ypéemedicéls
`HfiAqa.5 P4 (Periodicals)
`LPG :
`the independent guide to
`rgfimrpersenal computers
`E6:1'
`figanfaeg 1937
`gfiecéfived 0n: 12419~86
`“MERIAM LIBRARYr—CSU,_EHICD
`§J.@3;aauaa”--~i.-
`.whwy
`
`
`
`
`
`
`LUMI: {a N U M BER l
`\IUARY I3. I987
`
`The AT
`Clone
`i‘rom IBM
`
`Connectivity: _
`1BM Token-ng
`Report Card
`-
`
`Removable
`Hard Disks:
`rhree
`Bernoulli
`Challengers
`
`'
`
` A~~GA2INE ‘
`
`001
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1006
`
`

`

`Epéemeeicéle‘
`leAqe.5 P4 (Periodicals)
`{PC :
`the independent guide to
`RIBM'Persenal computers
`El':">:1'_
`-
`Egan 13, 1937
`”Received on: 12#19~se
`EMERIAM LIBRARYF—CSU, GHICO
` # —
`
`
`
`
`
`
`1.9.
`:1
`
`3
`
`
`.
`
`i
`
`; j:
`
`AGAZINE
`
`Lowe NUMBER l
`quan/I3.I987
`
`The AT
`Clone
`From I BM
`
`Connectivity: _
`lBM Token-ng
`Report Card
`-
`
`Removable
`Hard Disks:
`Fhree
`Bernoulli
`Challengers
`
`'
`
`i
`
`,. ThirdAnnual
`Best and ”first:
`
`002
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1006
`
`

