9/28/2015
`
`Digital video recorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`Digital video recorder
`
`From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`A digital video recorder (DVR), sometimes referred to
`by the merchandising term personal video recorder
`(PVR), is a consumer electronics device or application
`software that records video in a digital format to a disk
`drive, USB flash drive, SD memory card, SSD or other
`local or networked mass storage device. The term
`includes set-top boxes (STB) with direct to disk
`recording facility, portable media players (PMP) with
`recording, TV gateways with network and local recordings,
`recorders (PMR) as camcorders that record onto Secure Digital
`memory cards and software for personal computers which
`enables video capture and playback to and from a hard disk
`drive.[1] A television set with built-in digital video-recording
`facilities was introduced by LG in 2007,[2] followed by other
`manufacturers.
`
`Foxtel iQ, a combined digital video recorder and
`satellite receiver.
`
`V+, a combined digital video recorder and
`cable TV receiver.
`
`Contents
`
`1 History
`1.1 Hard-disk based digital video recorders
`1.2 Introduction of dual tuners
`2 Integrated TV-set digital video recorders
`3 VESA compatible digital video recorders
`4 PC-based digital video recorders
`5 Over-the-air digital video recorders
`6 NAS DVR
`6.1 Linux
`6.2 Mac OS
`6.3 Windows
`7 Source video
`7.1 Analog sources overview
`7.1.1 Analog broadcast copy protection
`7.2 Digital sources overview
`7.2.1 ATSC broadcast
`7.2.1.1 Copy protection
`7.2.2 DVB
`7.2.3 Digital cable and satellite television
`7.2.4 DVD
`7.2.5 Digital camcorders
`8 File formats, resolutions and file systems
`9 Applications
`9.1 TV recording
`9.2 Security
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder
`
`1/15
`
`ATI Technologies ULC
`Ex. 2010
`LG Electronics, Inc. v. ATI Technologies ULC
`IPR2015-00321
`
`

`
`9/28/2015
`
`Digital video recorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`9.2.1 Hardware features
`9.2.2 Software features
`10 Privacy concerns
`11 The future of TV advertisements
`12 Patent and copyright litigation
`13 See also
`14 Notes
`15 References
`16 External links
`
`History
`
`Hard-disk based digital video recorders
`
`Consumer digital video recorders ReplayTV and TiVo were
`launched at the 1999 Consumer Electronics Show in Las
`Vegas, USA.[3] Microsoft also demonstrated a unit with
`DVR capability, but this did not become available until the
`end of 1999 for full DVR features in Dish Network's
`DISHplayer receivers. TiVo shipped their first units on
`March 31, 1999. ReplayTV won the "Best of Show" award
`in the video category[4] with Netscape co-founder Marc
`Andreessen as an early investor and board member,[5] but
`TiVo was more successful commercially. While early legal
`action by media companies forced ReplayTV to remove
`many features such as automatic commercial skip and the
`sharing of recordings over the Internet,[6] newer devices
`have steadily regained these functions while adding complementary abilities, such as recording onto DVDs
`and programming and remote control facilities using PDAs, networked PCs, and Web browsers.
`
`Back view of a TiVo Series2 5xx-generation
`unit.
`
`Hard-disk based digital video recorders make the "time shifting" feature (traditionally done by a VCR)
`much more convenient, and also allow for "trick modes" such as pausing live TV, instant replay of
`interesting scenes, chasing playback where a recording can be viewed before it has been completed, and
`skipping of advertising. Most DVRs use the MPEG format for compressing the digitized video signals.[7]
`Video recording capabilities have become an essential part of the modern set-top box, as TV viewers have
`wanted to take control of their viewing experiences. As consumers have been able to converge increasing
`amounts of video content on their set-tops, delivered by traditional ‘broadcast’ cable, satellite and terrestrial
`as well as IP networks, the ability to capture programming and view it whenever they want has become a
`must-have function for many consumers.
