throbber
!#$%!"&%!3H?C=2?AI<DG2;MI)CEJIID,D7?A;/>DC;H
`
`0?KGCI>GEBLN!9?RGK.?I?HNGOFK?K
`?\gXikikd\ekekf]>fdglk\iNZ`\eZ\
`Pe‘m\ij‘kpf] Ofifekekf
`[n‘^[firiXm‘m‘e;[^g+k+kfififekf+f+\[l
`nnnnn+n+[^g+kfifekekf+\[l
`
`"#"#120"$2
`<GIP<CTP) X e\n k\Z_e‘hlhl\ ]f]fi \ek\i‘e^ k\ok `ekfkf X dfY‘c\
`g_g_fe\ `j [\jZi‘i‘Y\Y\[+ O_\ jkXe[Xi[i[ ./*Ylkkfe k\okok \ekip
`b\pgX[ f] X dfY‘c\ g_fe\ ]fiZ\j XdY‘Y‘^l‘kp n_\e k_\ /3*
`c\kk\iMfdXeXcg_XY\k`jdXgg\[\[`ek_\kiX[`k`feXcdXee\i
`fekf b\pj /*6+6+ O_\ <GIP<CTP k\Z_e‘hl\ lj\j k_\ fi‘\ekekXkXk‘fe
`f]k_\g_g_fefe\kfi\jfcm\k_`jXdY‘^l`kp)Yp k‘ck‘e‘e^k_\g_fe\
`‘e fe\ f] ]flili [`i\Zk‘fej kf Z_ffj\ n_`Z_ Z_XiXZk\i fe X
`gXik‘ZlcXi b\p kf \ek\i+ R\ ]`ijk [‘jZljj ‘dgc\d\e\ekXk‘fe
`jkiXk\^`\j) Xe[ k_\e gi\j\ek
`k_k_\ i\jlckj f] X Zfekififcc\[
`\og\i‘i‘d\ekek ZfdgXi‘e^ <GIP<CTP kf 8Q8QIPG<?M) k_\ dfjk
`Zfddfek\okok\ekipk\Z_e‘hl\+O_\\og\i‘d\ekek`eZcZcl[l[\[.-.-
`gXik‘Z‘gXekjn_f\XZ_\ek\i\i\[XkfkXcf]31-g_iXj\jf]k\okok
`Z_fj\e\e]ifdfdXjkXe[Xi[i[Zfiglj)fm\iXg\i‘i‘f[ f]f]XYflk]`m\m\
`_flij+ O_O_\ i\jljlckj j_fnfn k_Xk k\ok \ekip jgjg\\[ `eZcZcl[‘e^e^
`Zfii\Zk`fe ]fi \iifij lj`e^ <GIP<CTP nXj /0" ]Xjk\i k_Xe
`8Q8QIPG<?M YpYp k_\ \e[ f] k_\ \og\i‘d\ekek) [\jg‘k\ X _`^_\i
`\i\iififi iXk\ ]f]fi <GIP<CTP# <GIP<CTP `j k_lj Xdfe^jk k_\ ]Xjk\j\jk
`bebefne cXe^lX^\*‘e[\g\g\e[\ek k\Z_e‘hl\j\j ]fi \ek\i‘i‘e^e^ k\okok
`‘e‘ekfkfdfY`c\g_fe\j+
`
`*;NLDGDG9H9H!O\ok\ekip)dfY`c\g_fefe\j)k`ck`eglglk
`
`)-20.%3$2).-
`HfjkjkdfY‘c\g_fe\jXi\\hl‘gg\[n‘n‘k_Xj`dgc\./*Ylkkfe
`b\pgX[) n_‘Z_ `j Xe `e_\i\i\ekcp gffi kffc ]f]fi ^\e\iXk‘e^
`g_g_iXj\j]fiX/3*c*c\k\kk\iXcg_g_XYXY\k\k+Pj`e^kiX[‘k‘feXck\okok*\*\ekekip
`k\Z_e‘hl\j)jlZ_Xj 8Q8QIPG<?M)XeXm\iX^\k\okd\jjX^\f]4
`nfnfi[i[j i\hl‘i\i\j ifl^_cp 4- b\p gi\jj\j+ B‘B‘m\m\e \jk‘dXk\j
`%nnnnn+n+^jdnfic[c[+Zfd&k_Xk`e /--0 e\Xicp2--Y`cc`fe k\ok
`d\jjX^\j n`cc Y\ j\ek nficic[n‘[\ ]ifd dfY`c\ g_fe\j)
`\e\ekip lj‘e^ Zlii\ek k\Z_e‘hl\j n`cc i\hl`i\ Xggifo‘dXk\cp
`02 ki‘cc‘fe b\p gi\jj\j nfic[n`[\ k_`j p\Xi+ R_R_`c\ dlZ_Z_
`i\j\XiZ_ \]]fikik _Xj ^fe\ `ekf [\m‘m‘j‘j‘e^ X mXi‘\k\kp f] dfi\
`\]]‘Z‘\ekk\ok`eglglkk\Z_e‘hlhl\jV6).2Wn_`Z__Xm\Xccj_fne
`mXi‘flj `dgifm\d\ekekj kf k_\ jkXkXkljlj*h*hlf) efe\ _Xj p\k
`\d\i^\[ Xj X e\n jkXe[Xi[+ <j jlZ_) k_\i\ i\dX‘ej
`ZfZfej‘[\iXYc\ fgfggfikle`kp ]fi i\j\XiXiZ_\i\ij kf `e]cl\eZ\ k_`j
`Xi\XYpYp[\m\cfg‘g‘e^ e\nk\Z_e‘hl\j+
`
`!#$%!"&%
`R\ _Xm\ [\m\cfg\[ X e\n k\okok `eglk k\Z_e‘hl\) ZXcc\[
`<GIP<CTP) n_`Z_ lj\j k_\ jkXe[Xi[ ./*Ylkkfe dfY‘c\ g_fe\
`b\pgpgX[X[ Xl^d\ek\[ n`k_ X cfn*Zfjk k`ck j\ejfi+ N`d`cXi kf
`<GIP<UMC [\jZi‘i‘Y\[YpYpKXikiki‘i‘[^\\k Xc+ V.-W)<GIP<CTP lj\j X
`ZfZfdY‘e‘eXk‘fe f] X Ylkkfe gi\jj Xe[ k`ck`e^ f] k_\ [\m‘Z\ kf
`[\k\id‘e‘e\ k_\ [\j‘i\[ c\kk\i+ Jli k\Z_e‘hlhl\ [‘]]\ij ]ifd
`<GIP<UMC`ek_\b\pgX[lj\[Xe[`ek_\j\ej‘e^Xc^fi‘i‘k_dj)
`n_n_‘Z_ n\[‘jZljj`e [\kX`ccXk\i`ek_`jgXg\i+O_\jkXe[Xi[i[
`g_g_fe\ b\pgX[ dXgg‘e^ Xjj‘^ej k_i\\ fi ]fli Xcg_XY\k‘Z
`Z_XiXZk\ij)Xe[fe\eldY\i)kf\XZ_b\p+Afi\oXdgc\)k_\
`& b\p Xcjf _Xj k_\ Z_XiXZk\ij .) /) Xe[ 0 Xjj`^e\[ kf `k+
`<GIP<CTPXjj`^ejXeX[[‘k‘feXc dXgg‘e^ Ypjg\Z‘]p‘e^Xk`ck
`[`i\Zk`fe]fi\XZ_f]k_\Z_XiXZk\ijfeXb\p)i\dfm`e^Xep
`XdXdY‘Y‘^l‘kp ]ifd k_\ Ylkkfe gi\jj+ O_\ lj\i gi\jj\j X b\p
`n_n_`c\ j`dlckXe\flfljcp k`ck`e^ k_\ g_fe\ `e fe\ f] ]fli
`[‘i\Zk‘fej %c\]k) ]finXi[) i`^_k) YXZbZb& kf `eglk k_\ [\j‘i\[
`Z_XiXZk\i%A`^li\.&+Afi\oXdgc\)gi\jj`e^k_\&b\pXe[
`k‘ck‘e‘e^kfk_\c\]k`eglglkjk_\Z_XiXZk\i.)n_`c\k`ck‘e^kfk_\
`i‘^_k `eglglkj k_\ Z_XiXZk\i 0+ =p i\hl`i‘i‘e^ fecp X j`e^c\
`b\pgi\jj Xe[ jc‘^_k k`ck kf `eglglk Xcg_Xeld\i`Z Z_XiXZk\ij)
`k_\ fm\iXcc jg\\[ f] k\ok \ekip ZXe Y\ `eZi\Xj\[+ Alik_\i)
`lec‘b\jfd\k\Z_e‘hl\jV.2Wk_XkXk`dgifm\fefek_\jkXkXkljhlf)
`<GIP<CTP`jefkcXe^e^lX^\[\[\g\g\e[\ekek)Xe[k_ljljZXeY\lj\[Yp
`\o\og\ikjn‘k_flkm‘jljlXccpXkk\e[‘e^kfk_\[‘jgjgcXpjZi\\e+
`
`De k_`j gXg\i n\ ]`ijk i\m`\n i\cXk\[ nfib) k_\e\e [‘jZljj
`‘d‘dgc\d\ekXk‘fe
``jjl\j)
`k_\e gi\j\ek Xe \og\i`d\ek
`ZfdgXi`e^k_\g\i]fidXeZ\f]<GIP<CTPkfk_\dfjkZfddddfe
`\o‘jk‘e^ k\Z_e‘e‘hl\) 8Q8QIPG<?M+ R\ ZfeZcl[\ Yp [`jZljj‘e^
`k_\Z_XiXZk\i`jk‘Zjf]<GIP<CTPZfdgXi\[kffk_\ik\Z_e`hl\j)
`‘eZcZcl[‘e^e^`dgcgc‘ZXk‘fej]f]fi\mXclXk‘fed\ki‘Zj+
`
`1;GB?HH?DCIDB6@;9?=?I6ADG>6G98DE?;HD<6AADGE6GID<I>?HLDG@
`<DGE;GHDC6ADG8A6HHGDDBJH;?H=G6CI;9L?I>DJI<;;EGDK?9;9I>6I
`8DE?;H6G;CDIB69;DG9?HIG?7JI;9<DGEGD<?IDG8DBB;G8?6A
`69K6CI6=;!6C9I>6I8DE?;H7;6GI>?HCDI?8;6C9I>;<JAA8?I6I?DCDCI>;
`<?GHIE6=;#3D8DENDI>;GL?H;!IDG;EJ7A?H>!IDEDHIDCH;GK;GHDGID
`G;9?HIG?7JI;IDA?HIH!G;FJ?G;HEG?DG HE;8?<?8?8 E;GB?HHHH?DC6C9$DG6<;;#
`4/23O%(56C8DJK;G!-.!.6C6C696
`1!(&&)!-./!!’#*,’’)#+)+#+%&)%&&’&!"*$&&
`
`8181
`
`7JHVSF(&-68@-2D@D@&?IFDFOUFSQJDUVSFTIPXTUIF
`VOUJMUFEQIPOFXIFSFSFQSFTTJOHOHBLFZFOUFSTJUT
`OVNFSJDWBMVMVF&8FGUQJDUVSF1MFGUUJMUFOUFSTGJSTU
`DIBSBDUFSPOLFZ&?PQQJDUVSF1GPSXBSEUJMUFOUFST
`TFDPOEDIBSBDUFS&=JHIUQJDUVSVSF1SJHIUUJMUFOUFSTUIJSE
`DIBSBDUFS&3PUUPNQJDUVSF1UJMUJOHUPXBSETUIFVTFS
`FOUFSTGPVSUIDIBSBDUFSJGPOFFYJTUTGPSUIBULFZ&
`
`