`

`I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
`
`I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
`
`
`
`lfyoo use Word Perfect. MS-Wurtl.Q&A.
`I Pfiiiii‘fiifig‘iiiif.”h333%.“?
`I need Cruise Control'5_Screen Runner. the
`high-performance. adjustable-speed cursor.
`I Cruise Controi's namesake I'enture takes the
`drudgery out olpaging through dot: base
`I records. long documents, and large
`spreadsheets. It lets you repeat any ltey.
`I hands-iree— at the speed ofyour choice.
`And there's more. A Chronorueter "types"
`the time or date into your application at the
`current cursor posiiion. The keyboard-
`epntrulled Screen Dimmer
`rotects your
`privacy. The r
`rammab eAulo-Dlmrner
`extends the H e 0 your display screen.
`Corn atlltle with thousand: DI today's
`opo or program. including Lllghtnln
`uperKey, and Readyt. Uses on y 3K AM.
`For DDS 2.0 Dr later. Not copy-protected.
`No risk. 60-day money-back guarantee.
`
`..
`
`Cruise.
`Control
`From now until 1281186:
`Only $29.95.
`Call now to order by credit
`card (VISAIMCIAII):
`201-366-4445
`Or. mail $29.95 plus $3.50
`shipping and handling to:
`
`Revolution
`
`With all the recent hoopla over performance.
`it's Ironic that two of the PC's er onomlc
`deficiencies have been overlook! — its slow
`cursor. and the tendency ofihe cursor to
`remain in motion (run-on) alter a cursor key
`has been released. Finally. the solution—
`Croise Control?" from Revolution Saltware.
`Cruise Conlrol is a new productivity tool for
`serious PC users. It boosts cursor speed.
`typieally by 3-5x. It eliminates annoying
`cursor run-on. And it adds hoods-free
`cursor navigation to any application.
`If you use 1.2-3.5ymphony. dBASE, Reflex.
`or Paradox. you need Cruise Control's Anti-
`Skid Braking. Here‘s who! the leader of one I
`botus our! group said about Cruise Control:
`“fine: I used It. I' worried it! Excellent idea.
`Very pmrri'ml. One affine best program
`ever rent to urfiar review! "
`
`...Williitm Lulu-e
`PUBLISHER...
`
`
`
`...Bill Mauhroni:
`
`BXECUTIVE EDITORS Slut-Iowan] LulsoSimone. PouISDrnenun
`
`
`
`
`WESTOOAST EDi'I‘OR.
`...Stewan Alsop
`
`
`
`Gus Venditto
`SENIOR EDITOR...
`
`
`TECHNICAL eono
`.Crnin L.Suuk
`
`.Greg Pnaoicic. Pool B. Rm:
`nssrsrnnr MANAGIN
`.ljndn Look
`
`MANAGER. OOPY eon-
`
`
`nssocuwe emcee.
`.IemilerdeJDng. Cherle.Golriberg. Iv-II-lil Kleinman
`
`.Poul M. Sulford
`STAFF some .......
`
`
`
`enooucrion eonon
`.Diane D'Angelo
`nostrrnm moons .....
`Vittoria Danol'f, Carole Oo'ldnieln. Mill Jone-i. Immhnn K. Molnltin. PI‘
`Olowaez. AnnOvodow
`
`
`SENIOR EDITORIALASSISTANT.............
`M. Stephanie Ricks
`
`
`
`EDITORIAL ASSISTAM'S ......................
`Ruben amen. Peggy Gavan. minions Dksng. Joseph R. Pullout-o. Do
`Willmmmennilerlolnu
`
`....Ills Knlllel
`BUSINESS MANAGER
`
`
`
`PROOFREADERS .....
`Michael Cohn. Dovldk. Warren
`RECEPTIONIST........-..
`.IrioLI-llhhr
`
`
`
`...Richsrd Amour. Funk I. Dert'ler. Jr" John Dinkinsfirl. John C. Dvorak. ii
`CONTRIBUTING EDITORS .....
`Hart. Sleve Holmer. Jamel Langdell. Slepheh MIAMI. PEIEI NDflDfl.
`'
`
`
`Peuold. Winn 1,.Rooeh. Jim Seymour. M. David Stone. lured Taylor
`
`....Duvid Baker
`
`
`ASSISTANT TO THE EDITOR ........
`...Lciis Clifford
`ASSISTANTTO'I'HE PUBLISHER...
`
`
`
`SENIOR ART DIRECTOR .............
`.....Maryflsl‘.
`
`
`”Chord Kunkel
`TECHI‘IICAL ART DIRECTOR .
`
`
`..Tmey 1. Grant
`.
`ASSOCIATE ART Dream-on”
`
`
`..Mu‘iano Niciru
`ART EDITOR ......
`
`
`
`..Lourie Wme
`GRAPHIC DESIG
`
`
` ASSISTANT ART DIR “Denna Flatltin
`..Nsuiie Che. Susan McGuire
`
`
`..FriednT. Smallwood
`
` DIRECTOR. PC LABS ............... ..WiIIiamG. Wong-
`
`TECl-WICALSUPPORT SPECIAL!
`Chules Rotlrigoe:
`
`
`LAB SERVICES MANAGER
`ulieen O'Brien
`
`PROJECT LEADERS .............
`oe Deapodltu. Bill O‘Brien. Phil Rose
`
`
`
`
`INVENTORYCONI'RDLTECHI‘J ClAN..
`Leon Newman
`
`
`David Rivera
`RECEPTIONIST .
`
`
`MARKETING DIRECTDRRonm Schoenberg
`
` "Jessica Remy
`PUBLIC RELATIONS MANAGER
`
`..Itimberly Humphries
`
`
`
`PUBLIC RELATIONS ASSISTANT .....
`SiNGLE cow snLt-zs oozecmn
`...............o..o Mime
`..Carol seamen.
`nereiLsaLEs owner-mo MANAGER .
`
`...CharlesMast
`CLRCULA‘I'iON MANAEER .........
`
`
`
`.. .Ro‘bert Smuhl
`CIRCULATION COORDINATOR
`Susan DePierru
`SENIOR AD. FRODUCTION MANAGER ...
`
`
`AD. PRODUCTION MANAGER........
`...Wendy Guidsrnin
`
`
`...Susan Livoti. Lilo Solomon
`AD. PRODUCTION ASSISTANTS .....
`
`...Eve Hiodcm. Harbor-altos:
`EDH'DRLAL PRODUCTION COORDINATOR-5
`PRODUCTION SYSTEMS ........................................Melvin Foiler-Poemh. Linda Harms. Peggy Pennelln
`
`
`ADVERTISING OFFICE ..........................................One Park Avenue. New York. NY IUOliSI. (ll!) $03-$00
`
`
`EFF-DAVIS PUBLISHING COMPANY
`
`......Kenneth H. Koppel
`
`.. .Peul Choolt
`
`SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT. MARKETING
`
`Baird Davis
`VICE PRESIDENT.OPERA'I'IONS........
`
`
`
`.loltn VIM-hos
`VICE I’RESIDENT. CONTROLLER...
`
`
`Herbert Stern
`
`VICE PRESIDENT. CREATIVE SERVICES
`Alicia Marie Ivan;
`
`
`...
`VICE PRESIDENT. CIRCUM'I'ION
`James Runaley
`VICE PRESIDENT. CIRCULATION SERVICES.
`
`
`Ann Pollolt Adelmnn
`
`VICE PRESIDENI'.MARKETING SERVICES
`
`VICE PRESIDENT.DEVELOPMENT .
`Seth Alpert
`
`
`
`
`VICE PRESIDENT ..............
`Hugh Tietien
`
`
`
`ausmess MANAGER ..
`Gary A. Oustalron
`...................Waller-LTei-leeltl
`PRODUCI'IDN ornecm
`
`ZIFF COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`_
`'
`
`"
`
`‘
`
`:,
`
`.
`
`_
`
`I
`.
`
`Chairman Philip B. Kerstin! President Kennelh H. Koppel Senior Viee President Philip Sine Vice Presidents Laurenoe Usoin. Willi
`lips. I. Malcolm Morrisjioven C. Feinrnnn Treasurer Selwyn I. 'I‘oubman Secret-w Bertram A. Abrams
`pcnmd...” r..r..:.........a..¢. MBM-onmdardl'rrmlfwflifle ammo-mu: “WBIIMU-Wmhlulxu um rumors-ammo ennui l-
`mam... sa._wn.m.m.umn pm... mm rare-Madman Min summon-moment»: m-.-rivhhnarmtanmmmm an: M t '4:
`m. in twin. second-Gm pat... phi-(New Vulnfl‘f inure-u .. room moraines. eon-romeo. mum win wen-mam. no. no: we meet“
`Stiller!“ and anon-50mm Ow Puliltve..Ne-r't’rfl. HY touts. Handel (Illl 503-6753. Markinglllii ”Him. for wwnpuu lnqulrln Ind "rule-r. uriIeuPL‘N ‘-‘
`
`.
`
`003
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1006
`
`

