachment A.
`
`III. Materials Considered
`
`18.
`
`In forming my opinions expressed in this Declaration, in addition to
`
`my knowledge and experience, I have considered the following documents and
`
`things that I have obtained, or that have been provided to me:
`
`(cid:120)
`
`(cid:120)
`
`(cid:120)
`
`The ‘767 Patent;
`
`The File History of the ‘767 Patent;
`
`U.S. Patent No. 6,466,232 (“Newell”) (Ex. 1003);
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`7
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`(cid:120)
`
`(cid:120)
`
`(cid:120)
`
`(cid:120)
`
`(cid:120)
`
`(cid:120)
`
`(cid:120)
`
`(cid:120)
`
`Garmin, GPS II Plus Owner’s Manual and Reference (“Garmin”) (Ex.
`
`1005);
`
`U.S. patent No. 5,680,465 (“Boyden”) (Ex. 1009);
`
`The Declaration of Dr. Shawn Burke (Ex. 1012);
`
`Patent Owner’s Preliminary Response, Paper 6;
`
`The Board’s Institution Decision, Paper 9;
`
`The Declaration of Dr. Mark T. Jones and supporting exhibits and
`
`attachments;
`
`The Declaration of Dr. Lynne J. Weber and supporting exhibits and
`
`attachments;
`
`All other documents and exhibits filed in these proceedings;
`
`19.
`
`To the extent not listed above, I have reviewed and considered all
`
`documents discussed within the body of this Declaration.
`
`IV. Person of Ordinary Skill in the Art
`
`20.
`
`I have been informed that “a person of ordinary skill in the relevant
`
`field” is a hypothetical person to whom an expert in the relevant field could assign
`
`a routine task with reasonable confidence that the task would be successfully
`
`carried out. In my opinion, a person of ordinary skill in the art would have at least
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`8
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`a bachelor’s degree in electrical or computer engineering and three years of
`
`practical experience with sensing, signaling, and embedded systems. As of the
`
`relevant time period I was at least a person of ordinary skill in the art.
`
`V.
`
`Legal Principles
`
`A.
`
`21.
`
`Anticipation under 35 U.S.C. § 102
`
`I understand that a patent claim is invalid as “anticipated” if each and
`
`every limitation of the claim as construed by the court is found, either expressly or
`
`inherently, in a single device or method that predates the claimed invention, or is
`
`described in a single previous publication or patent that predates the claimed
`
`invention. I understand that, in patent law, these previous devices, methods,
`
`publications, or patents are called “prior art.” Claim limitations that are not
`
`expressly found in a prior art reference are inherent if the prior art necessarily
`
`functions in accordance with, or includes, the claim limitations. It is acceptable to
`
`examine evidence outside the prior art reference (extrinsic evidence) in
`
`determining whether a feature, while not expressly discussed in the reference, is
`
`necessarily present in it.
`
`22.
`
`I also understand that incorporation by reference provides a method
`
`for integrating material from various documents into a single prior art document (a
`
`patent or a printed publication) for purposes of an anticipation determination by
`
`citing such material in a way that makes clear that the material is effectively part of
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`9
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`the single prior art document as if it were explicitly contained therein. In other
`
`words, when a document is “incorporated by reference” into a host document, such
`
`as a patent, the referenced document becomes effectively part of the host document
`
`as if it were explicitly contained therein.
`
`B. Obviousness under 35 U.S.C. § 103
`
`23.
`
`I understand that a claim is invalid if the invention recited in the claim
`
`would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art at the time the invention
`
`was made. I understand this means that even if all the requirements of the claim
`
`cannot be found in a single prior art reference that would anticipate the claim, a
`
`person of ordinary skill in the field of the invention knowledgeable of the prior art
`
`would have come up with the claimed invention. In considering whether a claim is
`
`obvious, I have been asked to consider (a) the level of skill in the art at the time of
`
`the claimed invention, (b) the scope and content of the prior art, (c) any differences
`
`between the prior art and the claims of the patent-in-suit, and (d) any “secondary
`
`factors” related to obviousness, including commercial success, long-felt but
`
`unresolved need, failure of others, copying, praise by others, unexpected results,
`
`and simultaneous invention by others.
`
`24.
`
`I understand that a claim composed of several elements is not
`
`necessarily proved obvious merely by demonstrating that each of its elements was
`
`independently known in the prior art. I also understand that obviousness should
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`10
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`not be analyzed using the benefit of hindsight. Instead, it must be analyzed from
`
`the standpoint of what was known and understood by a person of ordinary skill in
`
`the art at the time of the claimed invention. In evaluating whether a claimed
`
`combination would have been obvious, I understand that I may consider whether
`
`there was a reason that would have prompted a person of ordinary skill in the field
`
`to combine the elements or concepts from the prior art in the same manner as
`
`claimed. I understand that, among other things, I can consider whether market
`
`forces or other design incentives might have prompted the particular combination
`
`claimed in the patent. I understand that I may also consider whether the
`
`combination simply achieved a predictable result by using prior art elements
`
`according to their known functions. I understand that I may consider whether there
`
`is some teaching, motivation, or suggestion in the prior art to make the claimed
`
`combination, although such a teaching, motivation, or suggestion is not a
`
`requirement of proving obviousness. I understand that teachings, suggestions, and
`
`motivations may also be found within the knowledge of a person with ordinary
`
`skill in the art, including inferences and creative steps that a person of ordinary
`
`skill in the art would employ.
