Ericsson
`
`4/1999
`
`THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL
`
`Location Labs Exhibit 1115 Page 1
`
`

`
`Location Labs Exhibit 1115 Page 2
`
`Location Labs Exhibit 1115 Page 2
`
`

`
`Ericsson REVIEW
`
`THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
`TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL
`
`The purpose of Ericsson Review is to
`report on the research, development
`and production achievements made in
`telecommunications technology at
`Ericsson. The journal is published in
`English and Spanish and distributed
`quarterly to readers in more than 130
`countries.
`
`Address:
`Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson
`SE-126 25 Stockholm, Sweden
`
`Phone:+46 8 719 00 00
`
`Fax: +46 8 681 27 10
`
`Internet:
`
`http://www.ericsson.com/review
`
`New subscriptions:
`
`http://www.ericsson.com/review
`
`Address changes and distribution:
`
`Fax: +46 8 681 27 10
`
`Publisher. Jan Uddenfeldt
`Editorial board: Hans Alberg, Magnus
`Frodigh, Anders Hidmark, Lena
`Krogstad, Bengt T Larsson, Filip Lin-
`dell, Mats Nilsson, Lennart Norell,
`Hans Oskar, Sture Sjostrom, Carl Som-
`merholt, Bengt Stavenow, Lars-Gunnar
`Sundin, Peter Svard, Ulf Westin,
`Christer Wiklander, Peter Ohman
`
`Editor: Eric Peterson
`
`Production manager Eva Karlstein
`eva.karlstein@lme.ericsson.se
`
`Layout: Paues Media, Stockholm
`
`Illustrations: Claes-Goran Andersson, Hara
`
`Printer Ljungforetagen, Orebro
`
`ISSN: 0014-0171
`
`Volume: 76, 1999
`
`Coven Ericsson has begun manufactur(cid:173)
`ing Bluetooth chips and sees a giant
`market ahead. "There is enormous in(cid:173)
`terest in Bluetooth. This could be our
`biggest product ever", says Sigrun
`Hjelmquist, president of Ericsson
`Components. Ericsson's Bluetooth
`Headset, first announced on November
`15, 1999, is the first hands-free acces(cid:173)
`sory to incorporate Bluetooth techno(cid:173)
`logy.
`
`© Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson
`
`Ericsson Review No. 4,1999
`
`Contents
`
`Network evolution the Ericsson way
`Ericsson's implementation of the third-generation network—which moves away
`from the traditional, vertically integrated network—is based on a three-layer model
`that features a content and user-applications layer, a communications-control layer,
`and a connectivity layer.
`Page 174
`
`The AXI 540 router and the public IP network edge
`Optimized to serve the edge of new public IP networks, the AXI 540 router is a
`natural fit in Ericsson's expanding portfolio of data products and a key member of
`the family of next-generation networking solutions.
`Page 182
`
`Real-time routers for wireless networks
`The use of IP on the fixed network side of wireless systems puts special require(cid:173)
`ments on network equipment. Ericsson's real-time routers, which support both
`IPv4 and IPv6, have been specifically designed to cope with the conditions and
`characteristics of wireless networks.
`Page 190
`
`Ericsson's Bluetooth modules
`For more than ten years, Ericsson Microelectronics has been involved in the re(cid:173)
`search and development of semiconductor and packaging technologies for wireless
`applications. Capitalizing on this experience, Ericsson's engineers have realized a
`truly low-cost, high-density radio module that can easily be designed into a wide
`range of applications for Bluetooth communication.
`Page198
`
`Mobile Internet—An industry-wide paradigm shift?
`Will the mobile Internet give rise to a new paradigm—one in which the user is
`"always connected, always online?" We think so, and several indicators signal that
`the day of the mobile Internet is already at the door.
`Page 206
`
`Ericsson's mobile location solution
`Mobile positioning solutions represent the next "killer application" of the mobile
`communications industry. Ericsson's mobile location solution offers the high-end
`network-assisted GPS and network-based CGI-TA techniques, to give operators
`immediate and 100% penetration at introduction.
`Page 214
`
`Location Labs Exhibit 1115 Page 3
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`

`
`Ericsson Review is also published on
`the Web. Now with a new look and
`improved search capabilities. Visit us
`at http://www.ericsson.com/review.