`
`0&+"2&% 5.0*
`O_\i\ Xi\ knf Xi\Xj f] i\j\XiZ_ k_Xk Xi\ i\c\mXek kf fli
`nfib7 k\ok ‘eglk k\Z_e‘hl\j ]fi dfY‘c\ g_fe\j) Xe[ k_\ lj\
`f] k‘ck kiXej[lZ\ij ‘e dfY‘c\ [\m‘Z\j+
`
`2;MI )CEJI 2;8>C?FJ;H <DG ,D7?A; />DC;H
`< jdXcc eldY\i f] dfY‘c\ g_fe\j kf[Xp lk‘c‘q\ LR@MOT
`jkpc\ b\pgX[j k_Xk \eXYc\ k\ok \ekip n‘k_ k\Z_e‘hl\j j‘d‘cXi
`kf kpg‘e^ fe X i\^lcXi b\pYfXi[) XcY\‘k Xk X dlZ_ jdXcc\i
`g_pj‘ZXc jZXc\ %\+^+) Ifb‘X 22.- nnn+efb‘X+Zfd&+ Hfi\
`i\Z\ekcp) _pYi‘[ [\m‘Z\j k_Xk ZfdY‘e\ g_fe\j n‘k_ K?<j)
`jlZ_ Xj k_\ CXe[jgi‘e^ Oi\f %nnn+_Xe[jgi‘e^+Zfd& Xe[
`KfZb\kK> K_fe\ %nnn+d‘Zifjf]k+Zfd&) lk‘c‘q\ g\e*YXj\[
`k\ok ‘eglk k\Z_e‘hl\j Zfddfe kf K?<tj jlZ_ Xj BiX]]‘k‘+
`R_‘c\ k_\j\ [\m‘Z\j Xi\ dXb‘e^ jdXcc
`‘eifX[j ‘ekf k_\
`dfY‘c\ g_fe\ dXib\k) k_\ mXjk dXafi‘kp f] dfY‘c\ g_fe\j
`Xi\ \hl‘gg\[ n‘k_ k_\ jkXe[Xi[ b\pgX[ %A‘^li\ /& n_‘Z_ _Xj
`./ b\pj7 %$-) ") Xe[ !+
`
`7JHVSF )& >UBOEBSE ()%LFZ NPCJMF QIPOF LFZQBE
`
`@ek\i‘e^ k\ok ]ifd X /3 Z_XiXZk\i Xcg_XY\k lj‘e^ k_‘j
`b\pgX[ ]fiZ\j X dXgg‘e^ f] dfi\ k_Xe fe\ Z_XiXZk\i g\i
`Ylkkfe f] k_\ b\pgX[+ < kpg‘ZXc dXgg‘e^ _Xj b\pj &*-
`i\gi\j\ek‘e^ \‘k_\i k_i\\ fi ]fli Z_XiXZk\ij) n‘k_ jgXZ\ Xe[
`gleZklXk‘fe dXgg\[ kf k_\ fk_\i Ylkkfej+ <cc k\ok ‘eglk
`k\Z_e‘hl\j k_Xk lj\ k_‘j jkXe[Xi[ b\pgX[ _Xm\ kf jfd\_fn
`i\jfcm\ k_\ XdY‘^l‘kp k_Xk Xi‘j\j ]ifd k_‘j dlck‘gc\o\[
`dXgg‘e^+ O_\i\ Xi\ k_i\\ dX‘e k\Z_e‘hl\j ]fi fm\iZfd‘e^
`k_‘j
`XdY‘^l‘kp7 8QIPG<?M)
`knf*b\p)
`Xe[
`c‘e^l‘jk‘Z
`[‘jXdY‘^lXk‘fe+ R\ efn i\m‘\n k_\j\ k\Z_e‘hl\j Yi‘\]cp)
`Xe[ i\]\i k_\ i\X[\i kf Nflbfi\]] Xe[ HXZF\eq‘\ V.2W ]fi X
`dfi\ Zfdgi\_\ej‘m\ i\m‘\n k_Xk ‘j Y\pfe[ k_\ jZfg\ f] k_\
`gi\j\ek gXg\i+
`
`)A8@6-.=
`8QIPG<?M nfibj Yp i\hl‘i‘e^ k_\ lj\i kf dXb\ dlck‘gc\
`gi\jj\j f] \XZ_ b\p kf ‘e[‘ZXk\ n_‘Z_ c\kk\i fe k_Xk b\p ‘j
`[\j‘i\[+ Afi \oXdgc\) k_\ c\kk\ij 789; kiX[‘k‘feXccp Xgg\Xi
`fe k_\ + b\p+ Ki\jj‘e^ k_Xk b\p feZ\ p‘\c[j 7) kn‘Z\ 8) \kZ+
`< gifYc\d Xi‘j\j n_\e k_\ lj\i Xkk\dgkj kf \ek\i knf
`Zfej\Zlk‘m\ c\kk\ij fe k_\ jXd\ Ylkkfe+ Afi \oXdgc\)
`kXgg‘e^ k_\ & b\p k_i\\ k‘d\j Zflc[ i\jlck ‘e \‘k_\i 0 fi ./+
`Of fm\iZfd\ k_‘j) 8QIPG<?M \dgcfpj X k‘d\*flk fe k_\
`Ylkkfe gi\jj\j) kpg‘ZXccp .*/ j\Zfe[j) jf k_Xk efk gi\jj‘e^ X
`Ylkkfe ]fi k_\ c\e^k_ f] k_\ k‘d\flk ‘e[‘ZXk\j k_Xk pfl Xi\
`[fe\ \ek\i‘e^ k_Xk c\kk\i+ @ek\i‘e^ ./ le[\i k_‘j jZ_\d\ _Xj
`k_\ lj\i gi\jj k_\ & b\p feZ\ ]fi .) nX‘k ]fi k_\ k‘d\flk)
`k_\e gi\jj & kn‘Z\ dfi\ kf \ek\i /+ Of fm\iZfd\ k_\ k‘d\
`fm\i_\X[ k_‘j ‘eZlij) dXep ‘dgc\d\ekXk‘fej X[[ X uk‘d\flk
`b‘ccv Ylkkfe k_Xk Xccfnj k_\ lj\i kf jb‘g k_\ k‘d\flk+ D] n\
`Xjjld\ k_Xk % ‘j k_\ k‘d\flk b‘cc Ylkkfe) k_‘j dXb\j k_\
`j\hl\eZ\ f] Ylkkfe gi\jj\j
`kf \ek\i ./7 &#%#&#&+
`
`8QIPG<?M \c‘d‘eXk\j Xep XdY‘^l‘kp) Ylk ZXe Y\ hl‘k\ jcfn)
`n‘k_
`X
`b\pjkifb\j
`g\i
`Z_XiXZk\i
`%FNK>&
`iXk\
`f]
`Xggifo‘dXk\cp /+-0 V5W+
`
`-C<!72E $6?.9/64A.@6<;
`O_\ knf*b\p k\Z_e‘hl\ i\hl‘i\j k_\ lj\i kf gi\jj knf b\pj
`‘e hl‘Zb jlZZ\jj‘fe kf \ek\i X Z_XiXZk\i+ O_\ ]‘ijk b\pgi\jj
`j\c\Zkj k_\ Xggifgi‘Xk\ ^iflg f] Z_XiXZk\ij) n_‘c\ k_\
`j\Zfe[ ‘[\ek‘]‘\j k_\ gfj‘k‘fe f] k_\ [\j‘i\[ Z_XiXZk\i
`n‘k_‘e k_Xk ^iflg+ Afi \oXdgc\) kf \ek\i k_\ Z_XiXZk\i 2) k_\
`lj\i gi\jj\j k_\ ’ b\p kf j\c\Zk k_\ ^iflg 123) ]fccfn\[ Yp
`k_\ & b\p j‘eZ\ 2 ‘j ‘e k_\ j\Zfe[ gfj‘k‘fe n‘k_‘e k_\ ^iflg+
`O_‘j k\Z_e‘hl\) n_‘c\ hl‘k\ j‘dgc\) _Xj ]X‘c\[ kf ^X‘e
`gfglcXi‘kp ]fi MfdXe Xcg_XY\kj+ Dk _Xj Xe fYm‘flj FNK>
`iXk\ f] /+
`
`(6;4A6?@60 $6?.9/64A.@6<;
`O_\i\ Xi\ X eldY\i f] c‘e^l‘jk‘Z [‘jXdY‘^lXk‘fe jZ_\d\j
`k_Xk lk‘c‘q\ befnc\[^\ f] k_\ cXe^lX^\ kf X‘[ k_\ k\ok \ekip
`gifZ\jj+ Je\ \oXdgc\ ‘j <+ %nnn+k\^‘Z+Zfd& k_Xk i\e[\ij
`Xcc gfjj‘Yc\ g\idlkXk‘fej f] X j\hl\eZ\ f] Ylkkfe gi\jj\j
`Xe[ cffbj k_\d lg ‘e X [‘Zk‘feXip+ Afi \oXdgc\) k_\ b\p
`j\hl\eZ\ )#’#, Zflc[ ‘e[‘ZXk\ Xep f] /4 gfjj‘Yc\
`i\e[\i‘e^j %0o0o0 c\kk\ij fe \XZ_ f] k_fj\ b\pj&+ Hfjk f]
`k_\j\ i\e[\i‘e^j _Xm\ ef d\Xe‘e^) Xe[ jf Xi\ i\a\Zk\[+
`Gffb‘e^ \XZ_ f] k_\d lg ‘e X [‘Zk‘feXip k\ccj k_\ jpjk\d
`k_Xk fecp 42< ‘j Xe @e^c‘j_ nfi[) Xe[ jf ‘k ‘j k_\ fe\
`i\e[\i\[+ <dY‘^l‘kp ZXe) _fn\m\i) Xi‘j\ ‘] k_\i\ ‘j dfi\
`k_Xe fe\ mXc‘[ i\e[\i‘e^ ‘e k_\ cXe^lX^\) ‘e n_‘Z_ ZXj\ k_\
`dfjk Zfddfe ‘j gi\j\ek\[+ Afi \oXdgc\) k_\ j\hl\eZ\ *#*
`Zflc[ ‘e[‘ZXk\ \‘k_\i 65 fi 56+ D] k_\ jpjk\d i\e[\ij k_\
`nife^ nfi[) X ue\okv b\p Xccfnj k_\ lj\i kf ZpZc\ k_ifl^_
`k_\ fk_\i mXc‘[ g\idlkXk‘fej+ <e XeXcpj‘j f] k_‘j k\Z_e‘hl\
`]fi \ek\i‘e^ k\ok ]ifd Xe @e^c‘j_ Zfiglj ]fle[ X FNK>
`Zcfj\ kf . V5W+ I\n\i c‘e^l‘jk‘Z [‘jXdY‘^lXk‘fe k\Z_e‘hl\j
`jlZ_ Xj 7CPPCN>GOC V6W Xe[ >LNB>GOC %nnn+\Xkfe‘+Zfd&
`Xcjf g\i]fid j‘d‘cXicp n\cc) n‘k_ jlYkc\ X[mXekX^\j fm\i
`\Xic‘\i k\Z_e‘hl\j+ R_‘c\ k_\j\ Xcc _Xm\ \oZ\cc\ek FNK>
`iXk\j) k_\ jlZZ\jj f] c‘e^l‘jk‘Z*YXj\[ jpjk\dj [\g\e[j fe
`k_\ Xjjldgk‘fe k_Xk lj\ij k\e[ kf \ek\i u@e^c‘j_ c‘b\v nfi[j
`n_\e j\e[‘e^ k\ok d\jjX^\j+ <j HXZb\eq‘\ \k Xc+ V6W efk\)
`lj\ij f]k\e lj\ XYYi\m‘Xk‘fej) Xe[ efk Zfdgc\k\ @e^c‘j_
`n_\e k\ok d\jjX^‘e^+ Alik_\i) lj\ij f] k\ok d\jjX^‘e^ f]k\e
`Zfddle‘ZXk\ ‘e XZifepdj fi ZfdY‘eXk‘fej f] c\kk\ij Xe[
`eldY\ij %\+^+) /( ]fi /23692&+ <efk_\i gifYc\d n‘k_
`k_\j\ c‘e^l‘jk‘Z k\Z_e‘hl\j ‘j k_Xk lj\ij _Xm\ kf m‘jlXccp
`dfe‘kfi k_\ jZi\\e ‘e fi[\i kf i\jfcm\ gfk\ek‘Xc XdY‘^l‘k‘\j)
`n_\i\Xj k_\ 8QIPG<?M Xe[ knf*b\p k\Z_e‘hl\j ZXe Y\
`fg\iXk\[ u\p\j*]i\\v Yp jb‘cc\[ lj\ij+
`
`<j X i\jlck f] k_\j\ c‘d‘kXk‘fej f] Zlii\ek b\pgX[ k\ok ‘eglk
`k\Z_e‘hl\j) k_\ hl\jk ]fi X n‘[\cp Xggc‘ZXYc\) cfn FNK>)
`k\ok ‘eglk k\Z_e‘hl\ Zfek‘el\j+
`
`3H?C= 2?AI 1;CHDGH ?C ,D7?A; %;K?8;H
`N\m\iXc
`i\j\XiZ_\ij _Xm\ i\Z\ekcp gifgfj\[ ‘ek\i\jk‘e^
`‘ek\iXZk‘fe k\Z_e‘hl\j k_Xk Xi\ \eXYc\[ Yp ‘eZfigfiXk‘e^ X
`cfn*Zfjk k‘ck j\ejfi n‘k_‘e dfY‘c\ [\m‘Z\j V0*4) .-) ./) .0W+
`R_‘c\ jfd\ f] k_‘j gi‘fi Xik %\+^+) V0*4) ./W& [f efk ZfeZ\ie
`
`82
`
`