`

`' FEATU R ES
`
`COMPUTERS
`
`The AT Clone from IBM
`
`SOFTWARE
`Multidimensional
`
`
`
`COVER STOR"tr
`
`
`
`lBM's $3.995 PC-XT
`
`Model 286. page [55
`
`The Best of 1986 [And Some
`of the Worst)
`An entire year‘s worth of PC
`products and developments
`gets summed up in this sharp-
`eyed. personal glance
`backward by the editors and
`writers of PC Magazine ... l l5
`
`Abort, Retry, Ignore
`BiltHowom’l An industry that
`slavishly reproduces bugs in the
`name ofcompatibility richly
`deserves its own set of error
`
`messages. PC Magazine
`provides some fitting rejoinders
`to the year's flubs and
`foibles ....................... 152
`
`
`
`
`
`3-.
`PC With
`Iii-I Wald-immuni-
`W “mills-MI!"
`.wavmsmmeIi-w ll
`immlmiilm
`munch-u n
`a
`.
`.
`|_.l.ll|nllp-
`rung-mum-
`u lumen-In truism-In.”
`."il'flWqu-ut‘“we'd"
`m hi
`t
`unhin- human
`Ila
`scammed...
`“macaw-mama
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Wt'th. Roach! The IBM PC-
`XT Model 286 is a .
`hardworking but costly
`addition to Big Blue‘s product
`line. Is there a market segment
`that will find the 286‘s assets
`
`equal to its price tag? ...... I55
`
`CONNECTIVITY
`
`Making Connections: The
`IBM Token-Ring Network
`Frank J. Derfler. Jr. J The IBM
`Token-Ring Network should be
`able to lay claim to being the
`new industry standard. A
`critical shortcoming stands in
`its way ...................... 227
`
`HARDWARE
`
`Stretching the Standard:
`Seven New EGA Boards
`Charles Petzoidt The more-
`adventurous manufacturers in
`the EGA market—Video—"l,
`
`Quadram, Tseng Laboratories.
`Paradise Systems, and
`lDEAssociates—are Forging
`ahead with boards that both
`
`mimic and improve on the IBM
`original, with higher?
`resolution video modes and
`
`some unique software
`features ...... ................ [65
`
`Drawing a Bead on Bernoulli
`Winn L. Rosct’t/ Fast data
`
`access speeds. more hard disk
`storage space. greater data
`security. and improved
`performance are the hallmarks
`of today‘s cartridgesbased hard
`disk systems. Amcodyne‘s
`PhD. Sysgen’s DuraPak, and
`lDEAssociates’ Diskit 2 Plus
`
`are challenging the Bernoulli
`Box as the premier solution to
`
`=
`
`-...._...‘........
`
`Spreadsheets: Giving be
`to Your Data
`...ui-su
`Marvin Bryant The
`sophisticated nature of toda)
`business environment derri.‘
`
`more than a traditional two?
`dimensional spreadsheet c...-
`provide ......................' '
`
`Electronic Thesauri: Four
`Ways to Find the Perfecti-
`Word
`"-:
`Robin Ruskin! If your copy
`Roget's Thesaurus is gettiii
`more dog-cared (tattered, l
`
`worn) by the day, then it 111'
`
`be time far you to check cu
`(look into, investigate) its.
`
`various (many. sundry)
`2
`electronic incamations. .. i
`i
`
`
`;:'..'\ i.1‘..'.\‘.r'-".J--Jt‘.
`
`l '
`
`
`
`
`'l
`GRAPHICS
`2
`
`-J. J
`CAD at Any Price
`Giemt Hart! Does the dram i
`
`price spread ($80 to $8, I 'll *
`among the four packages . ,l
`review—AmoSketclr.
`EaryCAD. cacti/me, an‘l'"
`MirroC‘adam—pamllel
`comparable spread in
`performance? . .
`.
`.
`.
`.
`. .....-
`
`'3
`
`'j c
`SERVICES
`MSR: A New Approach
`Software Support
`3
`l
`Barbour Krasttofi‘iwm't
`i-
`'
`Support Resource’s
`AnswerLine, help with _.--
`
`'
`
`l
`
`]
`
`-
`E
`
`004
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1006
`
`