`
`170
`
`Ericsson Review No. 4, 1999
`
`Location Labs Exhibit 1115 Page 4
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`

`
`Editorial
`
`Eric Peterson
`
`1979. I had recently returned
`Summer
`home from my freshman year at college and
`begun working at a summer job for the city's
`Public Works department. My first assign(cid:173)
`ment was to clear the community cemetery
`of flowers in the wake of Memorial day. For
`the next two weeks, I would systematically
`march up and down row after row after row
`of headstones, stopping and stooping
`in
`front of each to fill my arms with wilted and
`decaying flowers and then cart them off to
`an adjacent refuse pit. Certainly, the setting
`was serene, but the assignment was dismal(cid:173)
`ly monotonous—I desperately sought some
`form of stimulation that would help carry
`me through the day. What I needed, I de(cid:173)
`cided, was music. Accordingly, I connected
`a pair of headphones to a rather cumbersome
`radio/cassette player (approximate dimen(cid:173)
`sions: 40 cm wide, 25 cm high, and 10 cm
`deep) that I could just coax into a college
`backpack/book bag that I wore on my back.
`"Wouldn't it be great," I thought to myself,
`"if someone could make a mini-player that
`clipped onto your belt or fit in your pock(cid:173)
`et?" Little did I know that Sony had, just
`two months earlier, announced
`its first
`Walkman—a cute little stereo cassette play(cid:173)
`er called the Soundabout. I got my first look
`at one a yeat later in Tokyo.
`
`Summer 1995.1 had more or less mastered
`the basics of my new PDA—an Apple New(cid:173)
`ton Message Pad—and began exploring
`some of its more advanced features and ca(cid:173)
`pabilities. For one thing, this device con(cid:173)
`tained two slots for PCMCIA cards—for ex(cid:173)
`ample, for modems and extra memory, or for
`connecting to a GPS device or a bar-code
`reader. As I considered the possibilities, my
`imagination ran wild. "Wouldn't
`it be
`great," I thought, "if I could plug in a wire(cid:173)
`less modem and connect to a data network?
`Why, I would be connected and online at
`all times!" Wholly unbeknownst to me at
`the time, a solution was already in the mak(cid:173)
`ing. Best of all, one that is much bolder and
`promises to deliver much more than the
`basic messaging services I had envisioned.
`
`Summer 2003.1 was on assignment to mon(cid:173)
`itor a two-day conference in Anytown, USA.
`Ordinarily, I'm fairly careful about what I
`eat, but whenever I have the opportunity to
`visit the USA, I make it a point to order an
`American-style pizza (thin crust, extra
`cheese, pork sausage and fresh mushrooms).
`This was my first stay in Anytown, so I
`didn't know my way around. No problem.
`
`Ericsson Review No. 4,1999
`
`I stepped out onto the sidewalk outside my
`hotel, slipped on my earpiece, pushed a but(cid:173)
`ton to open a dialog with my phone/PDA
`(in my coat pocket), and spoke:
`restaurants
`Me: "Computer,
`find pizza
`within a ten-block radius of my loca(cid:173)
`tion."
`PDA: "Three restaurants located. Reading
`list: 1. Guido's Italian Pizzas, range
`600 meters. 2. Pizza Palace, range 735
`meters. 3. The Stuffed Olive, range 817
`meters." (I consider these choices, and
`then continue.)
`Me: "The Stuffed Olive, audio directions."
`(Note: I could also have requested vi(cid:173)
`sual directions via a map interface on
`my PDA.)
`PDA: "Turn right and proceed along Presi(cid:173)
`dential Drive to Franklin Avenue,
`range 43 metets." (The computer
`monitors my movements.)
`"Turn
`right on Franklin Avenue and proceed
`782 metets." (Haven't I walked far
`enough? Maybe I made a wrong turn?)
`"Computer, I think I'm
`lost. The
`
`Me:
`
`Stuffed Olive, audio directions."
`PDA: "Proceed sttaight ahead on Franklin
`Avenue, range 38 meters."
`Me: "Oh, there it is! Good. Computer off."
`
`The Bluetooth earpiece I wore in the above
`scenario has already been announced and will
`be available on the market in mid-2000 (to
`learn more about the making of Bluetooth
`devices, read Ericsson's Bluetooth modules).
`Ericsson's T 2 8 , T28 World, and R320
`phones already include voice recognition
`capability and I'm betting we'll see a great
`deal more of this technology by 2003.