`
`k\ok \ekip k\Z_e‘hl\j g\i j\) k_\p [f X[[ kf k_\ j\k f]
`gfjj‘Yc\ ‘ek\iXZk‘fej k_Xk Zflc[ kXb\ X[mXekX^\ f]
`k‘ck
`j\ejfij \dY\[[\[ ‘e dfY‘c\ [\m‘Z\j) k_lj gifm‘[‘e^ ]lik_\i
`aljk‘]‘ZXk‘fe ]fi k_\ ‘eZi\d\ekXc Zfjk f] k_\ j\ejfi+
`
`J] gXik‘ZlcXi i\c\mXeZ\ kf fli nfib Xi\ knf k\Z_e‘hl\j ]fi
`k\ok \ekip k_Xk lj\ k‘ck ‘e]fidXk‘fe+ =fk_ f] k_\j\ k\Z_e‘hl\j
`]fZlj fe m\ip jdXcc [\m‘Z\j cXZb‘e^ X cXi^\ eldY\i f]
`Ylkkfej) Xe[ n\i\ efk fgk‘d‘q\[ fi \mXclXk\[ ]fi jg\\[ f]
`\ekip+ =KGECOPQNC V.0W lj\[ k‘ck Xj Xe Xck\ieXk‘m\ kf Ylkkfe
`gi\jj‘e^) \c‘d‘eXk‘e^ k_\ e\\[ ]fi Ylkkfej ]fi k\ok \ekip+
`MXk_\i k_Xe _Xm‘e^ k_\ lj\i dXb\ fe\ f] 5 XdY‘^lflj
`Ylkkfe gi\jj\j %Xj ‘j k_\ gi\j\ek ZXj\ n‘k_ dfY‘c\ g_fe\j&)
`=KGECOPQNC _Xj k_\ lj\i k‘ck k_\ [\m‘Z\ ‘e fe\ f] 4 [‘i\Zk‘fej
`kf jg\Z‘]p k_\ ^iflg) fi uqfe\v) f] k_\ Z_XiXZk\i k_Xk ‘j
`[\j‘i\[+ O_\ XdY‘^l‘kp f] k_\ k‘ck ‘j k_\e i\jfcm\[ Yp lj‘e^
`[‘Zk‘feXip*YXj\[ [‘jXdY‘^lXk‘fe+
`
`<GIP<UMC V.-W i\]‘e\j =KGECOPQNC Yp X[[‘e^ k_\ ZfdY‘eXk‘fe
`f] Ylkkfe gi\jj‘e^ Xe[ k‘ck ]fi \ek\i‘e^ leXdY‘^lflj k\ok+
`<GIP<UMC nXj [\j‘^e\[ kf \ek\i k\ok ‘ekf X jdXcc) nXkZ_*c‘b\
`[\m‘Z\ n‘k_ 1 Ylkkfej+ Ki\jj‘e^ X Ylkkfe ki‘^^\i\[ Xe fe*
`jZi\\e [‘jgcXp f] k_\ Z_XiXZk\ij k_Xk Zflc[ Y\ \ek\i\[ Yp
`k‘ck‘e^ k_\ [\m‘Z\ ‘e fe\ f] \‘^_k [‘i\Zk‘fej) k_\ Xggifgi‘Xk\
`k‘ck nXj k_\e dX[\) Xe[ k_\ Ylkkfe i\c\Xj\[+ <GIP<UMC _Xj k_\
`jXd\ iffk ZfeZ\gk Xj fli <GIP<CTP k\Z_e‘hl\) ‘e k_Xk k‘ck ‘j
`lj\[ kf [‘jXdY‘^lXk\ Ylkkfe gi\jj\j+
`
`Jli gi\j\ek nfib Yl‘c[j lgfe <GIP<UMC ‘e j\m\iXc
`j‘^e‘]‘ZXek nXpj+ A‘ijk) e\‘k_\i <GIP<UMC efi =KGECOPQNC
`n\i\ [\j‘^e\[ ]fi lj\ n‘k_ dfY‘c\ g_fe\ b\pgX[j) Xj n\
`Xi\ gifgfj‘e^ n‘k_ fli <GIP<CTP k\Z_e‘hl\+ R\ Y\c‘\m\ k_Xk
`lj‘e^ k_\ jkXe[Xi[ dfY‘c\ g_fe\ b\pgX[ n‘cc j‘^e‘]‘ZXekcp
`‘eZi\Xj\ k_\ m‘XY‘c‘kp f] k‘ck‘e^ k\ok ‘eglk Xj X i\Xc) ljXYc\)
`k\Z_e‘hl\+ N\Zfe[) n_‘c\ <GIP<UMC lj\j \‘^_k k‘ck [‘i\Zk‘fej)
`n\ fecp lj\ X dXo‘dld f] ]fli k‘ck [‘i\Zk‘fej) i\[lZ‘e^ k_\
`XZZliXZp [\dXe[j fe k_\ lj\i n_\e k‘ck‘e^+ O_‘i[)
`k_\
`Xc^fi‘k_d lj\[ ]fi [\k\Zk‘e^ k‘ck ‘e k_\ <GIP<UMC k\Z_e‘hl\ ‘j
`fe\ n_‘Z_ n\ [lY HCU PGIP) n_‘Z_) Xj ‘j [‘jZljj\[ cXk\i ‘e
`fli gXg\i) ‘j efk k_\ dfjk fgk‘dXc k‘ck [\k\Zk‘fe d\Z_Xe‘jd
`]fi jg\\[p k\ok \ekip+ R\ [\m\cfg knf Xck\ieXk‘m\ k‘ck
`[\k\Zk‘fe d\Z_Xe‘jdj k_Xk ‘dgifm\ lgfe HCU PGIP# A‘eXccp)
`n\ gi\j\ek
`k_\ i\jlckj f] X Zfekifcc\[ \og\i‘d\ek
`k_Xk
`gifm‘[\j k_\ ]‘ijk j\k f] ljXY‘c‘kp [XkX n‘k_ i\^Xi[j kf lj‘e^
`k‘ck ]fi k\ok ‘eglk+
`
`%&1)(- )113&1
`<GIP<CTP lj\j k_\ fi‘\ekXk‘fe f] k_\ g_fe\ Xcfe^ knf Xo\j kf
`[‘jXdY‘^lXk\ k_\ d\Xe‘e^ f] Ylkkfe gi\jj\j+ O‘ck‘e^ k_\
`g_fe\ kf k_\ c\]k j\c\Zkj k_\ ]‘ijk c\kk\i f] k_\ b\p) XnXp
`]ifd k_\ Yf[p k_\ j\Zfe[) kf k_\ i‘^_k k_\ k_‘i[) Xe[) ‘]
`gi\j\ek) kfnXi[j k_\ Yf[p k_\ ]flik_ %j\\ ]‘^li\ .&+ Ki\jj‘e^
`X b\p n‘k_flk k‘ck‘e^ i\jlckj ‘e \ek\i‘e^ k_\ eld\i‘Z mXcl\ f]
`k_\ b\p+ NgXZ\ Xe[ YXZbjgXZ\ fg\iXk‘fej Xi\ ZXii‘\[ flk Yp
`gi\jj‘e^ leXdY‘^lflj
`j‘e^c\*]leZk‘fe Ylkkfej
`%Xj
`‘e
`8QIPG<?M&+
`
`Nlggfik‘e^ Yfk_ cfn\iZXj\ Xe[ lgg\iZXj\ Z_XiXZk\ij nflc[
`i\hl‘i\ X ]lik_\i [‘jXdY‘^lXk‘fe jk\g j‘eZ\ X kfkXc f] j\m\e
`Z_XiXZk\ij g\i b\p nflc[ e\\[ kf Y\ dXgg\[ ]fi b\pj &$*
`
`Xe[ ,) Xe[ e‘e\ Z_XiXZk\ij \XZ_ ]fi k_\ + Xe[ - b\pj
`%A‘^li\ /&+ <[[‘e^ ZXj\ j\ej‘k‘m‘kp Zflc[ Y\ [fe\ Yp \‘k_\i
`i\hl‘i‘e^ k_\ gi\jj‘e^ f]
`X
`ujk‘Zbpv
`j_‘]k*b\p) fi
`Zfej‘[\i‘e^ k_\ dX^e‘kl[\ f] k_\ k‘ck Xj X [‘jXdY‘^lXkfi
`n_\i\ ^i\Xk\i dX^e‘kl[\ k‘ckj i\jlck ‘e lgg\i ZXj\ c\kk\ij) Xj
`A‘^li\ 0 ‘ccljkiXk\j+ O_\ cXkk\i k\Z_e‘hl\) _fn\m\i) nflc[
`c‘b\cp dXb\ \p\j*]i\\ \ekip dfi\ [‘]]‘Zlck+
`
`7JHVSF *& @QQFSDBTF UFYU FOUSZ XJUI -68@-2D@& ?JMUJOH
`CFZPOE B UISFTIPME NBLFT UIF DIBSBDUFS VQQFSDBTF&
`
`2;8>C?FJ;H <DG $6A8JA6I?C= 2?AI
`O_\ k‘ck f] k_\ g_fe\ ‘j kXb\e Xj n_‘Z_\m\i [‘i\Zk‘fe _Xj k_\
`^i\Xk\jk
`k‘ck i\cXk‘m\ kf Xe ‘e‘k‘Xc ufi‘^‘ev mXcl\+ <]k\i
`\ogcfi‘e^ mXi‘flj fgk‘fej [li‘e^ fli [\m\cfgd\ek gifZ\jj)
`n\ _Xm\ ]fle[ k_Xk k_\i\ Xi\ k_i\\ dX‘e nXpj kf [\k\id‘e\
`k_\ k‘ck mXcl\7 HCU PGIP) ?@OLIQPC PGIP) Xe[ NCI?PGRC PGIP+
`
`’2E -68@
`R‘k_ k_‘j k\Z_e‘hl\) ]‘ijk j\\e ‘e k_\ <GIP<UMC nfib) k_\
`Xdflek f] k‘ck ‘j ZXcZlcXk\[ Xj k_\ [‘]]\i\eZ\ ‘e k_\ mXcl\ f]
`k_\ k‘ck j\ejfij Xk b\p [fne Xe[ b\p lg+ O_‘j i\hl‘i\j k_\
`lj\i kf ZXiip flk k_i\\ [‘jk‘eZk dfm\d\ekj feZ\ k_\ Ylkkfe
`_Xj Y\\e cfZXk\[7 glj_ k_\ Ylkkfe) k‘ck k_\ g_fe\) i\c\Xj\ k_\
`Ylkkfe+ R\ Zfe[lZk\[ X g‘cfk \og\i‘d\ek ZfdgXi‘e^ X
`<GIP<CTP ‘dgc\d\ekXk‘fe k_Xk lj\[ HCU PGIP) Xe[ ]fle[ k_Xk
`lj\i g\i]fidXeZ\ n‘k_ k_‘j ‘dgc\d\ekXk‘fe nXj dlZ_
`jcfn\i k_Xe k_\ kiX[‘k‘feXc 8QIPG<?M k\Z_e‘hl\+ Afi k_‘j
`i\Xjfe) HCU PGIP nXj efk lj\[ ‘e fli ]‘eXc \og\i‘d\ek+
`
`"/?<8A@2 -68@
`O_‘j k\Z_e‘hl\ ZfdgXi\j k_\ k‘ck j\ejfitj mXcl\ Xk Xep ^‘m\e
`k‘d\ kf X u]‘o\[v XYjfclk\ fi‘^‘e+ Jecp knf [‘jk‘eZk
`dfm\d\ekj Xi\ i\hl‘i\[ kf \ek\i X Z_XiXZk\i7 k‘ck k_\ g_fe\)
`k_\e gi\jj k_\ b\p+ De ZfekiXjk) HCU PGIP i\hl‘i\j k_Xk k_\ b\p
`Y\ gi\jj\[ ]‘ijk) g_fe\ k‘ck\[) k_\e b\p i\c\Xj\[+ Cfn\m\i)
`k_‘j XggifXZ_ ‘j Xcjf efk ‘[\Xc) j‘eZ\ ‘e giXZk‘Z\ lj\ij [f efk
`dX‘ekX‘e X ZfejkXek Xid gfjkli\+ De fi[\i ]fi k_\ k‘ck mXcl\
`kf Y\ d\Xe‘e^]lc) k_\ ]‘o\[ fi‘^‘e n‘cc _Xm\ kf Y\ i\j\k
`\m\ip k‘d\ k_\ lj\itj ^ifjj Xid gfjkli\ Z_Xe^\j+ Alik_\i)
`n_\e lj‘e^ <GIP<CTP kf \ek\i knf Z_XiXZk\ij i\hl‘i‘e^ k‘ck ‘e
`fggfj‘k\ [‘i\Zk‘fej) dfi\ dfm\d\ek ‘j i\hl‘i\[ lj‘e^ k_‘j
`XYjfclk\ XggifXZ_) j‘eZ\ k_\ ]‘ijk k‘ck dljk Y\ le[fe\) k_\e
`k_\ e\n k‘ck Xggc‘\[+ Afi \oXdgc\) \ek\i‘e^ k_\ c\kk\ij .0
`lj‘e^ k_\ & b\p i\hl‘i\j Xe ‘e‘k‘Xc k‘ck f] jfd\ Xe^c\ ! kf
`
`83
`
`