`

`PRODUCI'! ‘v‘ ['1' Y
`PC LAB NOTES
`Hands-On Reviews: Tandy,’s
`A Quick Look at
`tODUEX and 3000141.; Seny's
`QuickBASIC
`3Pietro-1302 Muitiscan
`Trimitrorn monitor;
`Ethan Witter/Explore the speed
`and power of Version 2.0 . 235
`WordTech's Quicksilver;
`iiitits/tuitisoft's PC SIJPEI‘KWIR;
`"inMathSon's MothCAD; the
`0' .Tops PCato-Mac network;
`3“"Lifetree‘s Words cit Figures;
`-' 3Broderbund‘s For-Caimnent;
`MR Relational Report Writer
`“1' for dBASE; in Quick Looks,
`ii Hotshot and ColorMngic . . .33
`
`PROGRAMMING!
`UTILITIES
`Files Fly with DIREX
`Steve HolzuerlRemove the
`
`drudgery of file directory
`management; add protection to
`selected files ................ 295
`
`. VIEWPOINTS
`. LETTERS TO
`I‘MPC MAGAZINE ............ 15
`
`9 PC ADVISOR
`
`SPREADSl-[EET CLINIC
`
`Jared Taylor/Add a notepad to
`reference cells. write BASIC
`programs with 1‘2—3, and make
`decorative borders ......... 309
`
`3n: VsnciirloiHelp in adding
`”RAM beyond 640K to a
`‘ompaq and in sharing word
`rocessing files between [BM
`C and Wang systems ....... 27
`
`TURBO POWER USER
`Neil J. RubenkinglConvert
`variables into strings and
`modify Turbo to been at
`compilation errors ......... 313
`
`ROM THE sorrows
`GREEN
`
`ill MuchronciSmalI-System
`nobbery ..................... 61
`DIIN C DVORAK
`hainframes—Here to
`Imsitay ........................... 67
`minside Traci-t ................. 69
`
`’ETER NORTON
`nd he Software Revolution,
`'311 l ......................... 75
`
`...|1M SEYMOUR
`lesktop Publishing. Myths
`m1 Realities ................. 35
`
`TEPHEN MANES
`MiI'Vhatever Happened to
`'rgflnomics? ................ 91
`
`t‘twlTEWART ALSOP
`,_,.lhePower Desi-t .......... 107
`
`USER-TO-USER
`
`Poui SomersoniA utility to
`check available RAM and a
`
`program that write protects
`your hard disk .............. 3 19
`
`rt: TUTOR
`Charlies PelaoldlSet colors in
`
`1 2—3.. Release 2, and program
`in BASIC with PC
`compatibles ................. 325
`
`
`DIRECT MARKETING
`CONNECTION .......... 330
`READER SERVICE
`CARD ...................... 33?
`MARKETPLACE ....... 34S
`PRODUCT INDEX ...... 3615
`INDEX TO
`ADVERTISERS .......... 368
`COMING UP ............. 369
`Cover Photograph:
`Raeanne Giovanni
`
`
`
`WHAT’S INSIDE
`
`
`
`In many industries, 5 years is
`hardly long enough to lockto
`even the barest of standards.
`Everyone from users to vendors
`to the press argues over subjects
`ranging from keyboard layout
`to user interfaces to graphics
`protocols. But as we take an-
`other year—end look at the mi-
`‘
`.
`Crocomputer business, it’s evi-
`Pc ”'35 Bencmmk Tci‘s‘l'o
`dent that traditions, if not standards, abdund.
`in this third annual best-of—the-year issue, the editors and writ-
`ers of PC Magazine get personal about the products and industry
`trends of 1986. We spend most of the year objectively evaluating
`products. This:5 cm traditional chance to add a healthy dose of
`subjectivity to the magazine Turn to page 1 15 for a no-holds-
`baired look at the best and worst of 1986.
`
`at
`'1
`
`Another tradition at PC Magazine is ensuring that our bench-
`mark tests are absolutely current with the rapid pace ofteehnology.
`For years, users everywhere have relied on the tests to provide
`quantitative, comparative, and repeatable measurements. In this
`issue, we are introducing Release 4.0 of our benchmark test series,
`whicli contains some familiar beachmark tests and new File Ac—
`cess, BIOS Disk Seek, and DOS Disk Access tests.
`The new BIOS Disk Seek test supersedes the popular Disk Ac-
`cess benchmark test from Core International. Both tests report hard
`disk random seek time, the most common hard disk performance
`measurement. But our new DOS Disk Access test avoids size limi-
`tations and uses DOS calls to access disk sectors directly. It differs
`from the BIOS Disk Seek test in that it will work with any DOS
`disk. This lets us campare a wider variety of devices, from RAM-
`disks to write-once, read—mostly (WORM) laser disks.
`lt‘ s difficult to switch tests because users want to compare new
`results with the old. With this'to mind we' re now retesting existing
`industry--standard products, particularly the iBM PC, XT. and AT,
`to provide a consistent set of bees-level comparisons.
`We uSed the new benchmark tests to evaluate IBM's new PC-
`XT Model 286 and removable hard disks for two articles in this is-
`sue: ”The AT Clone from lBM“ on page 155 and ”Drawing a
`Bead on Bernoulli“ on page 217.
`And in the PC Magazine tradition of giving readers the fastest
`hands—on evaluations of hot new products._ we review Sony‘s
`CPD-1302 Multiscan monitor and Tandy's $799 lDOOEX computer.
`We encourage all readers to obtain a copy of the PC Labs
`Benchmark Test Series, Release 4.0. You can download the tests
`from the PC Magazine interactive Reader Service by calling (212)
`6961-0360000 or 1,200 bps. no parity. 8 data bits.
`1 stop bit) or
`contact PC Labs at One Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016.
`[Iii
`
`.
`
`005
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1006
`
`