`At Telecom 99, I saw a host of "third-
`generation" mobile terminals, which im(cid:173)
`plies that manufacturers believe in and are
`gearing up for the mobile Internet. The im(cid:173)
`mense populatity of i-Mode (Japan) and Mo-
`bitex (North America) also implies that the
`mobile Internet—like the Internet before
`it—has the potential to turn our world on
`its ear (see Mobile Internet—An
`industry-wide
`paradigm shift?). Ericsson has staked out its
`strategy (see Network evolution the Ericsson
`way) and developed an extensive portfolio of
`technical solutions (for example, see AXl
`540 router and the public IP network edge and
`Real-time routers for wireless networks), includ(cid:173)
`ing those for mobile positioning systems
`(see Ericsson's mobile location solution). W e
`have also taken the initiative to create an ap(cid:173)
`plications alliance, to help developers to get
`theit ideas to market.
`
`Eric Peterson
`Editor
`
`171
`
`Location Labs Exhibit 1115 Page 5
`
`

`
`Contributors
`
`In this issue
`
`Christoffer Andersson Henrik Arfwedson
`
`Johan Borje
`
`Steinar Dahlin
`
`Hans-Ake Lund
`
`Gordon Saussy
`
`Rob Sneddon
`
`Goran Swedberg
`
`Patrik Svensson
`
`Anders Wirkestrand Erik Ornulf
`
`1 Christoffer Andersson joined
`BD[
`D D D D D Ericsson Erisoft, Lulea,
`in
`1997. He is currently based in Silicon Val-
`ley, as Technical Expert of the GPRS
`Application Alliance, which he joined in
`May 1999. Prior to this, he participated in
`W C D M A system development and top-
`level algorithm design—for the WCDMA
`evaluarion system as well as for the com-
`mercial product. He holds several patents
`pertaining
`to
`third-generation mobile
`systems.
`EUSCRAN@am1.ericsson.se
`
`D B D n C i n Henrik Arfwedson is Appli-
`DDDDD cation Manager of Bluetooth
`Products
`in
`the RF Modules unit at
`Ericsson Components. He joined Ericsson
`in 1995 and has worked as a hardware de-
`signer and application engineer for digi-
`tal and analog circuitry. He holds M.S. de-
`grees in electrical engineering from the
`Uppsala Institute of Technology and in
`science from Linkoping University.
`Henrik arfwedsson@eka.ericsson.se
`
`D D B D D D Johan Borje is currently in
`D D D D D charge of marketing Ericsson's
`real-time routers for wireless networks at
`Ericsson Packet Switching Systems. Before
`this, he was the Director of Product Mar-
`
`172
`
`keting, Network Operators and Service
`Providers at Ericsson Belgium. He has also
`served ar Corporate Technology at Telefon-
`aktiebolaget LM Ericsson, where he helped
`coordinate Ericsson's participation in R&D
`programs of the European Union. He holds
`degrees in industrial engineering from the
`Linkoping Institute of Technology and in
`management from the Cranfield Institute of
`Technology.
`johan.borje@era.ericsson.se
`
`and technical management of router func-
`tionality in the GPRS computer platform.
`He holds an M.S. in electrical engineering
`from the Chalmers University of Technolo-
`gy, Goteborg, Sweden.
`Hans-Ake.Lund@erv.ericsson.se
`
`D D D D D B Gordon S a u s s y is Vice Presi-
`UuUULI dent of Marketing at Ericsson
`IP Infrastructure, formerly Torrent Net-
`working Technologies. He has previously
`held vice president of marketing positions
`D D D B D D Steinar Dahlin is a Senior Ex-
`at 3Com Corporation and Chipcom Corpo-
`DDDDD pert of System Design and the
`ration, and has worked with the develop-
`Research Director at Ericsson Research. He ment and marketing of data networking
`worked with the design of Land Mobile
`products since the early 1980s. Mr. Saussy
`Radio Systems from 1967 until 1982, when
`has an M.S.E.E. from the Massachusetts In-
`he was appointed head of AMPS systems de-
`stitute of Technology and holds several
`sign. During the latter part of the 1980s and
`patents in data networking,
`throughout the 1990s, Steinar has worked
`gsaussy@torrentnet.com
`with the specification and product architec-
`tureofGSM, D-AMPS(TDMA/136), PDC
`and UMTS.
`steinar.dahlin@era-t.ericsson.se
`
`DDDDDD R o D Sneddon, who
`joined
`B D D D D Ericsson in 1991, is currently
`Design Manager of the analog and mixed-
`signal ASIC design groups at Ericsson Com-
`D D D D B D Hans-Ake Lund is currently
`ponents' Swindon design center—the cen-
`ter has been heavily involved in the design
`D D D D D Manager of Router System
`and development of Bluetooth ASICs. Rob
`Technology at Ericsson Mobile Data Design
`has 21 years'experience of ASIC design and
`in Goteborg, Sweden. He joined Ericsson in
`1995 as a data communication software de- management of analog, mixed-signal and
`signer, and recently worked with the design
`RF design. He holds a B.S. in theoretical
`
`Ericsson Review No. 4,1999
`
`Location Labs Exhibit 1115 Page 6
`
`

`
`physics from Strathclyde University, Scot(cid:173)
`land, and an M.S. in the physics and tech(cid:173)
`nology of materials from Glasgow Univer(cid:173)
`sity, Scotland.