`
`k_\ c\]k kf \ek\i k_\ .+ O_\e) k_\ lj\i _Xj kf k‘ck k_\ jXd\
`Xe^c\ !#‘e k_\ i\m\ij\ [‘i\Zk‘fe kf i\klie kf k_\ fi‘^‘e)
`Y\]fi\ k‘ck‘e^ Xefk_\i Xe^c\ " kf k_\ i‘^_k kf \ek\i k_\ c\kk\i
`0+ O_\ kfkXc Xdflek f] dfm\d\ek ‘j /! ( ") ‘ejk\X[ f] k_\
`jdXcc\i ! ( " k_Xk fe\ dXp \og\Zk+ Cfn\m\i) fe\
`X[mXekX^\ f] k_‘j d\k_f[ fm\i HCU PGIP ‘j k_Xk ‘] jlZZ\jj‘m\
`Z_XiXZk\ij n‘k_ k_\ jXd\ k‘ck [‘i\Zk‘fe Xi\ kf Y\ \ek\i\[)
`k_\e k_\ lj\i ZXe b\\g k_\ g_fe\ k‘ck\[ Xk k_Xk [‘i\Zk‘fe ]fi
`k_\ jlZZ\jj‘m\ b\pgi\jj\j+
`
`+28.@6B2 -68@
`O_‘j XggifXZ_ ZXcZlcXk\j k_\ k‘ck i\cXk‘m\ kf X ]cfXk‘e^ fi‘^‘e
`k_Xk ‘j j\k n_\e X k‘ck ^\jkli\ Y\^‘ej+ O_\ Y\^‘ee‘e^ f] X
`^\jkli\ ‘j [\k\id‘e\[ Yp Zfek‘elfljcp nXkZ_‘e^ ]fi X
`Z_Xe^\ ‘e fi‘\ekXk‘fe fi X Z_Xe^\ ‘e k_\ [‘i\Zk‘fe f] X
`k‘ck‘e^ ^\jkli\+ O_‘j XggifXZ_ jfcm\j Yfk_ gifYc\dj f] k_\
`XYjfclk\ k‘ck d\k_f[+ N‘eZ\ Xcc
`k‘ckj Xi\ i\cXk‘m\ kf k_\
`Y\^‘ee‘e^ f] k_\ ^\jkli\) k_\i\ ‘j ef XYjfclk\ fi‘^‘e k_Xk
`e\\[ Y\ i\j\k n_\e Z_Xe^‘e^ Xid gfj‘k‘fe+ Alik_\i)
`fggfj‘k\ [‘i\Zk‘fe k‘ckj [f efk i\hl‘i\ [flYc\ k‘ck‘e^) j‘eZ\
`k_\ j\Zfe[ k‘cktj fi‘^‘e ‘j k_\ \e[ f] k_\ ]‘ijk k‘cktj ^\jkli\+
`Nf) \ek\i‘e^ k_\ c\kk\ij .0 i\hl‘i\j X k‘ck f] jfd\ Xe^c\ ! kf
`k_\ c\]k kf \ek\i .) k_\e Xefk_\i k‘ck f] Xe^c\ " kf k_\ i‘^_k kf
`\ek\i k_\ 0) ]fi X kfkXc dfm\d\ek f] ! ( "+ Ifk\ k_Xk) aljk
`c‘b\ n‘k_ ?@OLIQPC PGIP) n_\e \ek\i‘e^ fecp c\kk\ij) n\ ZXe
`\ek\i jlZZ\jj‘m\ Z_XiXZk\ij n‘k_ k_\ jXd\ k‘ck [‘i\Zk‘fe
`n‘k_flk
`i\*k‘ck‘e^ k_\ g_fe\) Yp cffb‘e^ Xk
`k_\ cXjk
`j‘^e‘]‘ZXek k‘ck+
`
`&4"+3"2).-
`(D6AH
`R\ jfl^_k kf ZfdgXi\ k_\ g\i]fidXeZ\ f] <GIP<CTP kf fk_\i
`k\Z_e‘hl\j ]fi k\ok \ekip ‘ekf dfY‘c\ g_fe\j+ Afi k_‘j ]‘ijk
`\og\i‘d\ek) n\ Z_fj\ Xj X ZfdgXi‘jfe k_\ dfjk Zfddfecp
`‘dgc\d\ek\[ k\Z_e‘hl\) 8QIPG<?M) Y\ZXlj\ ‘k
`‘j
`k_\
`Zfddfe YXj\c‘e\ ‘e Xcdfjk \m\ip fk_\i \mXclXk‘fe f] k\ok
`\ekip k\Z_e‘hl\j i\gfik\[ kf [Xk\ V6) .1) .2W+ <j jlZ_) n_‘c\
`k_\ gi\j\ek jkl[p fecp [‘i\Zkcp ZfdgXi\j <GIP<CTP
`kf
`8QIPG<?M) n\ ZXe ‘e[‘i\Zkcp dXb\ ZfdgXi‘jfej f] <GIP<CTPtj
`g\i]fidXeZ\ i\cXk‘m\ kf fk_\i k\Z_e‘hl\j m‘X k_\ i\jlckj
`i\gfik\[ ‘e k_\ c‘k\iXkli\+
`
`"EE6G6IJH
`&.>1C.>2
`R\ lj\[ X HfkfifcX ‘62Zc g_fe\+ O_\ g_fe\ nXj \hl‘gg\[
`n‘k_
`Xe <eXcf^ ?\m‘Z\j <?SG/-/@=*/0/
`/*Xo‘j
`XZZ\c\ifd\k\i YfXi[ kf \eXYc\ k‘ck j\ej‘e^) Zfee\Zk\[ kf k_\
`g_fe\ m‘X X j\i‘Xc ZXYc\ %n‘k_ k_\ X[[‘k‘fe f] Xe \ok\ieXc
`gfn\i c‘e\&+
`
`<e ‘dgc\d\ekXk‘fe f] X i\cXk‘m\ k‘ck jpjk\d nflc[ i\hl‘i\
`i\^lcXi jXdgc‘e^ ]ifd k_\ k‘ck j\ejfi+ Pe]fikleXk\cp) fli
`_Xi[nXi\ Xccfn\[ fecp X i\c‘XYc\ iXk\ f] s.- Cq+ K‘cfk
`jkl[‘\j) lj‘e^ X i\cXk‘m\ k‘ck ‘dgc\d\ekXk‘fe f] <GIP<CTP!
`j_fn\[ k_Xk gXik‘Z‘gXekjt k\ok \ekip jg\\[ ‘eZi\Xj\[ kf X
`gf‘ek jlZ_ k_Xk fli d\Z_Xe‘jd ]fi [\k\id‘e‘e^ fi‘^‘ej
`%i\g\Xk\[ jXdgc‘e^ f] k‘ck Xk .-Cq& gifm\[ ‘ejl]]‘Z‘\ek ]fi
`[\k\id‘e‘e^ k‘ck XZZliXk\cp+ O_\ i\jlck‘e^ [\m‘Z\*ZXlj\[
`\iifij ‘e i\Zf^e‘k‘fe dX[\ \ek\i‘e^ k\ok Xk _‘^_\i jg\\[j
`
`]iljkiXk‘e^+ Aifd k_\j\ g‘cfk jkl[‘\j) n\ Y\c‘\m\ k_Xk iXk\j
`f] /-*2-Cq nflc[ Y\ i\hl‘i\[ ]fi X ifYljk i\cXk‘m\ k‘ck
`‘dgc\d\ekXk‘fe+ <j X i\jlck) [\jg‘k\ k_\ c‘d‘kXk‘fej
`[‘jZljj\[ \Xic‘\i) n\ _X[ kf ‘dgc\d\ek Xe XYjfclk\ k‘ck
`XggifXZ_) Xccfn‘e^ k_\ lj\i kf i\j\k k_\ fi‘^‘e Xk Xep k‘d\
`Yp _fc[‘e^ k_\ g_fe\ Xk k_\ [\j‘i\[ fi‘\ekXk‘fe Xe[ gi\jj‘e^
`u-v+ O_\ X[[‘k‘feXc dfm\d\ek i\hl‘i\[ Yp k_‘j XggifXZ_)
`_fn\m\i) ‘j XZZ\gkXYc\ ]fi fli \mXclXk‘fe gligfj\j Y\ZXlj\
`‘] n\ ZXe [\dfejkiXk\ k_Xk <GIP<CTP g\i]fidj n\cc [\jg‘k\
`k_‘j
`X[[‘k‘feXc dfm\d\ek)
`k_\e
`Xep dfi\
`ifYljk
`‘dgc\d\ekXk‘fe lj‘e^ X i\cXk‘m\ k‘ck XggifXZ_ ZXe fecp [f
`Y\kk\i+ De fk_\i nfi[j) fli \mXclXk‘fe ‘j Y‘Xj\[ X^X‘ejk fli
`e\n k\Z_e‘hl\+
`
`=\ZXlj\ k_\ <?SG YfXi[ ZXe [\k\Zk X k‘ck f] fecp ]iXZk‘fej
`f] X [\^i\\) fecp X m\ip jdXcc k‘ck f] k_\ g_fe\ ‘j e\Z\jjXip
`kf [‘jXdY‘^lXk\ X Ylkkfe gi\jj+ O_\ dXo‘dld f] k_\ k‘ck ‘e
`\‘k_\i Xo‘j nXj kXb\e kf Y\ k_\ ‘ek\e[\[ k‘ck) n‘k_ X .-"
`Y‘Xj kfnXi[j ]finXi[,YXZb+ O_‘j Y‘Xj ‘j ‘eZcl[\[ YXj\[ fe
`fli g‘cfk jkl[‘\j n_‘Z_ i\m\Xc\[ X k\e[\eZp kf g‘kZ_ kf k_\
`[fd‘eXek j‘[\ n_\e k‘ck‘e^ ]finXi[ n‘k_ k_\ ni‘jk+
`
`,<3@C.>2
`O_\ jf]knXi\ kf i\X[ k‘ckj Xe[ i\e[\i k\ok) Xj n\cc Xj
`Zfe[lZk
`k_\ \og\i‘d\ek) nXj ni‘kk\e ‘e EXmX / H‘Zif*
`@[‘k‘fe %jfliZ\ Xk nnn+[^g+kfifekf+\[l,i\j\XiZ_,k‘ckk\ok&
`lj‘e^ ZcXjj\j ]ifd Yfk_ k_\ HfY‘c\ ?\m‘Z\j De]fidXk‘fe
`Kif]‘c\ %HD?K .+-& Xe[ gifgi‘\kXip ‘62Zc jg\Z‘]‘Z ZcXjj\j+
`
`O_\ \og\i‘d\ek nXj Zfe[lZk\[ \ek‘i\cp fe k_\ dfY‘c\
`g_fe\ iXk_\i k_Xe j‘dlcXk‘e^ X dfY‘c\ g_fe\ b\pgX[ fe
`jfd\
`fk_\i
`[\m‘Z\+ <cc
`jf]knXi\)
`‘eZcl[‘e^
`k_fj\
`‘dgc\d\ek‘e^
`k_\
`k\ok
`\ekip
`k\Z_e‘hl\j)
`Xe[
`[XkX
`gi\j\ekXk‘fe Xe[ Zfcc\Zk‘fe jf]knXi\ lj\[ ‘e k_\ \og\i‘d\ek
`iXe fe k_\ g_fe\+ If Zfee\Zk‘fe kf Xe \ok\ieXc Zfdglk‘e^
`[\m‘Z\ Y\pfe[ k_\ k‘ck j\ejfi nXj i\hl‘i\[+ J] k_\ dXafi
`k\Z_e‘hl\j ]fi k\ok \ekip ‘ekf dfY‘c\ g_fe\j \mXclXk\[ ‘e
`k_\ c‘k\iXkli\ fm\i k_\ cXjk j\m\iXc p\Xij) k_‘j j\\dj kf Y\ k_\
`]‘ijk kf [f jf fe Xe XZklXc dfY‘c\ g_fe\ b\pgX[ , [‘jgcXp+
`R\ Y\c‘\m\ k_Xk k_‘j _\cgj kf dfi\ Zcfj\cp i\gi\j\ek i\Xc
`lj\) Xe[ jf \e_XeZ\j
`k_\ \ok\ieXc mXc‘[‘kp f] fli
`\og\i‘d\ek+
`
`Jli 8QIPG<?M ‘dgc\d\ekXk‘fe lj\[ k_\ ‘62Zctj Yl‘ck*‘e
`8QIPG<?M \e^‘e\) n‘k_ X / j\Zfe[ k‘d\flk Xe[ k‘d\flk b‘cc+
`R\ fecp Zfej‘[\i\[ cfn\iZXj\ k\ok \ekip ‘e k_‘j \mXclXk‘fe+
`<j jlZ_) k_\ 8QIPG<?M \e^‘e\ nXj df[‘]‘\[ jc‘^_kcp kf
`i\dfm\ Z_XiXZk\ij ]ifd k_\ b\p dXgg‘e^ k_Xk n\i\ efk fe
`k_\ ]XZ\ f] k_\ Ylkkfe) jf k_Xk k_\ fgk‘fej XmX‘cXYc\ n\i\
`fecp k_\ cfn\i ZXj\ c\kk\ij Xe[ eld\iXc fe k_\ b\p+ O_‘j
`dXkZ_\j k_\ kiX[‘k‘feXc 8QIPG<?M ‘dgc\d\ekXk‘fe ‘e gXjk
`\og\i‘d\ekj) jlZ_ Xj 7CPPCN>GOC V6W +
`
`/6GI?8?E6CIH
`O\e gXik‘Z‘gXekj mfclek\\i\[ ]fi k_\ \og\i‘d\ek+ O_\p n\i\
`i\Zil‘k\[ ]ifd n‘k_‘e k_\ le‘m\ij‘kp Zfddle‘kp+ O_\i\
`n\i\ 2 d\e Xe[ 2 nfd\e f] n_fd 0 n\i\ c\]k*_Xe[\[ Xe[
`4 i‘^_k*_Xe[\[+ KXik‘Z‘gXekj n\i\ gi\*jZi\\e\[ jf k_Xk ef
`fe\ n‘k_ Xep \og\i‘\eZ\ Zfdgfj‘e^ k\ok lj‘e^ \‘k_\i
`k\Z_e‘hl\ nXj ‘eZcl[\[+ KXik‘Z‘gXekj [‘[ efk i\Z\‘m\ Xep
`kXe^‘Yc\ Zfdg\ejXk‘fe ]fi k_\‘i gXik‘Z‘gXk‘fe+
`
`84
`
`