`

`
`
`l QUICK LOOK AT
`oUlCKBASIC
`
`1"}ASIC has long been the not-so-royal road to learning programming. A veteranprogronaner
`hows why Microsofi’s QuickBASIC 2 .0 should be the new standard.
`
`
`ith the release of Version 2 of
`
`the QuickBASIC compiler,
`Microsoft has created their most
`5 wilvanced BASIC ever. Yet for all of its
`ii:lower and speed, QuickBASlC (already
`iallecliollalely dubbed QBZ)ls remarkably
`1easy to use. The editOr integrated into the ‘
`ilpackage facilitates compiling programs in
`:iiflfilflflly. where they may be tested and run
`iflmmediately (see accompanying sidebar
`ft‘lnterpreted vs. Compiled BASIC"). The
`ilompiler can also be directed to send its
`willttput to disk either as an .OBJ file for
`fill parale linking. or as a complete .EXE
`l'fiimgl‘am.
`iii But the most impressive advances in
`,QuickBASIC over BASICA and earlier
`illusions of the BASCOM compilers are
`like fundamental additions to the language
`illself. These are not just a few small im-
`ilprovementsma new dialect so to speak—-
`ibut and up to a truly fabulous implementa—
`lion of the BASIC language. BASIC has
`rill: ways been the easiest language of all to
`, and this latest version includes more
`Ili'lfiatures, more raw speed and more power,
`Tillhile making programing easier than
`'err. In this article, we will look at ways to
`:QXplCllt some of these new functions, and at
`iitfgw QuickBASIC tips and techniques as
`In the past, some programmers have
`Ilcriliclzed BASIC for its lack of ”struc-
`1‘ Wm." favoring C or Pascal instead. No
`Ii'llbt many dislike it merely because it‘s
`i1».'casy to use. After all ifprogramming a
`libmputer can be that easy, then it might
`‘Usesome ofits mystique But that' sexact-
`
`ming—real programming—accessible to
`millions of people. With this latest release,
`there is no reason to ever apologize for us-
`ing BASIC.
`.
`One of QuickBASIC's strongest points
`is its support for a modular programming
`style. True procedures may be created,
`multiline If/ThenlElse blocks are allowed,
`and line labels instead of numbers are sUpv
`ported. Rather than identifying each line
`with a number, as in the past, sections of
`code may be given names. Instead of
`
`GOSUB 1200
`
`QuickBASIC lets you use
`
`Gosub Print.Heading
`
`PRODUCII[VI1Y INDEX
`. PC LAB NO’I‘ES
`QuickBASIC.2. D: faster and more
`pOWBrful than BASIC—end easier.
`PRO GRAMMINCIUTILITIES
`DIREX manages files more quickly
`and easily than DOS.
`SPREADSHEET CLINIC
`BASIC data entry with 1-2 -'3. a cell-
`specific notepad; better .borders.
`TURBO POWER USER
`
`on a compatible, and .PIF files.
`
`A compilation error alannlconverting
`variables into strings; custom color.
`USER-TO-USER
`
`Write-protect tab simulator for hard
`disks and faster diagnostics.
`PC TUTOR
`Colors in 1-2-3, running GW-BASIC
`
`Other improvements QuickBASIC
`adds to regular BASIC include the abilities
`to use multiline functions. large arrays and
`programs (limited only by the PC '5 memo—
`ry), long strings, and local variables, plus
`network and EGA stipport. and a terrific
`manual that includes numerous examples.
`In fact, QuickBASIC can do so many
`things that regular interpreter BASIC ei-
`ther can‘t do or is impossibly slow at, that
`it is sure to become the new standard. And
`
`on top of all this, it is readily available by
`mail for substantially less than its $99 list
`price. Let‘s take a closer look.
`
`MULTILINE FUNCTIONS It’s certain—
`
`ly not difficult to imagine how multiple
`program lines within a function definition
`could be uSeful, but this new form presents
`other interesting possibilities as well. For
`example, a function may now actually do
`something instead of merely calculating a
`result. Suppose, fer example, that a pro-
`gram needs to count the number of lines
`contained in several different text files.
`
`Using this new capability and a few local
`variables, each file could be examined
`with a single statement.
`
`Line.Count x PnCount: (File. Narne$l
`
`A suitable function definition might be
`Written as shown in Figure 1.
`Notice how the assignment of a value to
`the function name is performed separately,
`at the end of the definition. (Of course.
`QuickBASIC also supports the old method
`of defining functions, as well.)
`
`006
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1006
`
`

