ii
`
`i
`
`
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`Com titer
`DesktupY
`Elrmyclicmpeiia
`
`Ninth Edition
`
`\\
`Alan Freedman
`
`Osisornefwicfiraw-H111
`
`NewYork Chicago San Francisco
`Lisbon London Madrid Mex1cnCily Miiam
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`Page 1 of 9
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`Apple V. Vi1'netX
`Trial IPR2015-00810
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`Page 1 of 9
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`VIRNETX EXHIBIT 2007
`Apple v. VirnetX
`Trial IPR2015-00810
`
`

`
`
`
`
`
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`.
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`vs
`
`Oa'oome/l\rlcGraw-Hill
`2600 '1‘enth Street
`lierkeley, California 94710
`U.S.A.
` n11go bulk purchasr.a dlscomis for Salas promotions, premiums, or fund—1-aisers,
`‘C
`a’
`plan A contact Osborne/McGr;xw-I'i.il1 at the above address. For information on
`to
`ish-ibutors outside the U.S.A., please see the International
`Ejrflflsl
`tions or book (1
`‘*
`aionfia l Information page at the and of this book.
`3
`U
`_..
`g
`K,
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, Nlnth Edition
`
`‘E?
`3;’CUpyllg111(‘;} 2001 by '111e McC:mw—HilJ Companies. All riglwts 1'ese1'vec1. Printed in the
`\l':
`Unit 1 States o1".I\mcL-ica. Eixcrcpt as permiilocl unclel‘ the Copyright Act of'1976, no part
`‘O
`ciis¥;ri1:>uted in any form or by any mea1ns,_or
`of t
`13 publication may be mgarodtncecl 01‘
`_
`red Ln :3 database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the
`“K
`pubiishet, with the excopfion Ihat the program listings may be enierecl, stored, and
`executed in a compumr system, but they maynot berop1'oI:iuced £0: p'ub§lca[ion.
`
`C $
`
`-
`
`1234567890 DOC DOC 90198765432}
`
`Bonk p/n 0-07-219307-7 and CD p/r1 0-07-219308-5
`parts of
`ISBN U-D7-2‘l9306—9
`
`Publisher
`Brandon A. Nosdin
`ViceI’1‘cside11l&: As:-mciale }°ub§is1\er
`Scott Rogers
`Edltorlzi Director
`Rage: Stewart
`Scnio1'Projcct Editor
`Pamela Woolf
`
`Computer Deslgners
`Lauren McCarthy, Tabitha Cagan
`lilueitrators
`Lyssa Wald, Michael Mueller
`Series Design
`Peter 5‘. Eiancik
`Cover Design
`Greg Scott
`
`Proofreaders
`Linda Medoff, Paul Mecloff
`
`Cover Illustration
`]ohn Block
`
`'I‘h'1s book was composed with Core] VEN'i’URA'”" Publisher.
`
`LC conmmumm,
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`%\\K\f\\%\1\%\\\j%§L\\§\}K1
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`2902.,
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`information has been ubluim-d by Oshomc/Mrrhus -
`ources, Usahorna/M¢Graw~i1i]é, or ulhrm.
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`possibi!iIy0f|lLIl1]:1n or $mcl\ar\‘Ita| onorby our 5
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`3
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`Page 2 of 9
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`Page 2 of 9
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`

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`143
`
`client
`
`
`
`it} is workstation or pursnnul computer in 2: client,/aerver
`Gllertt
`environment. Sue client/server andfnt tzliuni.
`(2) One and of the spcctrunr in a request/strppiy ru1uliot1-strip
`J
`
`between programs. Sue X Wfmluw and OLE.
`‘
`
`An applicatiran running in as workstation or
`client application
`
`pemnnal computeron a network. See also OLE.
`
`Refers in hardware or software that runs in the user's
`client based
`machine (client). Cuntrnst with server based.
`
`CLIENT PLATFORIHS i€3FU A 05]
`
`Wlrudrrns 3.1. WW. HY
`Mn: DE!
`{ml 2000
`MIX (U?4t)<)
`nusDad
`
`
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`solo-is rum; ,
`iulrlmrwn Unix
`
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`mu Ofuil dvahlcvfl iUNI.\t)
`r W
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`N9XT£I:p iumxj
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`Inlui [KW]
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`HPIUJI. (mix)
`
`mam.» mix
`0'unvtdfa
`vliume nr
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`VMB
`um tumxi
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`
`
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`DEEVA1
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`Gum uq
`Al}: I
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`Alx [UNlJiI
`
`uulean llrnrlhloa
`«ii
`
`A user's workstation that is attnclrud to a network.