`
`/GD8;9JG;
`KXik‘Z‘gXekj \ek\i\[ j_fik g_iXj\j f] k\ok j\c\Zk\[ ]ifd
`Xdfe^ k_fj\ ‘e HXZF\eq‘\tj @e^c‘j_ g_iXj\ [‘Zk‘feXip
`%nnn+pfibl+ZX,dXZb,g_iXj\j/+kok&+ O_\j\ g_iXj\j n\i\
`Z_fj\e Y\ZXlj\ k_\p _Xm\ Y\\e lj\[ ‘e gi\m‘flj k\ok \ekip
`jkl[‘\j ‘emfcm‘e^ 8QIPG<?M V6W) Xccfn‘e^ lj kf c\m\iX^\ k_‘j
`gi\m‘flj nfib+ O_‘j Zfigljt _‘^_ Zfii\cXk‘fe f] ]i\hl\eZ‘\j
`f] c\kk\ij kf @e^c‘j_ ‘j X Y\e\]‘k) Xck_fl^_ ‘k [f\j efk kXb\
`‘ekf XZZflek XYYi\m‘Xk‘fej Zfddfecp lj\[ ‘e k\ok‘e^+
`
`O_\ [\j‘i\[ k\ok g_iXj\j n\i\ j_fne kf gXik‘Z‘gXekj fe k_\
`jZi\\e fe k_\ g_fe\+ Afi Zfej‘jk\eZp n‘k_ gXjk 8QIPG<?M
`\og\i‘d\ekj) gXik‘Z‘gXekj n\i\ ‘ejkilZk\[ kf \ek\i k\ok fecp
`n‘k_ k_\ k_ldY f] k_\ _Xe[ n‘k_ n_‘Z_ k_\p _\c[ k_\ g_fe\)
`Xe[ efk kf Z_Xe^\ _Xe[j [li‘e^ k_\ \og\i‘d\ek+
`
`O‘d‘e^ Y\^Xe n_\e gXik‘Z‘gXekj \ek\i\[ k_\ ]‘ijk Z_XiXZk\i
`f] k_\ g_iXj\) Xe[ \e[\[ n_\e k_\ g_iXj\ nXj \ek\i\[
`Zfdgc\k\cp Xe[ Zfii\Zkcp+ D] Xe \iife\flj Z_XiXZk\i nXj
`\ek\i\[) k_\ g_fe\ Xc\ik\[ k_\ lj\i Yp m‘YiXk‘e^) Xe[ k_\
`lj\i nXj
`i\hl‘i\[ kf Zfii\Zk
`k_\‘i \iifi+ R‘k_ k_‘j
`gifZ\[li\) k_\ \e[ i\jlck ‘j \iifi*]i\\ ‘e k_\ j\ej\ k_Xk k_\
`Zfii\Zk g_iXj\ ‘j ZXgkli\[+ <cjf) k_\ g_iXj\ Zfdgc\k‘fe k‘d\
`‘eZfigfiXk\j k_\ k‘d\ kXb\e kf Zfii\Zk ]fi \iifij+
`
`=\]fi\ Y\^‘ee‘e^ \XZ_ ki\Xkd\ek) gXik‘Z‘gXekj n\i\ kfc[ kf
`i\X[ Xe[ le[\ijkXe[ k_\ [‘jgcXp\[ g_iXj\ Y\]fi\ \ek\i‘e^ ‘k)
`Xe[ n\i\ ^‘m\e ‘ejkilZk‘fej ]fi k_Xk ki\Xkd\ek Xj ]fccfnj7
`
`kf \ek\i X Z_XiXZk\i lj‘e^ k_\
`8QIPG<?M ‘ejkilZk‘fej7
`8QIPG<?M k\Z_e‘hl\) ]‘ijk ]‘e[ k_\ b\p k_Xk ‘j cXY\c\[ n‘k_
`k_Xk Z_XiXZk\i+ Ki\jj k_Xk b\p i\g\Xk\[cp lek‘c k_\ [\j‘i\[
`Z_XiXZk\i ‘j i\XZ_\[+ Ki\jj feZ\ ]fi k_\ ]‘ijk Z_XiXZk\i)
`kn‘Z\ ]fi k_\ j\Zfe[) k_i\\ k‘d\j ]fi k_\ k_‘i[) Xe[) ‘]
`gi\j\ek) ]fli k‘d\j ]fi k_\ ]flik_+ JeZ\ pfl _Xm\ ]fle[ k_\
`Zfii\Zk c\kk\i) Xe[ Xi\ i\X[p ]fi k_\ e\ok fe\) pfl j‘dgcp
`i\g\Xk k_\ gifZ\jj+ D] k_\ c\kk\i pfl n‘j_ kf \ek\i e\ok ‘j fe
`k_\ jXd\ b\p) pfl dljk ]‘ijk \‘k_\i gi\jj k_\ ui‘^_kv Xiifn
`fe k_\ g_fe\ fi nX‘k knf j\Zfe[j ]fi k_\ Zlijfi kf X[mXeZ\+
`
`<GIP<CTP ‘ejkilZk‘fej7 O_\ k\Z_e‘hl\ nfibj Yp k‘ck‘e^ k_\
`g_fe\ ‘e k_\ [‘i\Zk‘fe f] k_\ c\kk\i pfl n‘j_ kf \ek\i) k_\e
`gi\jj‘e^ k_\ b\p fe n_‘Z_ ‘k ‘j ‘ejZi‘Y\[+ Afi k_\ ]‘ijk c\kk\i)
`k‘ck c\]k+ Afi k_\ j\Zfe[ c\kk\i) k‘ck ]finXi[+ Afi k_\ k_‘i[
`c\kk\i) k‘ck kf k_\ i‘^_k+ Afi k_\ ]flik_ c\kk\i) k‘ck kfnXi[j pfl+
`O_\ [‘i\Zk‘fe f] k‘ck ‘j d\Xjli\[ i\cXk‘m\ kf k_\ uZ\eki\v fi
`ufi‘^‘ev gfj‘k‘fe f] k_\ g_fe\+ Tfl ZXe i\j\k k_\ fi‘^‘e Xk
`Xep k‘d\ Yp gi\jj‘e^ k_\ % b\p+
`
`i\c\mXek
`k_\
`[\dfejkiXk\[
`k_\e
`\og\i‘d\ek\i
`O_\
`k\Z_e‘hl\+ Of \ejli\ k_Xk gXik‘Z‘gXekj le[\ijkff[ _fn k_\
`k\Z_e‘hl\ nfib\[) k_\p n\i\ Xjb\[ kf \ek\i X j‘e^c\ g_iXj\
`k_Xk nflc[ i\hl‘i\ k‘ck‘e^ ‘e Xcc ]fli [‘i\Zk‘fej ]fi <GIP<CTP)
`fi knf jlZZ\jj‘m\ c\kk\ij fe k_\ jXd\ b\p ]fi 8QIPG<?M#
`
`<[[‘k‘feXc ‘ejkilZk‘fej n\i\ ^‘m\e ]fi Yfk_ k\Z_e‘hl\j kf
`[\jZi‘Y\ jgXZ\ Xe[ [\c\k\ b\pj) Xj n\cc Xj kf \ek\i Xe \okiX
`jgXZ\ Xk k_\ \e[ f] k_\ g_iXj\ kf ‘e[‘ZXk\ Zfdgc\k‘fe+ O_\
`gifZ\jj ]fi \iifi Zfii\Zk‘fe nXj Xcjf \ogcX‘e\[ kf k_\d+
`KXik‘Z‘gXekj n\i\ Xcjf [‘i\Zk\[ kf i\jk Xj k_\p c‘b\[ Y\kn\\e
`g_iXj\j) Ylk kf Zfek‘el\ Xj hl‘Zbcp Xj gfjj‘Yc\ feZ\ k_\p
`_X[ jkXik\[ \ek\i‘e^ X g_iXj\+
`
`%;H?=C
`< n‘k_‘e*jlYa\Zkj [\j‘^e nXj lj\[+ KXik‘Z‘gXekj n\i\
`iXe[fdcp Xjj‘^e\[ kf knf ^iflgj f] 2 gXik‘Z‘gXekj \XZ_+
`O_\ ]‘ijk ^iflg g\i]fid\[ k_\ \og\i‘d\ek n‘k_ k_\
`8QIPG<?M k\Z_e‘hl\ ]‘ijk) ]fccfn\[ Yp <GIP<CTP) n_‘c\ k_\
`j\Zfe[ ^iflg [‘[ ‘k ‘e k_\ i\m\ij\ fi[\i+
`
`Afi \XZ_ k\Z_e‘hl\) gXik‘Z‘gXekj n\i\ Xjb\[ kf Zfdgc\k\
`knf j\jj‘fej f] 5 YcfZbj f] ki‘Xcj \XZ_+ @XZ_ YcfZb i\hl‘i\[
`k_\ \ekip f] / ‘[\ek‘ZXc giXZk‘Z\ g_iXj\j) ]fccfn\[ Yp /-
`[‘]]\i\ek g_iXj\j iXe[fdcp j\c\Zk\[ ]ifd k_\ Zfiglj+ O_\
`j\c\Zk‘fe f] g_iXj\j ]fi \XZ_ f] k_\ .3 YcfZbj n\i\ [fe\
`Y\]fi\ k_\ \og\i‘d\ek) Xe[ gi\j\ek\[ ‘e k_\ jXd\ fi[\i kf
`\XZ_ gXik‘Z‘gXek+ K_iXj\j n\i\ j\c\Zk\[ jlZ_ k_Xk Xcc YcfZbj
`_X[ j‘d‘cXi Xm\iX^\ g_iXj\ c\e^k_+ O_\ jXd\ j\k f] g_iXj\j
`Xe[ YcfZbj n\i\ lj\[ ]fi Yfk_ k\Z_e‘hl\j+ De fk_\i nfi[j)
`Xcc gXik‘Z‘gXekj n\i\ i\hl‘i\[ kf \ek\i ‘[\ek‘ZXc g_iXj\j ‘e
`k_\ jXd\ fi[\i) k_\ fecp [‘]]\i\eZ\ Y\‘e^ n_‘Z_ k\Z_e‘hl\
`k_\p lj\[ ]‘ijk+ KXik‘Z‘gXekj n\i\ Xjb\[ kf i\jk ]fi Xk c\Xjk 2
`d‘elk\j Y\kn\\e \XZ_ YcfZb) Xe[ \XZ_ j\jj‘fe f] 5 YcfZbj
`\XZ_ nXj Zfe[lZk\[ fe j\gXiXk\ [Xpj+ <k c\Xjk /1 _flij
`gXjj\[ Y\kn\\e j\jj‘fej ]fi k_\ [‘]]\i\ek
`k\Z_e‘hl\j kf
`c‘d‘k ‘ek\i]\i\eZ\+ De jlddXip) k_\ [\j‘^e nXj Xj ]fccfnj7
`
`.- gXik‘Z‘gXekj Y
`/ k\Z_e‘hl\j %8QIPG<?M Xe[ <GIP<CTP& Y
`/ j\jj‘fej g\i k\Z_e‘hl\ Y
`5 YcfZbj g\i j\jj‘fe Y
`/- g_iXj\j g\i YcfZb %\oZcl[‘e^ giXZk‘Z\ g_iXj\j&
`9 31-- g_iXj\j \ek\i\[ ‘e kfkXc+
`
`0;HJAIH
`$.@. ,A99.>E
`O_\ [XkX Zfcc\Zk\[ ]ifd .- gXik‘Z‘gXekj kffb Xe Xm\iX^\ f]
`.-+0 d‘elk\j g\i YcfZb+ < kfkXc f] .1203- Zfii\Zk
`Z_XiXZk\ij f] ‘eglk n\i\ \ek\i\[ ]fi k_\ 31-- g_iXj\j+
`
`*5E?60.8 #<93<>@
`Nfd\ gXik‘Z‘gXekj i\gfik\[ k_Xk k_\‘i k_ldY Y\ZXd\ jfi\
`n_‘c\ lj‘e^ Yfk_ k\Z_e‘hl\j+ R_\e k_‘j nXj i\gfik\[) k_\
`gXik‘Z‘gXekj n\i\ \eZfliX^\[ kf i\jk lek‘c
`k_\p ]\ck
`Zfd]fikXYc\ kf gifZ\\[+ If gXik‘Z‘gXek i\gfik\[ gX‘e fi
`[‘jZfd]fik ‘e k_\‘i ni‘jk fi Xidj+
`
`-2D@ %;@>E ,=221
`R\ lj\ k_\ jkXe[Xi[ ngd %nfi[j*g\i*d‘elk\& d\Xjli\ kf
`[\jZi‘Y\ k\ok \ekip jg\\[+ O_‘j ‘j kiX[‘k‘feXccp ZXcZlcXk\[ Xj
`Z_XiXZk\ij g\i j\Zfe[ ’ 3- , 2+ =\ZXlj\ k‘d‘e^ ‘e fli
`\og\i‘d\ek jkXik\[ fecp X]k\i \ek\i‘e^ k_\ ]‘ijk Z_XiXZk\i)
`k_Xk Z_XiXZk\i j_flc[ efk Y\ ‘eZcl[\[ ‘e ZXcZlcXk‘fej f]
`\ekip jg\\[+ O_lj) ]fi k_\ gligfj\j f] k_\j\ ZfdglkXk‘fej)
`k_\ c\e^k_ f] X g_iXj\ ‘j e*. Z_XiXZk\ij+ <cjf) kf j‘^e‘]p
`Zfdgc\k‘fe) lj\ij _X[ kf \ek\i Xe \okiX jgXZ\ Xk k_\ \e[ f]
`\XZ_ g_iXj\+ Cfn\m\i) fli k‘d‘e^ Zfej‘[\ij k_\ \ekip f] k_\
`cXjk i\Xc Z_XiXZk\i f] k_\ g_iXj\ kf Y\ k_\ \e[ k‘d\+
`
`O_\ Xm\iX^\ k\ok \ekip jg\\[ ]fi Xcc YcfZbj n\i\ ..+43 ngd
`Xe[ .-+.. ngd ]fi <GIP<CTP Xe[ 8QIPG<?M i\jg\Zk‘m\cp+
`Jm\iXcc) <GIP<CTP nXj .3+0" ]Xjk\i k_Xe 8QIPG<?M#
`
`O_\ d\Xej ]fi k_\ ]‘ijk YcfZb f] ki‘Xcj n\i\ 4+1/ ngd Xe[
`4+20 ngd)
`]fi <GIP<CTP
`Xe[ 8QIPG<?M i\jg\Zk‘m\cp+
`
`85
`
`