`

` I PC LAB NOTES
`
`does, this new capability can be a big help.
`For example, ifiThen testing may now be
`included within a function definition. in
`
`the past, the truth of an argument had to be
`determined by complicated and often devi-
`ous means. Consider a function that will
`
`convert a single letter to uppercaso. The
`old way or doing this would be something
`like that shown in Figure 2.
`In the old method, the ”truth of"
`whether X$ is a valid lowercase letter is
`
`first multiplied by 32 and is then added to
`the original ASCII value of X34. Of course,
`you would normally subtract 32 to convert
`a character to uppercase. But in BASIC.
`
`Def. FnCounttF.Name$l
`Static x: X3
`x = 9
`
`Open F.Name$ For Input An #1
`While Not Eofil)
`x = X + 1
`
`Line Input; #1. xt-
`Wand
`Clone
`FnCount = x
`End Def
`
`'looal variables
`'initialize counter
`
`'oPEn upeoified file
`'until it ends
`'add 1 for each line
`'go to the next line
`
`'asaign the count:
`
`Figure 1 : A typical QuickBASiCfunction definitionfor counting lines in textfit’as.
`
`Def snapstx$J=Chr$tAecta$t + 32‘* (as => "a" and as <- “z"))
`
`
`
`Figure 2: The convolutedflittctiott required under oldBASIC to convert t2 letter to uppercase.
`
`i
`
`
`
`I
`
`I Program statements in
`
`QuickBASIC can be made
`to continue onto subse—
`
`quent lines by using an
`
`underscore, contributing
`
`greatly to readability.
`
`when a condition is true, it results in a mi-
`nus one. Contrast that mess with the equiv-
`alent QuickBASIC procedure. First you
`define the function (see Figure 3). Then, to
`capitalize a character. you simply invoke
`the function thus:
`
`X3 = FnUpblxbi
`
`Further, since multiple program lines may
`be used, it‘s not hard to design a functirm
`that capitalizes all the letters in a string (see
`
`Notice in Figure 4 how program state-
`ments in QuickBASIC can be made to
`continue onto subsequent lines by using an
`underscore. This can contribute greatly to
`a program's readability, which is much of
`what QuickBASIC is all about. These
`“logical lines" may be up to 32,767 Chara
`actors long,
`though I wouldn‘t want to
`
`oer snapstxst
`If X$ 2) "a" And X$ (= "z" Then 35 = Chr$(ASCKX$)-3ZI
`FnUp$ = X$
`End Def
`
`Figure 3: The equivalent QuickBASICfunction.
`
`Def FnUp2$iX$i
`Static X. Temps
`For: x = 1 To LentX$l
`Temp$ = Mid$tx$r x, ll
`If Temp$ -> “a." And Temps <- “'2" Then _,
`uiestxs. a. 1}
`
`Next
`Fnflp2$ - xs
`End Def
`
`Figure 4:51 similar Q32function to uppercase all letters in a string.
`
`
`= Chr$tAaciTemp$l - 32)
`End Sub
`For x = moundlbuttuny)
`'t‘o UEoundtDuntmy)
`
`Sub Get.HaxtDummyl1) . D) Static
`Static x
`D = B
`
`Next
`
`If Dummytxi
`
`> D Then D n Dummylxl
`
`Figure 5: Using the new QuickBASiC‘firnr-tions Mount! and UBaund.
`
`,
`
`process six different arrays during the
`course of a program,
`the same routine
`would have been needed that many
`times—coded once foreach different array
`name. Now a single routine can be reused,
`with the appropriate array specified when
`it is called. Let's take a closer look at how
`this works.
`
`ever received a “Retum Without (3051113
`error because your main program 'fcl
`into" the beginning of a subroutine. yo“ “-
`appreciate this feature. The second-411d
`more powerful—advantage is that vii-ti
`ables and arrays may now be passed [0 r
`subprogram by name.
`
`
`
`
`
`007
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1006
`
`