`
`Digital video recorders tied to a video service
`
`At the 1999 CES, Dish Network demonstrated the hardware that would later have DVR capability with the
`assistance of Microsoft software.[8] which also included WebTV Networks internet TV.[8] By the end of
`1999 the Dishplayer had full DVR capabilities and within a year, over 200,000 units were sold.[9][10]
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder
`
`2/15
`
`ATI Technologies ULC
`Ex. 2010
`LG Electronics, Inc. v. ATI Technologies ULC
`IPR2015-00321
`
`

`
`9/28/2015
`Digital video recorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`In the UK, digital video recorders are often referred to as "plus boxes" (such as BSKYB's Sky+ and Virgin
`Media's V+ which integrates an HD capability, and the subscription free Freesat+ and Freeview+).
`Freeview+ have been around in the UK since the late 2000s. British Sky Broadcasting markets a popular
`combined receiver and DVR as Sky+. TiVo launched a UK model in 2000, and is no longer supported,
`except for third party services, and the continuation of TiVo through Virgin Media in 2010. South African
`based Africa Satellite TV beamer Multichoice recently launched their DVR which is available on their
`DStv platform. In addition to ReplayTV and TiVo, there are a number of other suppliers of digital terrestrial
`(DTT) DVRs, including Thomson, Topfield, Fusion, Pace Micro Technology, Humax, VBox
`Communications, AC Ryan Playon and Advanced Digital Broadcast (ADB).
`
`Many satellite, cable and IPTV companies are incorporating digital video recording functions into their set-
`top box, such as with DirecTiVo, DISHPlayer/DishDVR, Scientific Atlanta Explorer 8xxx from Time
`Warner, Total Home DVR from AT&T U-verse, Motorola DCT6412 from Comcast and others, Moxi
`Media Center by Digeo (available through Charter, Adelphia, Sunflower, Bend Broadband, and soon
`Comcast and other cable companies), or Sky+. Astro introduced their DVR system, called Astro MAX,
`which was the first PVR in Malaysia but was phased out two years after its introduction.
`
`In the case of digital television, there is no encoding necessary in the DVR since the signal is already a
`digitally encoded MPEG stream. The digital video recorder simply stores the digital stream directly to disk.
`Having the broadcaster involved with, and sometimes subsidizing, the design of the DVR can lead to
`features such as the ability to use interactive TV on recorded shows, pre-loading of programs, or directly
`recording encrypted digital streams. It can, however, also force the manufacturer to implement non-
`skippable advertisements and automatically expiring recordings.
`
`In the United States, the FCC has ruled that starting on July 1, 2007, consumers will be able to purchase a
`set-top box from a third-party company, rather than being forced to purchase or rent the set-top box from
`their cable company.[11] This ruling only applies to "navigation devices," otherwise known as a cable
`television set-top box, and not to the security functions that control the user’s access to the content of the
`cable operator.[12] The overall net effect on digital video recorders and related technology is unlikely to be
`substantial as standalone DVRs are currently readily available on the open market.
`
`In Europe Free-To-Air[13] and Pay TV[14] TV gateways with multiple tuners have whole house recording
`capabilities allowing recording of TV programs to Network Attached Storage or attached USB storage,
`recorded programs are then shared across the home network to tablet, smartphone, PC, Mac, Smart TV.
`
`Introduction of dual tuners
`
`In 2003 many Satellite and Cable providers introduced dual-tuner digital video recorders. In the UK,
`BSkyB introduced their first PVR Sky+ with dual tuner support in 2001.[15] These machines have two
`independent tuners within the same receiver. The main use for this feature is the capability to record a live
`program while watching another live program simultaneously or to record two programs at the same time,
`possibly while watching a previously recorded one. Kogan.com introduced a dual-tuner PVR in the
`Australian market allowing free-to-air television to be recorded on a removable hard drive. Some dual-tuner
`DVRs also have the ability to output to two separate television sets at the same time. The PVR
`manufactured by UEC (Durban, South Africa) and used by Multichoice and Scientific Atlanta 8300DVB
`PVR have the ability to view two programs while recording a third using a triple tuner.