`
`25.
`
`Also, I understand that I should consider whether the claimed
`
`combination applies a known technique that had been used to improve similar
`
`devices in a similar way. I understand that I may also consider whether the
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`11
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`claimed invention would have been obvious to try, meaning that the claimed
`
`innovation was one of a relatively small number of possible approaches to the
`
`problem with a reasonable expectation of success by those of ordinary skill in the
`
`art.
`
`26.
`
`I understand that a single prior art reference, even though not
`
`anticipating, could be modified to produce the claimed invention and thus render a
`
`claim obvious.
`
`C.
`
`27.
`
`The Presumption of Validity
`
`It is my understanding that under 35 U.S.C. § 282, a patent is
`
`presumed valid, and each claim of a patent is presumed valid.
`
`VI. Claim Construction
`
`28.
`
`I understand that for purposes of an inter partes review of an
`
`unexpired patent, all claims are to be construed with the broadest reasonable
`
`interpretation in light of the specification. I have reviewed and considered
`
`Petitioner’s proposed construction for the term “position points.” I have also
`
`reviewed the Board’s discussion of the term “headphones” in the Institution
`
`Decision.
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`12
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`VII. Technology Background
`
`29.
`
`To the extent that the meaning of claim terms is contested in this inter
`
`partes review, it is my opinion that the broadest reasonable interpretation of the
`
`claim terms is readily understandable without the need for further construction.
`
`30.
`
`Over the past 15 years, cell phones have evolved into the full-fledged
`
`programmable computing and communications devices that we refer to as
`
`smartphones. The functionality of smartphones, like that of any computer, can be
`
`changed by installing software applications. While these applications are stored
`
`locally on the handset, many are networked, meaning that they communicate with
`
`and share information with other entities within the network. For example,
`
`networked mobile applications may share information with servers in the network
`
`that make the information available on websites. To support mobile applications,
`
`smartphones run operating system software which provides programming
`
`interfaces that allow mobile app developers to use basic phone resources, such as
`
`the display, the touchscreen, storage, networking, and positioning technologies
`
`included on the phone. The operating systems most widely used on current
`
`smartphones include iOS, an operating system developed by Apple that is only
`
`available on Apple devices, Android, an operating system developed by Google,
`
`and Windows Phone, an operating system developed by Microsoft.
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`13
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`31.
`
`An important feature of today’s smartphones is their ability to
`
`determine their own geographical position based on signals from reference objects
`
`at a known location. The primary technology smartphones use to establish location
`
`is the Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is a satellite-based navigation
`
`system that was originally developed for defense. The system consists of up to 32
`
`satellites that continuously emit reference signals at a designated RF frequency.
`
`Each GPS satellite includes an atomic clock, and the signals they emit include a
`
`time stamp, as well as information on the satellite’s position in the sky. GPS
`
`receivers use these signals to estimate the distance between the receiver and each
`
`visible satellite. Once the receiver obtains the positions of and the distances to at
`
`least four satellites, it can compute the location of the receiver through a process
`
`called multilateration. In addition to using the GPS, modern cellular telephones
`
`may also perform position determination using the cellular network or using Wi-Fi
`
`access points.
`
`32.
`
`Today, a number of different types of mobile applications use
`
`location-based services, including navigational systems, weather systems, and
`
`friend-or-family finder applications that permit users to share their location with
`
`their friends and family.
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:36)(cid:42)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:28)(cid:20)
`(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:38)(cid:3)
`(cid:40)(cid:91)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:25)
`
`14
`
`

`
`(cid:51)(cid:53)(cid:50)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:38)(cid:55)(cid:44)(cid:57)(cid:40)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:53)(cid:39)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:36)(cid:55)(cid:40)(cid:53)(cid:44)(cid:36)(cid:47)
`
`VII. The ‘767 Patent and Alleged Prior Art
`
`33.
`
`The ’767 patent describes a method for monitoring an individual’s
`
`performance during a physical activity. Claim 1 of the ‘767 patent is the only
`
`independent claim. It recites:
`
`A method of monitoring an individual's performance during a
`physical activity with a portable performance monitoring device, the
`method comprising:
`obtaining position points using a satellite positioning
`system receiver of the portable performance monitoring device
`during the physical activity;
`determining performance information for the individual
`based on the position points using a processor of the portable
`performance monitoring device during the physical activity;
`conveying at least some of the performance information
`to the individual using an output device of the portable
`performance monitoring device during the physical activity;
`and
`
`transmitting at least some of the performance information
`to a remotely located device using a wireless wide-area network
`transceiver of the portable performance monitoring device.
`
`Ex. 1001 at 71:29-47.
`
`34.
`
`Dependent claim 6 recites that performance information is conveyed
`
`to the user via a display of the portable performance monitoring device and
`
`dependent claim 7 recites conveying the individual’s present location on a map to
`15
`
`(cid:51)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:90)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:68)(