`

`[NTERPRETED VS. COMPILED BASIC
`
`
`list of words it knows. Only then can it
`decide what you‘re asking it to do.
`DOS’s interpreter is contained in the pro-
`gram CONNANDCOM.
`People who want to learn program-
`ming, however, usually begin by using
`the BASIC interpreter that comes with
`their PCs. This version of BASIC com-
`prises two parts: a text editor that lets you
`enter and edit program instructions, and
`an interpreter that reads those instinc-
`tions and then performs them. As the
`program progresses, each command en-
`countered must be examined sequentially
`and converted into actions that the PC
`
`cart actually execute. When the interpret—
`er encounters a statement it doesn't un-
`
`
`
`efcre high-level languages such as
`FORTRAN, COBOL, and BASIC
`ere invented, programmers had to com—
`unicate with their cemputers directly in
`shine language, the computer‘s native
`ngue. If you‘ve ever examined the list-
`g for a sophisticated assembly lanr
`age program, you have some apprecia-
`on of what is involved.
`But early computers didn’t even have
`gamblers. Thus, besides having to deal
`with each bit and byte in the computer’s
`emory directly. programming also re—
`; 5i uired using binary numbers instead of
`. lira-tore helpful mnemonics, such-as (2MP,
`i DEC, and MOV. This fact alone ac-
`iyeounts for the enormous rise in the popu-
`larity of aspirin during the early 19405
`d 195%.
`High-level languages were developed
`in allow programmers to perform com-
`i'. nllcated tasks using English-like com-
`If-gl' ands. Since computers can really un—
`iE- . Island only strings of binary numbers,
`cli,ltowever humanly comprehensible
`it. statements such as Print AS or Y =
`risinGt) must be transformed into aseries
`of steps denoted by binary digits. Thus a
`‘ {high-level language is really just a special
`.!l.type of translator. In fact, there are two
`i””types of language translators: interpreters
`iE:land compilers.
`'Hos’s turner-amen Even if
`fl, ouve never fired up BASIC, youve ac~
`"‘ ally had contact with an interpreter—
`i".the one built into DOS. When you type
`DIR or FORMAT. for example, DDS
`i.compares what you‘ve typed against a
`l'tt, you would use a “dummy“ array
`iame to describe the action the routine will
`Derfonn. But when the program finally ex-
`routes, the array that'is passed to it will be
`lJiJcrated on instead.
`i You could call the subprogram with
`
`Call Get.Max[Array(l. Max)
`rhere Array( ) is the array to be searched,
`ind Max. returns holding the value of its
`largest element. Since an entire array is be
`
`search for variables can prove to be a real
`liability. This is where compilers come
`into the picture.
`Unlike an interpreter, a compiler per-
`'fon-ns its translations all at once, ahead of
`time. It takes extra time up front—that is,
`befcre the program nine—to do this, but
`when the program is finally executed, it
`really files. All of the BASIC commands
`have been translated into the equivalent
`machine language instructions, and any
`refrences to variables have been convert~
`
`ed to actual memory addresses.
`
`COMPILER
`
`DISADVANTAGES
`
`There are, however, some disadvantages
`with many compilers, making tltem cum-
`bersome to use-Generally, using a com-
`piler means that the program mttst first be
`written with a text editor and then saved
`
`derstand, you get the all—toc-familiar
`“Syntax error" message.
`The important point to realize here is
`that each of these instructions is translat-
`ed as the BASIC program is running.
`This takes time. BASIC maintains atable
`
`to disk. Next, the compiler must be start-
`ed and the name of the source program
`specified. A total" time is then spent wait—
`that contains each and every possible
`ing around for the program to be convert-
`command and punctuation symbol, and
`ed. And don't forget the extra step that is
`it must constantly search through this ta-
`required to link the program with the lan—
`ble to find matches with the sequence of
`guage '5 library routines. And, of course,
`program instructions while the program
`nobody writes a program perfectly the
`itself is running. Further, every time you
`first time either, so you 'end up editing,
`use a variable, another table containing a
`saving, compiling, linking, testing,
`list of all their names must be searched
`editing, saving, compiling.
`.
`.
`.
`and updated, as necessary.
`This is where QuickBASIC really
`this ongoing
`For simple programs,
`shines. It provides an environment that is
`translation overhead is not a big deal. Af-
`very much like that of an interpreter, yet
`it creates programs that run like blazes. A
`ter all, who out there really cares if it
`takes One or ten thousandths of a second
`program may be edited, compiled, and
`tested within seconds, without ever hav—
`to perform a calculation? But when many
`calculations are involved, Continually
`ing to leave that friendly environment.
`~—-Ethan Winer
`having to decipher each instruction and
`
`rentheses are used, as opposed to a specific
`element number. Within the subprogram,
`however, you instead Specify the number
`of dimensions contained in the incoming
`array (see Figure 5).
`Notice the new functions LBound and
`
`UBound, which return the lower and upper
`array bounds. The lower will be either 0 or
`1, depending on your use of Option Base.
`The upper will be the size to which the ar-
`
`the newly added Static function. When
`used in conjunction with a subprogram
`name, Static defines that subprogram as
`being nonrecitrsive. (Microsoft states that
`for now, using Static is mandatory, which
`implies that they are working on a recur-
`sive capability.)
`The second use of Static declares a vari-
`
`able to be both local and permanent. Nor-
`mally, temporary variables are created and
`
`008
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1006
`
`