`rob.sneddon@eka.ericsson.se
`
`• • • • • D Goran Swedberg is currently
`LMUUU Senior Marketing Manager at
`Ericsson Radio Systems, Mobile Location
`Solutions. He has also served as Product
`Manager of Prepaid Systems at Ericsson
`Radio Systems and as Marketing Manager
`of Market Intelligence Value-added Ser(cid:173)
`vices. Mr. Swedberg is a frequent author in
`the international telecom press and has been
`named "Best Speaker" at the GSM World
`Congress. He holds a master of science and
`an executive M.B.A.
`goran.swedberg@era.ericsson.se
`
`0 0 0 0 0 0 Patrik Svensson, who joined
`O O H O O Ericsson in 1990, is currently
`the Director of the GPRS Applications Al(cid:173)
`liance. Before this, he played an active role
`in establishing units and initiating projects
`for the development of data and telecom ap(cid:173)
`plications. At Ericsson Messaging Systems,
`he was Director of Product Management
`and Marketing. He has also served as Man(cid:173)
`ager of the GSM Business Mobile Advan(cid:173)
`tage program, whose purpose is to supply
`
`Ericsson Review No. 4,1999
`
`business users with GSM network applica(cid:173)
`tions.
`patrik.svensson@era.ericsson.se
`
`DDDDDD Anders Wirkestrand works as
`O O O H O Product Manager for real-time
`routers at Ericsson Packet Switching Sys(cid:173)
`tems. He joined Ericsson Research in 1995
`to work on IP router and ATM switch ar(cid:173)
`chitecture, and later served as the software
`project manager of the AXI 510 Edge
`Router at Ericsson Datacom Networks and
`IP Services. Mr. Wirkestrand has an M.S. in
`applied physics and electrical engineering
`from the Linkdping Institute of Technolo(cid:173)
`gy-
`anders.wirkestrand@era.ericsson.se
`
`D D D D D D Erik Omulf is presently Vice
`D D D D B President of Systems Technolo(cid:173)
`gy Management at Corporate Technology,
`Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, a position
`he has held since 1998. From 1992 to 1998
`he was Vice President of Research at Erics(cid:173)
`son Radio Systems. Before this, he was re(cid:173)
`sponsible for the systems architecture group
`for cellular systems. Mr. Ornulf began his
`career at Ericsson in 1969. He holds an M.S.
`in engineering from the Lund Institute of
`Technology.
`erik.ornulf@lme.ericsson.se
`
`173
`
`Location Labs Exhibit 1115 Page 7
`
`

`
`Network evolution the Ericsson way
`
`Steinar Dahlin and Erik Ornulf
`
`Mobile communication is changing society's behavior. Mobile phones
`have become an everyday accessory for hundreds of millions of people,
`and they are also increasingly being used as the one and only means of
`personal voice telecommunication. But the emerging third generation of
`mobile communication means more than anywhere-and-anytime voice-
`communication capability. It makes information services instantly avail(cid:173)
`able and introduces a more powerful and flexible way of doing business.
`Mobile multimedia services and mobile or wireless office solutions will
`simplify the implementation of virtual enterprises.
`In this changing environment, telecom operators and service providers
`will want to exploit innovative technologies and create revolutionary new
`services while maintaining their existing customer base. Wholly in keeping
`with these requirements, Ericsson is now working on its implementation of
`the third-generation multiservice network.
`The authors describe Ericsson's move away from the traditional, verti(cid:173)
`cally integrated network to the horizontally layered network, which fea(cid:173)
`tures a content and user applications layer, a communications control
`layer, and a connectivity layer. They also highlight several pioneering net(cid:173)
`work elements: the media gateway and its versatile use in the core net(cid:173)
`work; the high-performance ATM switch; and powerful high-speed and
`real-time routers—all of them scalable to address every key requirement
`for long-term growth.