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder
`
`3/15
`
`ATI Technologies ULC
`Ex. 2010
`LG Electronics, Inc. v. ATI Technologies ULC
`IPR2015-00321
`
`

`
`9/28/2015
`Digital video recorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`Where several digital subchannels are transmitted on a single RF channel, some PVRs can record two
`channels and view a third, so long as all three subchannels are on two channels (or one).[16]
`
`In the United States, DVRs were used by 32 percent of all TV households in 2009, and 38 percent by 2010,
`with viewership among 18- to 40-year-olds 40 percent higher in homes that have them.[17]
`Integrated TV-set digital video recorders
`
`Integrated LCD DVR
`
`Side view: Even with all the DVR components
`inside, the LCD monitor is still slim.
`Media type
`LCD DVR
`
`VESA Compatible DVR
`
`Digital video recorders are often integrated in the LCD
`and LED TV-sets. These systems let the user simplify the
`wiring and installation, because they do not use ports
`(SCART or HDMI), and they only need to use only one
`device and power and the same remote control instead of
`two.
`
`There are examples of security systems integrated into
`such DVRs, and thus they are capable of recording more
`input streams in parallel. Some of them include wireless
`ports such as (Bluetooth and Wi-Fi), so they can play and
`record files to or from cellular phones and other devices.
`Such devices can also be used as disguised observation
`systems, displaying pictures or videos as typical store
`display.
`VESA compatible digital video
`recorders
`
`VESA-compatible DVR are designed small and light
`enough to mount to the back of an LCD monitor that has
`clear access to VESA mounting holes (100×100mm).
`This allows users to use their own personal monitor to
`save on cost and space.
`PC-based digital video recorders
`
`Software and hardware is available which can turn
`personal computers running Microsoft Windows, Linux,
`and Mac OS X into DVRs, and is a popular option for
`home-theater PC (HTPC) enthusiasts.
`Over-the-air digital video recorders
`
`Standalone over-the-air (OTA) digital video recorders are
`hardware-based set-top-boxes that use an HDTV antenna
`to record over-the-air broadcast television signals.
`
`The underside of a VESA compatible DVR
`Media type
`DVR
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder
`
`4/15
`
`ATI Technologies ULC
`Ex. 2010
`LG Electronics, Inc. v. ATI Technologies ULC
`IPR2015-00321
`
`

`
`9/28/2015
`Digital video recorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`Several companies have launched over-the-air DVR
`products for the consumer market over the past few
`years.[18]
`NAS DVR
`
`Developed by
`
`Lorex Technology
`
`An increasing number of pay-TV operators are offering their subscribers the ability to create their own
`digital recording platform capable of storing video, audio, photos, etc. These customizable hardware and
`software platforms enable subscribers to attach their own network-attached storage (NAS) hard drives or
`solid-state/flash memory to set-tops which do not have their own internal storage. This minimizes an
`operator's investment, while offering subscribers the flexibility to create a digital recording solution that
`meets their specific requirements.
`
`Linux
`
`There are many free DVR applications available for Linux, each released as free and open source software:
`
`MythTV
`VDR
`LinuxMCE
`Kodi, formerly XBMC[19]
`
`Linux based TV gateway Whole House DVR - These Network Tuner, TV server connect to Satellite, Cable
`and Terrestrial TV by using multiple DVB tuners and convert the transport stream into IP packets for live
`viewing over IP networks and for recordings of live broadcast TV.
`
`VBox Home TV Gateway
`Tivo
`
`Mac OS
`
`Elgato makes a series of digital video recording devices called EyeTV. The software supplied with each
`device is also called EyeTV, and is available separately for use on compatible third-party tuners from
`manufacturers such as Pinnacle, TerraTec, and Hauppauge.
`
`SageTV provided DVR software for the Mac but no longer sells it.[20] Previously sold devices support the
`Hauppauge HVR-950, myTV.PVR and HDHomeRun hardware with its DVR software. SageTV software
`also included the ability to watch YouTube and other online video with a remote control.
`
`MythTV (see above) also runs under Mac OS X, but most recording devices are currently only supported
`under Linux. Precompiled binaries are available for the MythTV front-end, allowing a Mac to watch video
`from (and control) a MythTV server running under Linux.
`
`Apple provides applications in the FireWire software developer kit which allow any Mac with a FireWire
`port to record the MPEG2 transport stream from a FireWire equipped cable box (for example: Motorola
`DCT62xx, including HD streams). Applications can also change channels on the cable box via the firewire
`interface. Only broadcast channels can be recorded as the rest of the channels are encrypted. FireRecord
`(formerly iRecord) is a free scheduled-recording program derived from this SDK.