`client machine
`'i'l12ierm can also refer to n portable computer that is plugged into the
`r\etwo1'l<. See ciicni and rlisrtt/server.
`
`
`client program Software that runs in the user's PC tar wnrktstatlun.
`
`Contrast with server program, which resides in a server in the network.
`
`An .nr::l1llcr:lLt1'e in which the users PC (the client) is
`client/server
`the l‘er§1.:tésllng macltirue and the sew er in the supplying runchlno, lsroth of
`which are connected via a local nrua network (TAN) nr whit: area network
`(l’v'-AN}.'1"1\:'utIgl1ou1 the late 'i9t5(la and enriy ‘t95?0s, client/server war
`the lll)ibt.Ii'.'£WU:‘(l as applications were mlgrnted {rent centralized
`mlnlcnrnptilers eurd mainfrruriua to netm-ork:-I of pemunul computers.
`In Lrlient/sizwer, the client processes lite user inturfacn (Windows, Mac,
`etc.) zurd can parionn mm: or all of the nppiimtjon prmzssing. Servers range
`In capacity from hlgh~enrl PCs tn mninfmmuzrs. A dntnbnse BIIIVEI malntaim
`the databases and processes rcqumtza from the client to extract rlairt Irom or
`to upclate that database. An uppliurtlon newer pmvides a!.lt.lillut1t11b\|8iJ1E.5EI
`processing for the cliursts. Sec rlirznai/am-u¢:r rim.-claxpmunt rystmr.
`Client/server Ve€SLI5 lit?! Wet}
`Ul':CflLlS(£ of the lntermzt, terms such
`as "Web tzassaatt" and “Web e-rsnbiml" have mpincecl the cilnnt/server
`bu-m¢word, yet thn ciim-it,/uurver archi ire:-lure is cnzicepttaally the aamu.
`{.lm2:'.ra' PCs are still clients, uncl there nru iemi uf thousrintls of Web servers
`throughout the Enturmat clell\_.-ering Web pages. Nevertheless, cllr-tut‘/‘
`server is mostly used to refer tu "legacy," non‘-Web based systems.
`On the Web, the chant rum: the browser and just like legary client!
`ur.-rvnr can pr-rfornt liitlenra lot nf processing: simple displaying Di
`HTML rm;-,ea,1:1nw processing with unrbedcluci scripts or conslclrzrulrle
`prncussing with lnva apple-is. A myriad of browser piugdns provide all
`sorts; of client pr0cL'ssing.
`The raurver side of the Web is a ruultbtier server ‘arcltiii.-cturc with
`lntertinlcecl Web servers, application servers, <lntubnse servers and
`
`caching servers. Sue application server.
`
`I in
`
`
`
`I
`
`
`
`Nun-ctlunt/Samar
`Although there nru uttunta unrl servers in this
`scenario. this is not "trim" clicraifaexvar,
`because the server is withing more than a
`remote dlutt dritm, and lhtt_ClIGnl. class at} the
`Drocesstlttg. Lengthy snatches can bog down the
`network. beuausn each client has it: read um
`entire rIntut:as+:.At1.00t3 bytes per rec_or_d.
`rt database with 100.000 records senris
`100MB aver the LAN.
`'
`
`A person responsible tar pcrforzning
`client/server analyst
`analysis and dcsigxt of it cilent/server system. A lcnnwledge nf two-tier amt
`tlirce--tier ctiuntiscrver architectures is required. See systems nxarrlyst and riirmi/sermer.
`
`client/server architecture
`An envimnment in which the application prrmasslng ls dividucl ‘uutwrarrn client
`worldstatlons and servers. it implies the use of clesktnp computers interacting with ares-vets in a netivork, in contrast to
`processing everything in it large centralized mainframe. Sue client/server.
`
`ttrnaputer Desktop Errryclnpazlia
`
`Page 3 of 9
`
`Page 3 of 9
`
`

`
`Pl!
`
`PATROL An application management suite from BMC that uses agents to report on software activities 011 all me
`servers within the enterprise. Using the information in "knowledge modules" (KMS) about each system component.
`agents detect events, collect information and notify system and network administrators to take CDi‘I'ECt'1V€ 831011-
`
`PAX (1) (Private Automatic: Exchange) An inhouse intercom system.