`
`K\i]fidXeZ\ ‘e Yfk_ k\Z_e‘hl\j ‘eZi\Xj\[ jk\X[‘cp) n‘k_ k_\
`d\Xej ]fi k_\ cXjk %.3k_& YcfZb f] ki‘Xcj f] .0+24 ngd ]fi
`<GIP<CTP Xe[ ..+-1 ngd ]fi 8QIPG<?M+ R_‘c\ jlYa\Zkj
`g\i]fid\[ dXi^‘eXccp Y\kk\i n‘k_ 8QIPG<?M ‘e‘k‘Xccp) k_\p
`‘dgifm\[ Zfej‘[\iXYcp ]Xjk\i n‘k_ <GIP<CTP) n‘k_ k_\ jgi\X[
`Y\kn\\e k_\ k\Z_e‘hl\j i\XZ_‘e^ //+6" ‘e ]Xmfli f]
`<GIP<CTP Yp k_\ \e[ f] k_\ \og\i‘d\ek+
`
`<eXcpj‘j f] mXi‘XeZ\ ‘e[‘ZXk\[ j‘^e‘]‘ZXek dX‘e \]]\Zkj ]fi
`k\Z_e‘hl\ %2.)5 9 3.2+5) M 8 +---.&) Xe[ YcfZb %2.2)./- 9
`.12+/) M 8 +---.&+ O_\i\ nXj Xcjf X j‘^e‘]‘ZXek k\Z_e‘hl\ Y
`YcfZb ‘ek\iXZk‘fe %2.2)./- 9 /-+2) M 8 +---.&) ‘e[‘ZXk‘e^ k_Xk
`gXik‘Z‘gXekj ‘dgifm\[ Xk [‘]]\i\ek iXk\j ]fi k_\ [‘]]\i\ek
`k\Z_e‘hl\j+ A‘^li\ 1 ‘ccljkiXk\j k_\j\ \]]\Zkj+
`
`O_\ lj\ f] X n‘k_‘e*jlYa\Zkj [\j‘^e ‘e fli \og\i‘d\ek
`iX‘j\j k_\ gfjj‘Y‘c‘kp f] kiXej]\i \]]\Zkj+ R\ Xkk\dgk\[ kf
`YXcXeZ\ k_\j\ kiXej]\i \]]\Zkj Yp Xjj‘^e‘e^ jlYa\Zkj kf knf
`[‘]]\i\ek ^iflgj) fe\ ^iflg lj‘e^ <GIP<CTP ]‘ijk ]fccfn\[ Yp
`8QIPG<?M) Xe[ k_\ fk_\i ^iflg [f‘e^ ‘k ‘e k_\ i\m\ij\ fi[\i+
`Cfn\m\i)
`Xj
`Kflckfe
`V..W
`gf‘ekj
`flk)
`]fi
`k_‘j
`Zflek\iYXcXeZ‘e^ kf nfib) Xep jb‘cc kiXej]\i k_Xk fZZlij
`dljk Y\ jpdd\ki‘Z+ <eXcpj‘j f] mXi‘XeZ\ j_fn\[ X
`j‘^e‘]‘ZXek fi[\i Y k\Z_e‘hl\ ‘ek\iXZk‘fe %2.2)./- 9 15.+2) M
`8 +---.&)
`‘e[‘ZXk‘e^ k_Xk fli gXik‘Z‘gXekj
`\o_‘Y‘k\[
`?OUJJCPNGA kiXej]\i \]]\Zkj+ O_‘j \jj\ek‘Xccp d\Xej k_Xk
`gXik‘Z‘gXekjt \og\i‘\eZ\ n‘k_ k_\ ]‘ijk k\Z_e‘hl\ k_\p lj\[
`X]]\Zk\[ k_\‘i g\i]fidXeZ\ n‘k_ k_\ j\Zfe[ k\Z_e‘hl\ Yp
`[‘]]\i\ek Xdflekj [\g\e[‘e^ fe n_\k_\i k_\ ]‘ijk k\Z_e‘hl\
`nXj <GIP<CTP fi 8QIPG<?M+ <j jlZ_) n\ [‘[ X[[‘k‘feXc
`XeXcpj\j Yp cffb‘e^ fecp Xk k_\ [XkX ]fi k_\ ]‘ijk k\Z_e‘hl\
`gXik‘Z‘gXekj g\i]fid\[ %‘+\+) _Xc] k_\ \og\i‘d\ekXc [XkX&+
`O_‘j ‘e \]]\Zk i\jlckj ‘e X Y\kn\\e*jlYa\Zkj [\j‘^e+ <eXcpj‘j
`f] k_‘j [XkX ‘e[‘ZXk\[ \]]\Zkj j‘d‘cXi kf k_Xk f] k_\ ]lcc
`n‘k_‘e*jlYa\Zkj [XkX j\k7
`j‘^e‘]‘ZXek dX‘e \]]\Zkj
`]fi
`k\Z_e‘hl\ %2.)5 9 ./-+6) M 8 +---.&) YcfZb %2.2)./- 9 5-+3) M
`8 +---.&) Xe[ X j‘^e‘]‘ZXek k\Z_e‘hl\ Y YcfZb ‘ek\iXZk‘fe
`%2.2)./- 9 .1+2) M 8 +---.&+ A‘^li\ 2 ‘ccljkiXk\j k_\j\ \]]\Zkj+
`
`Aifd fli XeXcpj‘j Xe[ A‘^li\ 2) n\ j\\ k_Xk n‘k_flk gi‘fi
`\og\i‘\eZ\ n‘k_ \‘k_\i
`k\Z_e‘hl\) <GIP<CTP jkXik\[ flk
`g\i]fid‘e^ nfij\ k_Xe 8QIPG<?M! fecp Zifjj‘e^ fm\i Xk
`YcfZb 1+ O_‘j ‘j c‘b\cp Y\ZXlj\ <GIP<CTP i\hl‘i\[ gXik‘Z‘gXekj
`kf dXjk\i knf [‘jk‘eZkcp [‘]]\i\ek dfkfi jb‘ccj7 gi\jj‘e^ k_\
`b\p) Xe[ k‘ck‘e^ k_\ g_fe\+ R_\i\Xj 8QIPG<?M i\hl‘i\[ fecp
`X j‘e^c\ kpg\ f] dfkfi XZk‘fe7 dlck‘gc\ gi\jj\j f] k_\ b\p+
`
`A‘^li\ 3 j_fnj [XkX X]k\i gXik‘Z‘gXekj jn‘kZ_\[ k\Z_e‘hl\j
`%‘+\+) k_\ j\Zfe[ _Xc] f] k_\ \og\i‘d\ek&+ R\ j\\ _\i\ k_Xk
`<GIP<CTP jkXikj f]] ]Xjk\i k_Xe 8QIPG<?M)
`‘e[‘ZXk‘e^ k_Xk
`gXik‘Z‘gXekjt n\i\ XYc\ kf kXb\ X[mXekX^\ f] Xe[ kiXej]\i
`k_\‘i gi\m‘flj \og\i‘\eZ\ n‘k_ 8QIPG<?M ‘e k_\ ]‘ijk _Xc] f]
`k_\ \og\i‘d\ek+ O_‘j ‘j X gfj‘k‘m\ ‘e[‘ZXk‘fe j‘eZ\ ‘k d\Xej
`k_Xk i\Xc lj\ij n‘k_ cfkj f] \og\i‘\eZ\ n‘k_ 8QIPG<?M ZXe
`kiXej]\i Xk c\Xjk jfd\ f] k_Xk jb‘cc ‘] k_\p jn‘kZ_ kf <GIP<CTP#
`Ifk\) _fn\m\i) k_Xk k_\i\ ‘j hl‘k\ X Y‘k dfi\ mXi‘XY‘c‘kp ‘e
`k_\ g\i]fidXeZ\ ]fi <GIP<CTP) Xj ‘e[‘ZXk\[ Yp k_\ gffi\i ]‘k
`f] k_\ gfn\i Zlim\ Xj ZfdgXi\[ kf A‘^li\j 1 Xe[ 2+ O_‘j
`‘e[‘ZXk\j k_Xk gXik‘Z‘gXekj \og\i‘\eZ\[ jfd\ c\m\c f]
`‘ek\i]\i\eZ\ [l\ kf gi\m‘flj \og\i‘\eZ\ n‘k_ 8QIPG<?M+
`
`7JHVSF +& 6OUSZ TQFFE "XQN# CZ UFDIOJRVF BOE CMPDL
`GPS FOUJSF FYQFSJNFOU& 3FTU%GJU QPXFS MBX PG MFBSOJOH
`DVSWF TIPXT QSPKFDUFE QSPHSFTT CFZPOE UIF
`NFBTVSFE EBUB JO UIF GJSTU (- CMPDLT&
`
`7JHVSF ,& 6OUSZ TQFFE "XQN# CZ UFDIOJRVF BOE CMPDL$
`GPS UIF GJSTU IBMG PG UIF FYQFSJNFOU$ /23<>2 QBSUJDJQBOUT
`TXJUDIFE UFDIOJRVFT& 3FTU%GJU QPXFS MBX PG MFBSOJOH
`DVSWF TIPXT QSPKFDUFE QSPHSFTT CFZPOE UIF
`NFBTVSFE EBUB JO UIF GJSTU (- CMPDLT&
`
`7JHVSF -& 6OUSZ TQFFE "XQN# CZ UFDIOJRVF BOE CMPDL$
`GPS UIF TFDPOE IBMG PG UIF FYQFSJNFOU$ .3@2>
`QBSUJDJQBOUT TXJUDIFE UFDIOJRVFT& 3FTU%GJU QPXFS MBX
`PG MFBSOJOH DVSWF TIPXT QSPKFDUFE QSPHSFTT CFZPOE
`UIF NFBTVSFE EBUB JO UIF GJSTU (- CMPDLT&
`
`86
`
`