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder
`
`5/15
`
`ATI Technologies ULC
`Ex. 2010
`LG Electronics, Inc. v. ATI Technologies ULC
`IPR2015-00321
`
`

`
`9/28/2015
`Windows
`
`Digital video recorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`There are several free digital video recording applications available for Microsoft Windows including GB-
`PVR, MediaPortal, and Orb (web-based remote interface).
`
`There are also several commercial applications available including CyberLink, SageTV (which is no longer
`available after Google acquired it in June 2011), Beyond TV (which is considered discontinued despite an
`official announcement from SnapStream since the last update was October 2010 and they are concentrating
`on their enterprise search products), DVBViewer, Showshifter, InterVideo WinDVR, the R5000-HD and
`Meedio (now a dead product - Yahoo! bought most of the company's technology and discontinued the
`Meedio line, and rebranded the software Yahoo! Go - TV, which is now a free product but only works in
`the U.S.[21]). Most TV tuner cards come bundled with software which allows the PC to record television to
`hard disk. See TV tuner card. For example, Leadtek's WinFast DTV1000 digital TV card comes bundled
`with the WinFast PVR2 software, which can also record analog video from the card's composite video input
`socket.[22]
`
`Windows Media Center is a DVR software by Microsoft which was bundled with the Media Center edition
`of Windows XP, the Home Premium / Ultimate editions of Windows Vista, as well as most editions of
`Windows 7. When Windows 8 was released in 2012, Windows Media Center was not included with
`Windows 8 OEM or Retail installations, and was only available as a $15 add-on pack (including DVD
`Playback codecs) to Windows 8 Pro users.[23]
`Source video
`
`Television and video are terms that are sometimes used interchangeably, but differ in their technical
`meaning. Video is the visual portion of television, whereas television is the combination of video and audio
`modulated onto a carrier frequency (i.e., a television channel) for delivery. Most DVRs can record both.
`
`Analog sources overview
`
`The first digital video recorders were designed to record analog television in NTSC, PAL or SECAM
`formats.
`
`To record an analog signal a few steps are required. TV tuner card tunes into a particular frequency and
`then functions as a frame grabber, breaking the lines into individual pixels and quantizing them into a
`format that a computer can comprehend. Then the series of frames along with the audio (also sampled and
`quantized) are compressed into a manageable format, like MPEG-2, usually in software.
`
`Analog broadcast copy protection
`
`Many mass-produced consumer DVRs implement a copy-protection system called CGMS-A or Copy
`Generation Management System—Analog. This encodes a pair of bits in the VBI of the analog video signal
`that specify one of the following settings:
`
`Copying is freely allowed
`Copying is prohibited
`Only one copy of this material may be made
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder
`
`6/15
`
`ATI Technologies ULC
`Ex. 2010
`LG Electronics, Inc. v. ATI Technologies ULC
`IPR2015-00321
`
`

`
`9/28/2015
`
`Digital video recorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`This is a copy of material for which only one copy was allowed to be made, so no further copies are
`allowed.
`
`CGMS-A information may be present in analog broadcast TV signals, and is preserved when the signal is
`recorded and played back by analog VCRs, which of course do not understand the meanings of the bits. But
`the restrictions still come into effect when you try to copy the tape onto a PVR.
`
`DVRs such as TiVo also detect and act upon[24] analogue protection systems such as Macrovision and DCS
`Copy Protection which were originally designed to block copying on analog VCRs.
`
`Digital sources overview
`
`Recording digital signals is generally a straightforward capture of the binary MPEG data being received.
`No expensive hardware is required to quantize and compress the signal (as the television broadcaster has
`already done this in the studio).
`
`DVD-based PVRs available on the market as of 2006 are not capable of capturing the full range of the
`visual signal available with high definition television (HDTV). This is largely because HDTV standards
`were finalized at a later time than the standards for DVDs. However, DVD-based PVRs can still be used
`(albeit at reduced visual quality) with HDTV since currently available HDTV sets also have standard A/V
`connections.