`(2) (Parallel Architecture Extended) A parallel processing environment standard based on Intel's 1860 RISC chip,
`UNIX System V and Aliiant Computer's parallel and 3-D graphics technologies.
`payload
`The cluta—csrrying capacity of some structure. It typically refers to a part of a packet or frame in a
`comrntmications system that holds the message data in contrast to the headers, which are considered overhead.
`
`payment service
`
`See Web payment service.
`
`Software distributed for money. Contrast withfreeware.
`payware
`PB See Pawerliuiizier.
`
`PBX (Private Branch eXcha.nge) An inhouse telephone switching
`system that intercoimects telephone extensions to each other, as well as
`to the outside telephone network. It may include functions such as least
`cost routing for outside calls, call forwarding, conference calling and call
`accounting. Modern Pl3)(s use all-digital methods for switching and may
`supportboth digital terminals and telephones along with analog
`telephones‘ See WpBX_
`PC (3) (Printed Circuit) See printed circuit board.
`(2) (Personal Computer) Any laptop or desktop
`computer such as Windows machine or a Macintosh.
`(1) (Personal Computer) A standalone laptop or
`desktop computer running Windows {or DOS for earlier
`applications). PC hardware and operating systems are
`primarily governed by Intel and Microsoft respectively.
`The PC is the world's largest computer base.
`PCs are also widely used as clients and servers in a local
`area network (LAN). PC clients predominantly run under
`Windows, but PC servers (x86—based sewers) run under
`Windows, Netware or a variation of UNIX such as Linux
`or Unixware. PC servers may use Windows 95/98, but
`Windows NT and 2000 are more likely choices.
`Although there are literally thousands of PC vendors,
`from mom and pop shops to large mail order houses (Deli,
`Gateway, etc.) to the major computer companies (Compaq,
`I-ll‘-‘, etc.), and of course IBM, still one of the world's largest
`PC makers, all PCB use an Intel x86 or compatible CPU.
`After IBM introduced the E-"CI in 1981, the first attempts at
`cloning it were mostly unsuccessful. Except for Cornpacfs first
`PC, from 1982 to 1985, there were 21 lot of "almost compatible" PCS. However, as soon as the part of the operating system
`known as the BIOS was successfully cloned and made commercially available, true cornpaiibies appeared in abundance.
`Before Windows 95, adding another peripheral device to a PC was often an exercise i.n trial and error. Modifying
`DOS's infamous configuration files (AUTOEXECBAT and CONFIGSYS) caused many a user to give up. Windows 95.
`98 and 2000 added Plug and Play, which means for the molséipait, you can replace hard disks and display adapters, as
`well as add a scanner, CD-ROM or other device without cl‘
`cu ty.
`The PC has become a commodity item, winding its way onto the shelves of retail outlets worldwide. This is a
`testimonial to the power of a computer standard, even one fraught wifi‘1°°Ph°1e3 and i-“C0“5'l5tEIiClE3-
`
`2 liiIi
`
`'
`All Eafllf PBX
`This PBX began operation in Bangor. Maine In
`1883. (image courtesy of AT&T.)
`
`Mumm_dh
`:3‘-::'Irr‘¢‘1jIIlt;ramu)
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`mm‘
`Madam
`
`"0 Summer
`(hard disk.
`2:i’alii'$I)mM'
`
`§i‘.i:“.'.'.?.’:, /'
`Mmhmmd
`
`What's Inside a PC?
`
`computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`Page 4 of 9
`
`Page 4 of 9
`
`

`
`
`
`IiV::‘:‘:‘s_\§:“‘r(\’r’\
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`(Pmciical Extraction Report Lal‘a]_‘;Lifllf,E) A ['it‘(‘I[§r-‘ll‘l’\T'i1lI\glé\I1gtizt3G written by Larry Wall il1IilCOml'.|lJ\tEs synia:-<
`PBi’l
`fI'nn'1several UNIX utilities and languages. Tntroniuced in 1987, Perl is designed to lwldle :1 variety of system
`administrator functions and provirles L'(2Il't‘|i'.tT|3l‘i0l’u3lVe string handling functions. it iswlaicly lififll in wriin wsb sotvnr
`programs l'orsLu:l1 tasks as rnzlnnmtiraliy updating usur nccmints and newsgroup pn-dings, girnrxusslng rmnnval requests,
`
`synchronizing, slainbusus and gunurn ling regorts. Peri Ims also been minptocl to non-UNDC platforms. See nlno FURL.
`permanent faitt
`(1) A soil font llmi is kept in the prinie1"s memory unlit the printer is turnccl off.
