Microsaflfress
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`Microsoft'
`WindowsNT'
`Mndows'BS
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`Micrnsor
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`LILLaIJJflI
`Explorer
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`Three new appendixes, including Y2K, file
`extensions, and Internet domains
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`Searchable text on CD-ROM
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`Extensive coverage of hardware, software, the
`lnternet, and more!
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`Detailed illustrations and diagrams for easy reference
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`MicmsofiPress
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1999 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary. -- 4th ed.
`p. cm.
`Previous eds. published under title: Microsoft Press computer
`dictionary
`ISBN 0-7356-0615-3
`
`2. Microcomputers Dictionaries.
`1. Computers Dictionaries.
`I. Microsoft Press computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.M538
`1999
`004'.03--dc21
`
`99-20168
`CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`23456789 M'LML 432109
`
`Distributed in Canada by Penguin Books Canada Limited.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available‘through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further information
`about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press
`Intemational directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at mspressmjcrosoftcom.
`
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of Apple Computer,
`Inc. Kodak is a registered lrademark of the Eastman Kodak Company. Intel is a registered trademark and Indeo
`is a trademark of Intel Corporation. Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, Active Platform, ActiveX,
`Authenticode, BackOffice, DirectInput, DirectX, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, MSN, NetMeeting,
`NetShow, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J++, Web'I‘V, WebTV Network, Win32, Win325, Windows,
`Windows NT, and XENIX are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the
`United States and/or other countries. PANTONE is a registered trademark of Famous, Inc. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, people, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No associa-
`tion with any real company, organization, product, person, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acouisifions Editor: Christey Bahn
`Project Editor: Kim Fryer
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`icons. When these buttons or icons are clicked on
`with the mouse, macros or certain functions of the
`application are activated. For example, word proces-
`sors often feature toolbars with buttons for changing
`text to italic, boldface, and other styles. Toolbars of—
`ten can be customized by the user and usually can be
`moved around on the screen according to the user’s _
`preference. See the illustration. See also graphical
`user interface. Compare menu bar, palette (definition
`1), taskbar, title bar.
`
`
`
`Toolbar:
`
`toolbox n. A set of predefined (and usually precom-
`piled) routines a programmer can use in writing a
`program for a particular machine, environment, or
`application. Also called toolkit. See also library
`(definition 1).
`
`Toolbox n. A set of routines stored mostly in the read-
`only memory of a Macintosh that provides applica-
`tion programmers with the tools needed to support
`the graphical interface characteristic of the computer.
`Also called User Interface Toolbox.
`
`Tool Command Language/Tool Kit n. See TclfIk.
`toolkit 11. See toolbox.
`
`top—down design n. A program, design methodology
`that starts with defining program functionality at the
`highest level (a series of tasks) and then breaks down
`each task into lower-level tasks, and so on. See also
`bottom-up programming, top-down programming.
`Compare bottom—up design.
`
`top-down programming It. An approach to program-
`ming that implements a program in top-down fash-
`ion. Typically, this is done by writing a main body
`with calls to several major routines (implemented as
`stubs). Each routine is then coded, calling other,
`lower-level, routines (also done initially as stubs).
`See also bottom-up design, stub, top-down design.
`Compare bottom-up programming.
`
`topic drift )1. The tendency of an online discussion to
`move from its original subject to other related or un—
`related subjects. For example, someone in a confer-
`ence devoted to television may ask about a news
`program; then somebody else may say something
`about a story on that program about food poisoning,
`which leads somebody else to start a general discus—
`
`sion on the advantages of organic fruits and veg-
`etables.
`
`topic group n. An online discussion area for partici-
`pants with a common interest in a particular subject.
`
`top-level domain n. In the domain—name system of
`Internet addresses or DNS hierarchy, any of the
`broadest category of names, under which all domain
`names fit. Top-level domains for sites in the United
`States include .com, .edu, .gov, .net, and .org. See
`also DNS (definition 1), major geographic domain.
`
`top-of-file n. 1. The beginning of a file. 2. A symbol
`used by a program to mark the beginning of a file—n
`the first character in the file or, in an indexed (or-
`dered) database, the first indexed record. Acronym:
`TOF. See also beginning-of—file.
`
`topology n. The configuration or layout of a network
`formed by the connections between devices on a
`LAN (local area network) or between two or more
`LANs. See also bus network, LAN, ring network,
`star network, token ring network, tree network.
`
`total bypass n. A communications network that uses
`satellite transmission to bypass both local and long-
`distance telephone links.
`'
`
`total cost of ownership 1:. Specifically, the cost of
`owning, operating, and maintaining a single PC.
`More generally, the cost to businesses and organiza—
`tions of setting up and maintaining complex and far-
`reaching networked computer systems. Total cost of
`ownership includes the up-front costs of hardware
`and software added to later costs of installation, per-
`sonnel training, technical support, upgrades, and re-
`pairs. Industry initiatives designed to lower the total
`cost of ownership include centralized network man-
`agement and administration, as well as hardware so-
`lutions in the form of network-based computers with
`or without local storage and expansion capability.
`See also cost of ownership (C0).
`
`‘
`
`touch pad :1. A variety of graphics tablet that uses
`pressure sensors, rather than the electromagnetics
`used in more expensive high-resolution tablets, to
`track the position of a device on its surface. See also
`absolute pointing device, graphics tablet.
`
`touch screen It. A computer screen designed or modi-
`fied to recognize the location of a touch on its sur-
`face. By touching the screen, the user can make a
`selection or move a cursor. The simplest type of
`touch screen is made up of a grid of sensing lines,
`which determine the location of a touch by matching
`
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