`
`ATSC broadcast
`
`ATSC television broadcasting is primarily used in North America. The ATSC data stream can be directly
`recorded by a digital video recorder, though many DVRs record only a subset of this information (that can
`later be transferred to DVD). An ATSC DVR will also act as a set-top box, allowing older televisions or
`monitors to receive digital television.
`
`Copy protection
`
`The U.S. FCC attempted to limit the abilities of DVRs with its "broadcast flag" regulation. Digital video
`recorders that had not won prior approval from the FCC for implementing "effective" digital rights
`management would have been banned from interstate commerce from July 2005, but the regulation was
`struck down on May 6, 2005.
`
`DVB
`
`DVB digital television contains audio/visual signals that are broadcast over the air in a digital rather than
`analog format. The DVB data stream can be directly recorded by the DVR. Autonomous devices (this is,
`that can be used without a computer/tablet) that can store in an external hard disk drive are called a
`telememory.[25]
`
`Digital cable and satellite television
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder
`
`7/15
`
`ATI Technologies ULC
`Ex. 2010
`LG Electronics, Inc. v. ATI Technologies ULC
`IPR2015-00321
`
`

`
`9/28/2015
`Digital video recorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`Recording satellite or digital cable signals on a digital video recorder can be more complex than recording
`analog signals or broadcast digital signals. There are several different transmission schemes, and the video
`streams may be encrypted to restrict access to subscribers only.
`
`A satellite or cable set-top box both decrypts the signal if encrypted, and decodes the MPEG stream into an
`analog signal for viewing on the television. In order to record cable or satellite digital signals the signal
`must be captured after it has been decrypted but before it is decoded; this is how DVRs built into set-top
`boxes work.
`
`Cable and satellite providers often offer their own digital video recorders along with a service plan. These
`DVRs have access to the encrypted video stream, and generally enforce the provider's restrictions on
`copying of material even after recording.
`
`DVD
`
`Many DVD-based DVRs have the capability to copy content from a source DVD (ripping).
`
`In the U.S. this is prohibited under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act if the disc is encrypted. Most such
`DVRs will hence not allow recording of video streams from encrypted movie discs.
`
`Digital camcorders
`
`A digital camcorder combines a camera and a digital video recorder.
`
`Some DVD-based DVRs incorporate connectors that can be used to capture digital video from a camcorder.
`Some editing of the resulting DVD is usually possible, such as adding chapter points.
`
`Some digital video recorders can now record to solid state flash memory cards (called flash camcorders).
`They generally use Secure Digital cards, can include wireless connections (Bluetooth and Wi-Fi), and can
`play SWF files. There are some digital video recorders that combine video and graphics in real time to the
`flash card, called DTE or "direct to edit". These are used to speed-up the editing workflow in video and
`television production, since linear videotapes do not then need to be transferred to the edit workstation (see
`Non-linear editing system).
`File formats, resolutions and file systems
`
`DVRs can usually record and play H.264, MPEG-4 Part 2, MPEG-2 .mpg, MPEG-2 .TS, VOB and ISO
`images video, with MP3 and AC3 audio tracks. They can also display images (JPEG and PNG) and play
`music files (MP3 and Ogg).
`
`Some devices can be updated to play and record in new formats.
`
`Recordings from standard-definition television usually have 480p/i/576p/i while HDTV is usually in
`720p/1080i.
`
`DVRs usually record in proprietary file systems for copy protection, although some can use FAT file
`systems.
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder
`
`8/15
`
`ATI Technologies ULC
`Ex. 2010
`LG Electronics, Inc. v. ATI Technologies ULC
`IPR2015-00321
`
`

`
`9/28/2015
`
`Applications
`
`TV recording
`
`Digital video recorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`TV DVRs generally uses the electronic programming guide (EPG).
`
`Security
`
`Digital video recorders configured for physical security applications record video signals from closed-
`circuit television cameras for detection and documentation purposes. Many are designed to record audio as
`well. DVRs have evolved into devices that are feature rich and provide services that exceed the simple
`recording of video images that was previously done through VCRs. A DVR CCTV system provides a
`multitude of advanced functions over VCR technology including video searches by event, time, date and
`camera. There is also much more control over quality and frame rate allowing disk space usage to be
`optimized and the DVR can also be set to overwrite the oldest security footage should the disk become full.