`l2} Same as inlerrazalforlti
`
`
`
`
`
`permanent memory
`Same as non-wirrtI'lemcrnnr_1}.
`ll;-tl'I'I|Jtal:lOn
`One possible coinlalnnticm of items out of a larger set of items. l3orr-xnmpie, witi1l'he set of numbers
`1, 2 £U1<33, there are six possible purmulr\licn5i12,21, 13, 31, 23 and 32.
`
`perpendicular recording
`
`Saar: uarticrrl recarding,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`personal computer
`
`
`751
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`persistent link
`See hat link.
`
`
`
`An object that continues to exist alter the program that created it has been unloacled. An
`persistent object
`object's class and currentatate must be saved for use in subsequent sessions. In object tachnniogy, persistence means
`
`storing the object for later use.
`
`
`
`
`
`per seat
`fly workstation. Sec per seat licensing.
`$38!’ seat Ilcenofi
`Software licensing based on :1 per use: basis, For uxaniple, L1 "IUD-user license means that up
`to $00 npucltlcailyaramed users [lave access to this program. Per seat licensing in .1clminlstel'ed by providing u.-mrlevel
`security to the directory can mining the program. Contrast with cmicmrmi liccmilug.
`lierslstenca
`('1) in a CRT, the time ;1 phosphor clot remains lllumlnatuci. after being energized. Long—perststence
`phosphors reduce flicker, but gexteraiu ghost-like images that linger on screen for B. fraction of a scconcl.
`
`{2} in ol:§<zct iocitnnlogy, the storage of an oixiect on a disk or other permanent storage (invite.
`
`Data that exists from 58551011 to session. Persistent dam is stored Ina database on disk ur tape.
`persistent data
`Contrast with i1‘ar:s£el1i data.
`
`
`
`
`
`personal agent: Soengzmi.
`
`persona! communicator
`
`Sea FDA.
`
`Synunymoua with "micro¢umputer,” ”:leslciopI computer,” and "laptop computer," it is a
`persanal computer
`computer that serves one user in the office or hozmz. A complete personal comptlior system with printer can cost us
`little as $1,000 or as much as $8,030 or moral Size 2'5 based on Imzznory nnd disk capacity.Speed. is based on the CPU
`tiuat runs it, and output quality in bzmr.-xi. on the type and reaolutl-an of its monitor and printer.
`Major Suppliers of Personal Computnrs
`The personal comptater world in riominnlc-cl by WlEiClO\V%3~lliItii2d PCs:
`Titeru one Iliousands of vendors that make them, from mom and pop shops to huge companies such as (Jotl':[.I‘s1<.t. ill’
`und IBM. The ttiliftllfllepktréifinilli10lTi]?IulI3.l' stancinrd is App-l:z'5 Maciniorrlu, which is only nu-isle by Apple. Aim"? and
`Corn:-no¢iorc‘nnz-e carved out thair ruspucfive niches, but Atntl returned. to its gaming roots and Cosnmodnre has since
`closecé its doors.
`
`The imiunry began in 1977, wlxen Appln, RnLii::nSiu1ci< and Coinunugiotu
`The History of f’ar5onai Computers
`inirocluced ilnu tireit off-Elie-stlmif computers :15 consumer [Jm«:l11<.'ta.Tl1e first xnnclrinus used rm. B:-bit n1lC!'opruuu;.=;or
`with '11 n1m¢im11nu.')r6=‘ii< of memory and floppy disks {or atorage. The Apple ll, Atari 5300, and Conxrziuclnrc 64 became
`ppgmliir home computura, and Apple was auccussiui in cumpnnles after the VlfilCitlt!Sfli't?aCl5l1Ei3l was ixitrucluchct.
`However, the business world was soon ClOl'i'ti.l‘l[ll|'.‘{‘i by the Ziii} processor and Cl’/M operating system, used by
`
`
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`iiomiluier Desktop Ertcyciapoiila
`
`
`
`Page 5 of 9
`
`Page 5 of 9
`
`

`
`
`
`P|'OtOc0i stack The hierarchy of protocols used in a communications network. Network architectures desi
`in layers, such as TCP/IP, OS! and SNA, are referred to as stacks. See 05]’.
`protocol suite
`Same as protocol stack.
`prototyping
`(1) Creating a demo of a new system. Prototyping is essential for clarifyinginformationrequhveme
`The design of a system (functional specs) must be finalizedbefore the system can be built. While analytically-oriental?‘
`people may have a clear picture of requirements, others may not.
