LEO A. MEYER
`
`LAMA
`BOOKS
`
`Apple Inc., et al.
`Exhibit 1033
`Apple Inc., et al. v. Global Touch Solutions, Inc.
`IPR2015-01173
`
`Exhibit 1033, Page 001
`
`

`

`BASICS OF
`·ELECTRICITY
`
`by
`LEO A. MEYER
`H. LYNN WRAY, P.E., Technical Advisor
`
`,_
`
`Exhibit 1033, Page 002
`
`

`

`TABLE.OF CONTENTS
`
`1. Electrical Safety
`2. Basic Electricity in DC Circuits
`3. Magnetism and Electricity
`4. Series and Parallel Circuits
`5. AC Circuits
`6. Reactance
`7. Capacitors and Capacitive Reactance
`8. Power Factor
`9. Electrical Work
`1 0. Transformers
`Review Answers ·
`Appendix-Equations Used in This Book
`Index
`
`1
`17
`. 30
`41
`49
`57
`63
`70
`80
`86
`93
`101
`103
`
`Exhibit 1033, Page 003
`
`

`

`FOREW·ORD
`You are probably working as a technician in one of the indoor
`environment fields. This means that you have at least some
`understanding of airflow in ducts. However, don't fall into the trap of
`thinking. "I know all this stuff."
`Read each chapter. Then do the Review. In my experience, every time I
`studied material I "knew all about," I learned new ideas and corrected
`misunderstandings.
`If you study each chapter carefully, you will gain new ideas. More
`important, you will give yourself a solid understanding of basic .
`principles that you will be able to apply in the field. You will also be
`able to apply your knowledge to more advanced technical principles
`covered in later books in this series.
`Indoor Environment Technician's Library
`This book is part of the Indoor Environment Technician's Library. These
`are practical books that you can use as training or as reference. These
`books apply to all areas of the indoor environment industry:
`Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
`Energy management
`Indoor air quality
`Service work
`Testing, adjusting, and balancing
`If You Are Training Other
`If you are a supervisor training others, you will find that the Indoor
`Environment Technician's Library can make it easier. A Supervisor's
`Guide is available for some books. It includes teaching suggestions and
`key questions you can ask to make sure the student understands the
`material.
`
`Leo A. Meyer
`
`LAMA Books
`Leo A. Meyer Associates Inc.
`2381 Sleepy Hollow Ave
`Hayward CA 94545-3429
`888-452-6244
`www.lamabooks.com
`
`ISBN 0-88069-016-X
`0 Copyright 1996 by Leo A. Meyer Associates Inc.
`2nd printing 2004
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in an electronic
`retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means-electronic, mechanical, or
`otherwise-without the prior permission of the publisher.
`Leo A. Meyer Associates, Inc. specifically disclaims any and all liability for damages of
`any type whatsoever that may result directly or indirectly from a person's reliance upon or
`utilization of the information contained in this book.
`
`Exhibit 1033, Page 004
`
`

`

`5
`
`Electricity always takes the path
`of least resistance. It flows
`through the best conductor.
`Unfortunately, the human body is
`a good conductor, since it is
`mostly water. If a human body is
`in contact with the ground,
`electricity can easily flow through
`the body to the ground. If it
`flows through your heart on its
`path to the ground, your heart
`may stop (Fig. 4). When you
`work with electricity, your basic
`safety practice is to keep from
`being a conductor to ground.
`
`Fig. 4: If electricity flows through
`your heart, it may stop
`
`On DC circuits, you must touch·
`both wires to be shocked.
`However, automotive DC circuits are grounded by being
`connected to the auto frame and engine. Touching the
`hot wire and the car frame is the same as touching
`both wires.
`
`; ~ .
`
`' l'
`'. 2
`' t:
`
`STORED ElECTRICITY
`Electricity isn't always moving through wires. It can also
`be stored in various ways. A battery is a familiar way
`of storing electricity in a DC circuit. In AC motors and
`other electrical equipment, a capacitor is a small
`component that stores electricity. Even when the
`equipment is completely disconnected from any power
`source, a capacitor may hold enough electricity to give
`you a shock if you touch it. You have to know how to
`discharge the stored electricity in the capacitor by
`letting it escape to ground. This process is described in
`Chapter 7.
`
`COMMON VOlT AGES
`In general, the higher the voltage in a given circuit, the
`higher the current, and therefore the more dangerous
`
`Exhibit 1033, Page 005
`
`