`In some DVR security systems remote access to security footage using a PC can also be achieved by
`connecting the DVR to a LAN network or the Internet. Some of the latest professional digital video
`recorders include video analytics firmware, to enable functionality such as 'virtual tripwire' or even the
`detection of abandoned objects on the scene.
`
`Security DVRs may be categorized as being either PC-based or embedded. A PC-based DVR’s architecture
`is a classical personal computer with video capture cards designed to capture video images. An embedded
`type DVR is specifically designed as a digital video recorder with its operating system and application
`software contained in firmware or read-only memory.
`
`Hardware features
`
`Hardware features of security DVRs vary between manufacturers and may include but are not necessarily
`limited to:
`
`Designed for rack mounting or desktop configurations.
`Single or multiple video inputs with connector types consistent with the analogue or digital video
`provided such as coaxial cable, twisted pair or optical fiber cable. The most common number of
`inputs are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32. Systems may be configured with a very large number of inputs by
`networking or bussing individual DVRs together.
`Looping video outputs for each input which duplicates the corresponding input video signal and
`connector type. These output signals are used by other video equipment such as matrix switchers,
`multiplexers, and video monitors.
`Controlled outputs to external video display monitors.
`Front panel switches and indicators that allow the various features of the machine to be controlled.
`Network connections consistent with the network type and utilized to control features of the recorder
`and to send and/or receive video signals.
`Connections to external control devices such as keyboards.
`A connection to external pan-tilt-zoom drives that position cameras.
`Internal CD, DVD, VCR devices typically for archiving video.
`Connections to external storage media.
`Alarm event inputs from external security detection devices, usually one per video input.
`Alarm event outputs from internal detection features such as motion detection or loss of video.
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder
`
`9/15
`
`ATI Technologies ULC
`Ex. 2010
`LG Electronics, Inc. v. ATI Technologies ULC
`IPR2015-00321
`
`

`
`9/28/2015
`Software features
`
`Digital video recorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`Software features vary between manufacturers and may include but are not necessarily limited to:
`
`User selectable image capture rates either on an all input basis or input by input basis. The capture
`rate feature may be programmed to automatically adjust the capture rate on the occurrence of an
`external alarm or an internal event
`Selectable image resolution either on an all input basis or input by input basis. The image resolution
`feature may be programmed to automatically adjust the image resolution on the occurrence of an
`external alarm or an internal e vent.
`Compression methods determine quality of playback. H.264 hardware compression offers fast
`transfer rates over the Internet with high quality video.
`Motion detection: Provided on an input by input basis, this feature detects motion in the total image
`or a user definable portion of the image and usually provides sensitivity settings. Detection causes an
`internal event that may be output to external equipment and/or be used to trigger changes in other
`internal features.
`Lack of motion detection. Provided on an input by input basis, this feature detects the movement of
`an object into the field of view and remaining still for a user definable time. Detection causes an
`internal event that may be output to external equipment and/or used to trigger changes in other
`internal features.
`Direction of motion detection. Provided on an input by input basis, this feature detects the direction
`of motion in the image that has been determined by the user as an unacceptable occurrence. Detection
`causes an internal event that may be output to external equipment and/or be used to trigger changes in
`other internal features.
`Routing of input video to video monitors based on user inputs or automatically on alarms or events.
`Input, time and date stamping.
`Alarm and event logging on appropriate video inputs.
`Alarm and event search.
`One or more sound recording channels.
`Archival.
`Privacy concerns
`
`Some (very few), but certainly not all digital video recorders which are designed to send information to a
`service provider over a telephone line, Internet, (or any other way) can gather and send real-time data on
`users' viewing habits.[26]
`The future of TV advertisements
`
`Digital video recorders are also changing the way television programs advertise products. Watching pre-
`recorded programs allows users to fast-forward through commercials, and some technology allows users to
`remove commercials entirely. Half of viewers in the United States, for example, use DVRs to skip
`commercials entirely.[17] This feature has been controversial for the last decade, with major television
`networks and movie studios claiming it violates copyright and should be banned.