`Using fourth-generation languages, systems analysts and users can develop the new system together. Databages Ca
`be created and manipulated while the user monitors the progress. Once users see tangible output on screen or paper
`they can figure out what's missing or what the next question might be if this were a production system. if prototypirfig
`is carefully done, the end result can be a working system.
`Even if the final system is reprogrammed in other languages for standardization or machine efficiency, prototyping
`has served to provide specifications for a working system rather than a theoretical one.
`(2) Seefunction prototyping.
`provlsioned
`Set up for a particular type of telecommunications service. See provisioning.
`_
`provisioning
`Setting up a telecommunications service for a particular customer. Common carriers provision
`circuits by prograrnmhig their computers to switch customer lines into the appropriate networlts.
`proxy ‘Seeproxyserver.
`
`proxy cache
`A facility in a proxy server that caches incoming Web pages on the hard disk. If the next page
`requested by a browser is already in the proxy cache, the page is retrieved locally instead of from the Internet. With
`proxy caches, the browsers mustbe configured to use the proxy server. See prox server, reverse proxy cache, tron urant
`11
`SP
`cache and Web cache.
`~
`
`proxy server
`Also called a "proxy” or "application level gateway,” it is an application that breaks the connection
`between sender and receiver. All Input is forwarded out a different port, closing a straight path between two networks
`and preventing a hacker from obtaining internal addresses and details of a private network.
`Proxy servers are available for common Internet services; for example, an HTTP proxy is used for Web access, and
`an SMTP proxy is used for e-mail. Proxies generally employ network address translation (NAT), whichpresents one
`organization-wlc1eIP address to the Intemet. It funnels all user requests to the Internet and fans responses back out to
`the appropriate users. P1'o><ies may also cache Web pages, so that the next request can be obtained locally. Proxies are
`only one tool that can be used tobuild a firewall. See LAN,firewall, proxy cache and SOCKS server.
`
`PR/SM {Processor ResourcefSystems Manager) Hardware circuits and microcode built into IBM System/390
`rnairtfraxiies that support logical partitions (LPARs). LPARs allow the running of multiple system images on a single
`processor complex. Each such image has a full complement of CPUs (dedicated or shared), central storage, expanded
`storage and channels. ESCON and FICON channels may be shared across images using the MIF feature. Pronounced
`"prisrr1,” PRISM was derived from VM, the IBM operating system that provides multiple system images in software.
`Sec LPAR, MIF and VM.
`PRT SC
`See print screen.
`[JS
`(1) (l’icoSecond) See space/time.
`(2) (I’E‘r~Personal Services) IBM office automation software for PCs, minis and mainframes, which includes word
`processing, electronic mail and library services.
`(3) (Postscript) See Postscript.
`P5/1 An early IBM home computer series introduced in 1990. The original models featured an integrated monitor
`and easy—to-open case. The first PS/1 was a 286 with an ISA bus. See PC.
`
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`tlnmputer Desktop Encyclupgtiia
`
`Page 6 of 9
`
`Page 6 of 9
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`(Thin Small Outline Package) A veryrthin, plastic, rectangular surface mount chip package with gull»wing
`TSOP
`pins on its two short sides. TSOPs are about a third as thick as 50} chips. See gill!-wing lead, SOP, SO] and chip package.
`T-span
`A 24-channel group, which makes up one T1 line. See TI.
`
`(Terminate and Stay Resident) Refers to a program that remains in memory when the user exits it in order
`TSR
`that it be immediately available at the press of a hotkey. TSRS were popular under DOS to quickly pop up a calendar,
`calculator or other utility, because DOS did not have built-in task switching. Standards for writing TSRS were not
`codified early on, and TE‘-Rs often conflicted with each other and regular applications. After Windows 3.0, TSRS became
`moot, since any DOS or Windows application could be conveniently task switched in a separate window.
`Tss
`See Iru.
`____...
`TTCN
`(Tree and Tabular Combined Notation) A programming language endorsed by ISO that is used to-write test
`suites for telecommunications systems. TTCN is used for "blaclc box testing," which means that all interaction to the
`system is via messages, rather than by a user with a mouse. Test suites are built in a hierarchical and modular manner,
`allowing many programmers to be involved in the project. Numerous telecorn vendors use ‘ITCN for their products, and
`organizations such as the l'E‘U, ATM Forum and ETSE, provide TTCN con.fo1'mance"tests for new standards.
`
`TTFN Digispeak for goodbye ("ta ta for now").