`
`n_\i\ 0" f] Z_XiXZk\ij \ek\i\[ ‘e k_\ 8QIPG<?M ki‘Xcj n\i\
`@QPPLK CNNLNO) Ylk fecp .+2" f] Z_XiXZk\ij \ek\i\[ ‘e
`<GIP<CTP j_fn\[ k_‘j kpg\ f] \iifi+
`
`*’
`
`),
`
`)’
`
`(,
`
`(’
`
`,
`
`’
`
`?JMU?FYU
`
`9VMUJ?BQ
`
`(
`
`)
`
`*
`
`+
`
`,
`
`-
`
`.
`
`/
`
`0 (’ (( () (* (+ (, (-
`
`3MPDL
`
`7JHVSF .& 6SSPS SBUFT "!# CZ UFDIOJRVF BOE CMPDL GPS
`FOUJSF FYQFSJNFOU
`
`*’
`
`),
`
`)’
`
`(,
`
`(’
`
`,
`
`’
`
`?JMU?FYU
`
`9VMUJ?BQ
`
`(
`
`)
`
`*
`
`+
`
`,
`
`-
`
`.
`
`/
`
`0 (’ (( () (* (+ (, (-
`
`3MPDL
`
`7JHVSF /& 6SSPS SBUFT "!# CZ UFDIOJRVF BOE CMPDL GPS
`UIF GJSTU IBMG PG UIF FYQFSJNFOU$ /23<>2 QBSUJDJQBOUT
`TXJUDIFE UFDIOJRVFT
`
`*’
`
`),
`
`)’
`
`(,
`
`(’
`
`,
`
`’
`
`?JMU?FYU
`
`9VMUJ?BQ
`
`6SSPSSBUF"!#
`
`6SSPSSBUF"!#
`
`6SSPSSBUF"!#
`
`(
`
`)
`
`*
`
`+
`
`,
`
`-
`
`.
`
`0
`/
`3MPDL
`
`(’ (( () (* (+ (, (-
`
`7JHVSF 0& 6SSPS SBUFT "!# CZ UFDIOJRVF BOE CMPDL GPS
`UIF TFDPOE IBMG PG UIF FYQFSJNFOU$ .3@2> QBSUJDJQBOUT
`TXJUDIFE UFDIOJRVFT
`
`M\ZfeZ‘c‘e^ k_‘j cfn @QPPLK CNNLN iXk\ n‘k_ k_\ _‘^_ fm\iXcc
`\iifi iXk\ ]fi <GIP<CTP) ‘k ‘j Zc\Xi k_Xk dfjk f] k_\ \iifij
`Zfdd‘kk\[ n_‘