`
`In 1985, an employee of Honeywell’s Physical Sciences Center, David Rafner, first described a drive-based
`DVR designed for home TV recording, time-slipping, and commercial skipping.[27] U.S. Patent 4,972,396
`focused on a multi-channel design to allow simultaneous independent recording and playback. Broadly
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder
`
`10/15
`
`ATI Technologies ULC
`Ex. 2010
`LG Electronics, Inc. v. ATI Technologies ULC
`IPR2015-00321
`
`

`
`9/28/2015
`Digital video recorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`anticipating future DVR developments, it describes possible applications such as streaming compression,
`editing, captioning, multi-channel security monitoring, military sensor platforms, and remotely piloted
`vehicles.
`
`The first DVR which had a built-in commercial skipping feature introduced in 1999 by ReplayTV at the
`Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. In 2002, five owners of the ReplayTV DVR sued the main
`television networks and movie studios, asking the federal judge to uphold consumers' rights to record TV
`shows and skip commercials, claiming that features such as commercial skipping help parents protect their
`kids from excessive consumerism. ReplayTV was purchased by SONICblue in 2001 and on March 2003,
`SONICblue filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy after fighting a copyright infringement suit over the
`ReplayTV's ability to skip commercials. In 2007, DirecTV purchased the remaining assets of ReplayTV. A
`third-party add-on for Windows Media Center called "DVRMSToolbox" has the ability to skip
`commercials. There is a command-line program called Comskip that detects commercials in an MPEG-2
`file and saves their positions to a text file. This file can then be fed to a program like MEncoder to actually
`remove the commercials.
`
`Many speculate that television advertisements will be eliminated altogether, replaced by advertising in the
`TV shows themselves. For example, Extreme Makeover: Home Edition advertises Sears, Kenmore, Kohler,
`and Home Depot by specifically using products from these companies, and some sports events like the
`Sprint Cup of NASCAR are named after sponsors.
`
`Another type of advertisement shown more and more, mostly for advertising TV shows on the same
`channel, is where the ad overlays the bottom of the TV screen, blocking out some of the picture. "Banners",
`or "Logo Bugs", as they are called, are referred to by media companies as Secondary Events (2E). This is
`done in much the same way as severe weather warnings are done. Sometimes, these take up only 5–10% of
`the screen, but in the extreme, can take up as much as 25% of the viewing area. Some even make noise or
`move across the screen. One example of this is the 2E ads for Three Moons Over Milford in the months
`before its premiere. A video taking up approximately 25% of the bottom-left portion of the screen would
`show a comet impacting into the moon with an accompanying explosion, during another television
`program.
`
`Because of this widely used new technology, advertisers are now looking at a new way to market their
`products on television. An excerpt from the magazine Advertising Age reads: "As advertisers lose the ability
`to invade the home, and consumer's minds, they will be forced to wait for an invitation. This means that
`they have to learn what kinds of advertising content customers will actually be willing to seek out and
`receive."[28]
`
`With ad skipping and the time-sensitive nature of certain ads, advertisers are wary of buying commercial
`time on shows that are heavily digitally video-recorded.[29] However, technology today makes it possible
`for networks to insert ads dynamically on videos being played in DVRs. Advertisers could inject time-
`relevant ads to recorded programs when the program is viewed. This way the ads could be not just topical
`but also personalized to viewers interests. DirectTV in March 2011 signed an arrangement with NDS Group
`to enable the delivery of such addressable advertisement.[30] It is believed that viewers prefer to forward
`ads, than to switch the channel. By switching channels, viewers will have the probability of skipping the
`beginning of their program. Users might switch to a channel that is also showing ads. Having the ability to
`pause, rewind, and forward live TV gives users a chance to change the channel fewer times. Forwarding ads
`can have a later affect on the viewer. Ads that get the viewers' attention will influence the viewers' to
`rewind and watch what was missed.[31]
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video_recorder
`
`11/15
`
`ATI Technologies ULC
`Ex. 2010
`LG Electronics, Inc. v. ATI Technologies ULC
`IPR2015-00321
`
`

`
`9/28/2015
`Digital video recorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`In January 2012, Dish Network announced Hopper service, costing $10 extra pe