`_,_,_,_,_
`TT font
`See TrueType.
`
`(1) (Transistor Transistor Logic) A digital circuit composed of bipolar transistors wired in a certain manner.
`TTL
`TEL logic has been widely used since the early days of digital circuitry. ’I'EL designations may appear on input or
`‘ output ports of various devices, which indicates a digital circuit in contrast to an analog circuit.
`(2) (Time To Live) A set maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to propagate through the network before it
`is discarded.
`(3) (Through The Lens) Refers to a single-lens reflex camera that lets the photographer View the scene through the
`same lens that captures the image.
`T.TUD See T3120.
`_______,__
`(’I‘eleTYpewriter protocol) A low-speed asynchronous communications protocol with limited or no
`TTY protocol
`error checking. See teletypewriter.
`tube
`See CRT and vacuum tube.
`
`.
`
`A laser that can change its frequency over a given range. In time, tunable lasers are expected to be
`tunable laser
`capable of switching frequencies on a packet-by-packet basis.
`
`tuner An electronic part of a radio or TV that locks on to a selected carrier frequency (station, channel) and filters
`out the audio and video signals for amplification and display.
`______
`Transrrritting datastructured in oneproiocol format within the format of another protocol. Tmmeiing
`tunneiing
`allows other types of transmission streams to be carried within the prevailing protocol. See IP tunneling and LZTP.
`
`in relational database management, a record, or row, See relational database.
`tuple
`A C compiler from Borland used to create a wide variety of commercial products. It is known for its
`Turbo C
`well-designed debugger. Borland's objecboriented versions of C are Turbo C++ and Borland C++.
`The DOS version of this database is written in Turbo C. The Windows version is written in Microsoft C.
`
`A type of channel coding that uses a convolutional code and a type of Viterbi decoder that outputs a
`turbo code
`continuous value rather than a 0 or 1. See cormolutionni code and Vilerbi decoder.
`
`i""‘~*i*-.
`
`Gomputar llesktap Encyclopedia
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`Page 7 of 9
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`Page 7 of 9
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`._....__..._...........—-....
`.—«m_'r....‘fl\
`
`voxai
`
`{Virtual Processor Corn
`VPC
`control control‘
`
`r beaches {turn around the world
`
`
`
`(Volume pixlll.) A li‘u‘ee~di11\ensit1nal;1l><:2lt Avoxei represents a quantity of3-{J data just as :1pixel rupruaenta
`D data. it is ttsad in scientific und medical applications that process 34;) images.
`
`E1 pointor cluster of points in 2-
`ninctttrer oi zmund cards and music
`hers. NY, www.tbeach.com) A man
`oi Voyelrst 'l‘ec%u\ologies and Turtltz» Beach Syatama. Vuyotm was fmrnrlad
`Veyetra
`(Voyt:tra'i‘mttu Beuclr. inc., ‘s"on
`state. it irttrodttced the Voytttrzt
`software that la: is rt-nuit at .-v late-I996 trwcgor
`mi repair facility in soutlm-:1 New York
`cl nrxzsissreéatcd applicatiot1s.Voyetr:t utilities art;
`in 19??» as UctnvPlllre{tl1‘G¥'ilC$, It syrttixusizer a
`syntliorsizer and inter rnovcci into s'oltwm'e Ior MIDI rte:;uun<:m- rm
`Turtle lienth was totmdcrd in1935 in York,PA,and'bL't:a:ne known to: its awm‘d-wlnnirtgMultiauunrl line of
`lrundiurl with inmntrous sound crtrcis.
`higit-uutl uuunel cards, its unrrsttrner iirnnsla are also popular tmrl are named afte
`ouch rut Malibu, iviontego and Dnytonn.
`pleat) AnIBMmainirarne mulilprncesnixtg thatusessaves-ni compuiers unrler tight
`ontlgru-ed within tt public: nntwork. For years, conutmn
`vntt:.t\et\'~ror'i< that is :1
`uric‘: to liw. customer, but pltysiczliy abnre
`VPN (\-"u'lur1il’rl\'ntcNetwork) Atari
`rlvatiu nntlcuml or inlematiomxl nutw
`etwork via actmss control and onérypilnn,
`works. V?Ns have
`catrlem have built \«'l’Ns that appear ma p
`Lrlty of rt private tt
`thcr custmner§.Vl’N:r enloy the sect
`whiletakingadvnntnge at the economies ofacaloanci built-inmanagementiiscllllica ofinrgapuialicnet
`barrlcbone trawler with 0
`as. ‘tori-.:y, thorn is tremundotrs interest in VPNS over
`boon irulli over X.25,Swit<:hed 56, frame relay ancl .'\‘t‘M tuchnoingtThe VH1 acids that extra inyurof seuurity',._m\ct at huge
`tho Internet, uapeulaily clue to the constant threat of hn<:i<ur nttnclm.