`

`USING METACOMMANDS
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`named Get.Key, the same label in an in-
`cluded program will cause a conflict.
`(Remember. the entire program ends up
`being combined—$lnclude is merely for
`your convenience.) Further. if an includ-
`ed routine usos arrays, all relevant Dim '
`statements in the main program must be- .
`placed before the $lnclude is used.
`
`MORE METACOMMANDS The two
`other metaconirnands—$Static and $Dy-
`namiC—tell QuickBASIC how to allo-
`cate space for numeric arrays. When
`SStatic is encountered during compila-
`tion. QuickBASlC permanently sets
`aside memory for all subsequent dimen-
`sioned arrays. Thus
`'
`fist-attic
`Dim Arrayitfififll
`
`'a permanent array
`
`When you use $Dynamic, on the other
`hand. you tell QuickBASIC that it is to
`dimension and create numeric arrays at
`run time as they are needed. Normally.
`Dim is not an executable command. but
`
`rather an instruction to the compiler
`about how to allocate memory. Howev—
`er. any Dim statements that occur after a
`$Dynamic metacomrnand will be execut-
`able. Thus
`
`' $Dynetnic
`Dim Arrayltiist!)
`
`'to be creatEd ll“:
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`_
`
`.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`etacorrunands are instructions to
`
`the Compiler (as opposed to BA-
`SIC commands) that you can place with-
`in your program. QuicchASlC currently
`recognizes three such metacommands,
`each of which is embedded within a re-
`
`mark and begins with a dollar sign (5).
`. My favorite is $Include, which allows
`you to merge a previously written section
`of code into a program when it is com
`piled. When using the BASIC interpret-
`er. by contrast, if you have created a li-
`brary of often-used routines, each must
`be merged manually into the program,
`and you mus: be very careful to avoid
`conflicting line numbers. Of course. with
`QuickBASIC, line numbem are a thing
`of the past. But $Include is particularly
`helpful because it avoids having to merge
`at all. You just specify the name of the
`program to bring in. and QuickBASIC
`does the rest. Here's an example:
`' Program.Bae - J.‘ Q. Public
`De‘fint A '-
`Z
`Dim Amountlllfilfl)
`' SInclude:
`'Averagea.eae'
`' $Inc1ude:
`'ErrHand1.Bas'
`' $Include:
`' IORout in. Bas'
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`(program continues)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`'- PC LAB NOTES
`
`be set aside permanently. which guarand
`tees that it will retain its previous value if
`the subprogram is reentered later. We
`don’t really care in this example because
`our X is simply a temporary counter, but
`for other applications it is important to un-
`derstand the difference.
`
`Usually. variables in a subprogram (ex-
`cept those passed in the Call) are consid-
`ered both local and temporary. To share
`variables between a sub- and a main pro-
`gram without requiring them to be explicit—
`ly passed. you would declare them as
`Shared instead of Static within the subpro- -
`
`BLOCK-STRUCTURE!) IFITHENI
`ELSE One of the things I always envied
`about PaScal was the Begin and End block
`that could follow an If statement. When a
`
`series of steps should be performed if a
`condition is true, BASIC would require
`you to say. “If this is not true, then skip
`over the following code.‘ ' A minor incon-
`venience maybe, but it doesn’t truly reflect
`the logic ofwhat is happening, which goo
`program code should.
`_
`-
`With the block If/Then structure, multi-
`
`ple statements may be executed—span-
`ning many separate lines if you like—and
`with multiple levels as well. Figure 6 of—
`fers a typical example.
`To define an If clause as allowing mul-
`tiple lines. Then must be the last statement
`on the line, and the end of the block must
`be marked with an End If. In the example
`
`Emmi FACT FILE
`
`CIRCLE EDN HEADER SEHNCE CARD
`
`Nficmsoft Corp.
`Itifll l NEBdth Way
`Box 9701'?
`Redmond. WA 9807}
`97 l 7
`(800) 426-9400
`(206) SBZ-BCIBO
`
`'51
`
`$99
`reaper
`Requires: 256K RAM. at least one floppy
`dist: drive [mo recommended). IBM PC.
`AT. XT or compatible. DOS 2 .U or later.
`In Short: An interestive. iii—memory BASIC
`
`
`
`Any code in the named files will be
`read in from disk when the program is
`Although not explicitly stated in th6
`QuiokBASIC manual. $Dynamic and
`compiled. When using $Include. howev—
`
`
`er. you must avoid conflicting variable
`$Stati¢ may be used freely throughout a
`
`
`program. as various arrays are being (16-. .
`names or line labels in the included pro-
`
`
`fined—Ethan Witter
`grants. If the main program has a routine
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`If xs = "goat: cheese" Then
`Print X$
`GC =I BC + 1
`If it$ = “candied yams" Then
`Print Y$
`C! = C! + 1
`Else Print “Sorry, no yams today."
`CY = a
`End If
`Else Print
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`“Goat: cheese wasn't: found."
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`009
`
`ServiceNow's Exhibit No. 1006
`
`

`

` _~
`
`."J
`
`-
`
`._
`
`-
`
`'
`
`-‘ _-..'
`.
`‘-
`' v
`s3_{."‘."'t.
`tritigr-‘ftrttar-tri
`"
`'I
`
`" "1'
`‘ H's-.14.!
`
`lw'.
`
`USING ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE WITH QUICKBASIC
`
`3i
`
`ASIC has always allowed access to
`external routines written in assembly
`language, but QuickBASlC makes the
`process easier than