This document is available on Docket Alarm but you must sign up to view it.


Or .

Accessing this document will incur an additional charge of $.

After purchase, you can access this document again without charge.

Accept $ Charge
throbber

Still Working On It

This document is taking longer than usual to download. This can happen if we need to contact the court directly to obtain the document and their servers are running slowly.

Give it another minute or two to complete, and then try the refresh button.

throbber

A few More Minutes ... Still Working

It can take up to 5 minutes for us to download a document if the court servers are running slowly.

Thank you for your continued patience.

This document could not be displayed.

We could not find this document within its docket. Please go back to the docket page and check the link. If that does not work, go back to the docket and refresh it to pull the newest information.

Your account does not support viewing this document.

You need a Paid Account to view this document. Click here to change your account type.

Your account does not support viewing this document.

Set your membership status to view this document.

With a Docket Alarm membership, you'll get a whole lot more, including:

  • Up-to-date information for this case.
  • Email alerts whenever there is an update.
  • Full text search for other cases.
  • Get email alerts whenever a new case matches your search.

Become a Member

One Moment Please

The filing “” is large (MB) and is being downloaded.

Please refresh this page in a few minutes to see if the filing has been downloaded. The filing will also be emailed to you when the download completes.

Your document is on its way!

If you do not receive the document in five minutes, contact support at support@docketalarm.com.

Sealed Document

We are unable to display this document, it may be under a court ordered seal.

If you have proper credentials to access the file, you may proceed directly to the court's system using your government issued username and password.


Access Government Site

We are redirecting you
to a mobile optimized page.





Document Unreadable or Corrupt

Refresh this Document
Go to the Docket

We are unable to display this document.

Refresh this Document
Go to the Docket