`_
`growth inVFN use is oxtgnectr-<1.E‘m:'t‘i=?‘tJ, L21’, I.?.'l‘P, lPsr:c, P'.’C,sr:r1tre'iy and tranrqinrertt LAN m,-mice.
`
`The number of virtual pmcr.-asors that at physical processor is simulating.
`VP ratio
`(VirtunlZ’ro-:easor ratio)
`(Vectors Per Second) The measurement of the speed of a vector or array processor.
`VPS
`Vii
`Sceuirtrauircriity.
`VRAM 38!.’ mm RAM.
`_._.VRC
`(Vt.-rltcai Redundancy Check) An error checkixtg method that gene:
`
`data that is moved or transmitted.
`VRML
`[Vl1luuli{c£1lli.y Moctuitng Langxxage) A3-D graphics languageused
`VRMLpage, its mutantscanbevlewml, rotated trndntartipuitttcd. Simulated rooms caztbe "walked into." TheVRML
`ThefirstVRMLviewerwasWebspuce fromStill, whoseOpenll‘tW!:‘.l0t'gmplllcalibrarywas thebasisEorcicn'elop'1ng
`viewm'is'l:=.uncl1eLl from within Par:Web browser.
`Vlllvlll. WGIJFX,WorldVicw nm-lFountain areotherWindows viewers,andWhurlwindand Voyagerare Macviewers.
`introduced in 19'?‘3’, which use virtual memo
`{IE
`(it (Virtual Storage] Same as virtual memory.
`{2} (Virtual Storage) ftiamtly of minicomputersfromWong
`VSAM (VirtualStorageAccessMethod) An[BMaccessmethodforstoringdata,widelyusedInIBMmainframes.
`it uses the Br-tree I'nt.'ll't0Ll for organizing data.
`
`iaetlon that hnmiles up to 56
`minal) A small earth station for satellite transm) are called "‘I‘SA'l"a."
`(up to 1.544 Mblisfsec
`(Very Small Aperture satellite Tut
`VSAT
`Kbits/sec of digital [l'ElI\t'u.l'£'\li‘sSlL'.‘»E‘r-‘1’§'J‘r"\TEi thathandlethefi data rate
`”huc:krloor" pmturtoi on the VME has that allows high-speecl transfer
`V53
`(1) (VME St.ll't5y5l’€rl‘t
`liusl An nuxlllary
`tmtnre the 6:44:-ll implementation arrived.
`methcxt developed by Zenith ior cable modems and terrestrial
`between devices. it was faster than the nu-tin bus
`[21 [vestigial Sltlcilnndl A cllttital moduinticrn
`tmnsrnizmion for l.'t‘!'V. See fl»'t’Sli.
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`
`computer Desktop Encycluuettia
`
`Page 8 of 9
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`Page 8 of 9
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`u..,.tM,...
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`1080
`work function
`-—————————--————————-———————————+———-
`bottom of the in basket. Atttomrittng workfiow sets l1'.mt:rs that ensure that documents move uiong at a prescribed pace and
`that the appropriate persnn §'.)t’(}\'.‘i!.i1:'t‘:9li‘tt_3t't’t in the correct order.
`lattegrntirtg workfinw into existing :inFtwztt'e applications 111ayl'L'ql!.i.l1: extensive rcpI'ogt'ztnnnit\g, because although
`indepcmiettt workflnw software can launch a whoiu tspplit.-ation, ft wm-krlow system munt be able to invoke individual
`mutimett within :11»: application. An :1 t-omit, vendors of rtppticatiun SGfl‘W:‘t1'£! have ttmntecl up with workflow wonders to
`prrwide the upprnnrinto interfaces and/or they htwc developed their own worizflow capability. Workfiow standards
`developed by the Workiluw ivitmagtment Coalition (WITMCJ are expected to provide interoperability between wgrkfiow
`anftwnré and the appiiczttlcnta :15 well as between different worktlow syatems.
`Workfinw auftwnre is not the same as wor}¢gmup' aoftwnm, otherwise known nu groupware. Wmkilow deals with
`the step-by—step processes, wheteas wnrkgroup systama are concerned with tnfurmntlnn sharing and thmnded
`discussions among ttsera.