`

`HS
`
`electrons move from the ring of one atom to the ring
`of another.
`
`Some materials have electrons that move easily from
`one atom to another. These materials are good
`conductors. Copper, which is used in wiring, is the
`most common conductor. However, other materials,
`especially metals, also conduct electricity well. Certain
`gases that conduct electricity are used in fluorescent
`and neon lamps. Water is a very good conductor of
`electricity.
`
`Some materials have atoms that do not give up
`electrons easily. These are good insulators. Insulators
`are used to cover conductors, such as copper wiring, to
`avoid short circuits and shock. As you have already
`learned, glass, ceramic, plastics, rubber, and other
`materials are good insulators.
`
`ENERGY
`SOURCE
`r
`
`I
`
`+
`
`For electricity to be useful, it has to follow a definite
`path. Electricity flows from an energy source (a battery
`or generator),
`through a
`conductor (wire),
`to an energy-using
`device (motor,
`ENERGY·~ I
`h
`)
`amp, . eater, etc. ,
`USER
`then back to the
`energy source
`(Fig. 2). The
`complete path is
`called an electrical
`circuit
`
`jo
`
`CONDUCTOR
`
`Fig. 2: An electric circuit provides a
`complete path so that electricity
`continues to flow
`
`TYPES OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT
`
`There are two common types of electrical
`systems-direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC).
`
`Direct current (DC) means that the electrical current
`flows in one direction. Batteries deliver DC current.
`Most electronic devices and most automobile circuits
`are DC.
`·
`
`Exhibit 1033, Page 006
`
`

`

`l
`
`19
`
`Alternating current (AC) means that the current flows
`first in one direction and then in the other. Alternating
`current will be discussed in Chapter 5.
`
`This chapter uses direct current circuits to explain
`electrical basics. A DC circuit is easier to understand
`than an AC circuit. However, the basic principles of
`DC circuits also apply to AC circuits.
`
`THE DC CIRCUIT
`
`An electrical circuit carries the. flow of electricity from
`one component of the electrical system to another.
`Compare the electricity flowing in an electrical circuit
`to the water flowing in a piping system. Both an
`electrical circuit and a piping system have the following
`components:
`
`(] Pressure source
`
`(] Conductor
`
`(] Control device
`
`(] Energy-user
`First consider how these four work in a piping system
`(Fig. 3):
`CJ The pressure source is the pump that moves the
`water.
`
`PRESSURE
`SOURCE
`
`HEATER
`
`WIRE
`
`CONDUCTOR
`
`ENERGY
`USER
`
`VAJ..VE
`
`PIPE
`
`COIL
`
`Fig. 3: Compare an electric circuit to. a piping system
`
`Exhibit 1033, Page 007
`
`

`

`20
`
`0 The conductor is the pipe that transports the
`water through the system.
`0 The control device is the valve that turns the flow
`of the water on or off.
`
`0 The energy-user is the coil which removes heat
`energy from the water in the pipe.
`The four components work in a similar way in ~ DC
`circuit (Fig. 3):
`0 The pressure source is the battery.
`
`0 The conductor is the wire.
`
`0 The control device is the switch.
`0 The energy-user is the heater, lamp, or other load.
`
`Pressure Source
`In Fig. 4, the pressure source is a battery. It stores a
`charge of electricity to be used when needed. Batteries
`have a positive terminal and a negative terminal. The
`DC current flows in one direction from one terminal to
`the other.
`
`SWITCH CLOSED
`
`SWITCH OPEN
`
`CONDUCTOR
`
`.-(cid:173)
`
`SWITCH IS ON
`CURRENT A.O\NS
`
`...:..BATIERV
`
`ENERGY
`USER
`
`SWITCH IS OFF
`NO CURRENT FLO\YS
`
`•
`
`CLOSED CIRCUIT
`
`•
`
`OPEN CIRCUIT
`
`Fig. 4: A closed circuit has current flowing
`
`Exhibit 1033, Page 008
`
`