`For an excellent book on the subject ofwnrkflow written by the guru in this field, read Tin: Workfiuw Impmztiurr by
`
`Thomasx M. Koulupoulus, published by Van Nostrand Eleinituict, ISBN D-442-0‘i9'i'5-EJ.
`
`work function
`
`The amount of photon energy required to cause an electron in be emitted from a material.
`
`Twn or more imtivtduais that st ti_I1’ti files and t;.iPlll!iJii'!§CH. LANS cteslgnecl nraund worltgmups provide
`wurkgrou rt
`eiectrnnic sharing of n:quirur.i data. in gancrni, pmcluctaciesignecl for wm'l<g:‘oLtps .-tuppnrt up tit 50 people, tvherefi _
`ctugm-ttnenmt duviceg support maveral hunclwci. astci cntei-prim: clavlcea serve savtzmi limusand. Sea ,5-ruuptuan: n'n'd worisjiota.
`
`W0rkgroup switch
`A networkswitch designed for LAN lraifiei within an ante:-prtse. Contrast with mr'rier—ci::s9 stuttcit.
`
`
`working dtrectoty See currwttriircciory.
`
`The uaer interface in O6/2 tntrnziuccci with Version 2.0. The Workplace Shell is extensible and
`Workplace: Shell
`
`application developers can use Workplace Shell library functions when developing programs.
`
`worksheet Surnu as sprt-mfuitea-t.
`
`wnrkahaat compiler
`
`
`Same as spraatisimr-zt compiler.
`
`('1) Altigh-pe1‘fnrrnnnce, singievuater cnmputer used for graphics. CAD, CAB, simuiatiun and scientttic
`workstation
`appiicsttions. it is typically a IUSC-based computer (hut runs under some vnrtn non of UNEXL The tmtiur ventiors of
`wulkatzttimtst are Sun, I-Ii’, IBM, Compaq and SGL High-nnr] Pentium i‘Cu incrcitnirtgiy provide wm'k9l:\lion perfomusnce.
`(2) A terminal or desktop computer in a netvmrk. in this £‘t'Jt‘ti‘t.'xi', worksttitticm is just .1 generic term far 8 user's
`machine (client ntttchina). Contrast with server anti itusl.
`{3} In the teiecum tnriuntry, a combined ti.-iephonr: and computer.
`
`
`(Wm-iaicont, it1c.,}:-.x:l<son, MS, ww-w.wc:mt.cnrn) -A m:tjur,tnitzrn:4tinn'a| ltrluconmtutticatiotts uarriet‘
`W0riIiCOITt
`iounctc.-d in 1983 as Long Distance Ilismtmt Service (LDDS). at reseller of A'1‘-tit?‘ WA”l'!5 lines to small btitIiE1[!5St25- it grcw
`by ncquirtnt; many small, and eventually, largo long distance and nc2h«vot'lr.ing orgttttizaliorts, inctttding [DB \"\'t.‘.~rldCortt,
`i'l leading internailnnnl cau'rir::', Wii'i‘t:»i, t1 major teiucom carrier, and M135 Ccnzrnuniunttons, an tnterrmttunsal plume
`coxnpany and recent pnrcnt nf UUNEF, l.l. pt'um'inent tnternct pmvlcier.
`in 1997, the nctwm-14 npemttonu of Anmtcn Qnitne and Cnmpnserve became pnrtufWnr1dCnm.italsa nwrgccl
`with llrooks ilibnr and than acquired MC.'lin 1998 tn i:'econ1c_lhe MCI Wnrltlcnm pnweritnuae. Whilt: Woric$Com may
`have been 3. prciettiious name for rather modest beginnings, it was very prnpltetic, because the MCI n-,nm=, wast inter
`dmpped, leaving WurltlCom 21:-itlw, name uf the company.
`Wnrid Widfl Wait What many have called that Web while waiting patiently for the next page in dawniund. The
`World Wide Wail is caused by any aantbinnlinn of a slew modem, overloaded Web server at the site you are accossittg
`or any clog in {me of the routers or switches at :1 national, regional or local 13?. Set: Internet serviceprautriar.
`
`World WW8 Web An Internet facility lhalllztks docutnenis locally and reznutely. The Web document, ot'Wci~.~
`page. contains text, graphic.-t. animations and videos as well as hypertext links. The links ‘in the page iet users turnp
`
`flotnptster ilesittnp inctclupadla
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`Page 9 of 9
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