`
`BOX A, ABBREVIATIONS
`
`ATM adaptation layer
`Application program interface
`Asynchronous transfer mode
`Authentication center
`Border gateway protocol
`Cable TV
`Code-division multiple access
`Dense wavelength-division multi(cid:173)
`plexing
`Enhanced data rates for GSM and
`TDMA/136 evolution
`Equipment identity register
`EDGE radio access network
`European Telecommunications
`Standards Institute
`Gateway control protocol
`Gateway GSN
`Gateway MSC
`General packet radio service
`Global system for mobile communi(cid:173)
`cation
`GPRS support node
`Home location register
`Hypertext transfer protocol
`Interworking location register
`International mobile telecommunica(cid:173)
`tion
`Internet protocol
`International Telecommunication Union
`Interworking functions
`
`AAL
`API
`ATM
`AUC
`BGP
`CATV
`CDMA
`DWDM
`
`EDGE
`
`EIR
`EPAN
`ETSI
`
`GCP
`GGSN
`GMSC
`GPRS
`GSM
`
`GSN
`HLR
`HTTP
`ILR
`IMT
`
`IP
`ITU
`IWR
`
`174
`
`LSP
`MGW
`MPLS
`MSF
`O&M
`OSA
`PVC
`QoS
`RBS
`RNC
`RNS
`SCP
`SDH
`SGSN
`SMS
`SONET
`SSF
`STM
`TDM
`TDMA
`UMTS
`
`Label-switched paths
`Media gateway
`Multipoint label switching
`Multiservice Switching Forum
`Operation and maintenance
`Open service architecture
`Point-to-point virtual circuit
`Quality of service
`Radio base station
`Radio network controller
`Radio network server
`Service control point
`Synchronous digital hierarchy
`Serving GPRS support node
`Short message service
`Synchronous optical network
`Service switching function
`Synchronous transport module
`Time-division multiplexing
`Time-division multiple access
`Universal mobile communication
`system
`UMTS terrestrial radio access network
`Universal Wireless Communications
`Consortium
`Virtual home environment
`VHE
`Visitor locaton register
`VLR
`Virtual private network
`VPN
`WCDMA Wideband code-division multiple
`access
`
`UTRAN
`UWCC
`
`Introduction
`
`The information society is evolving into a
`globally networked economy—a develop(cid:173)
`ment shaped by the convergence of com(cid:173)
`puting, communication and broadcasting
`technologies.
`The
`emerging
`third
`generation of mobile communication is ush(cid:173)
`ering in a new paradigm. While mobile
`communication is now voice-centric, offer(cid:173)
`ing the benefits of person-to-person voice
`contact anywhere and anytime, personal
`telephony is rapidly being transformed into
`a mass market of personal mobile multi(cid:173)
`media
`services and
`terminals. Third-
`generation mobile communication will do
`much more than bring voice telecommuni(cid:173)
`cation capabilities to our pockets. It will
`make information services instantly avail(cid:173)
`able, including the Internet, intranets, and
`entertainment services. For instance, third-
`generation terminals might function as a
`video camera from which end-users can send
`electronic postcards and audiovisual clips.
`Since terminals can be used as tools for
`mobile electronic commerce (e-commerce),
`end-users will in effect have a shopping mall
`in their pocket, with the ability to buy tick(cid:173)
`ets, make banking transactions, and pay for
`goods. Third-generation mobile communi(cid:173)
`cation will also introduce a more powerful,
`flexible and efficient way of doing business.
`Mobile multimedia services and mobile or
`wireless office solutions will simplify the
`implementation
`of virtual
`enterprises.
`Similarly,
`appliance-to-appliance
`and
`appliance-to-people telecommunication ap(cid:173)
`plications will grow in importance, vastly
`improving
`security
`and
`efficiency
`(Figure 1).
`
`The third-generation
`network architecture
`
`The near-future envisioned
`The convergence of telephony, data com(cid:173)
`munication and media technologies will
`transform
`the entire
`telecom business.
`Users, operators and suppliers will be af(cid:173)
`fected as an ever-growing amount of the IT
`world's information flow is switched to the
`Internet. Data traffic over the Internet will
`have overtaken voice traffic via telecom net(cid:173)
`works by the beginning of the year 2000,
`and this growth is likely to result in an enor(cid:173)
`mous upswing for Internet-based systems in
`general, and wireless data in particular.
`In this changing environment, telecom
`
`Ericsson Review No. 4, 1999
`
`Location Labs Exhibit 1115 Page 8
`
`

`
`operators and service providers will be look(cid:173)
`ing for network solutions that facilitate the
`future introduction of a wide range of new
`services. They will want to be able to exploit
`novel technologies while maintaining the
`existing customer base that is served by
`present-day wireline and wireless telecom
`networks.
`The development of wireline and wireless
`access and the inclusion of third-generation
`wideband radio-access
`technologies offer
`new opportunities
`through the evolving
`third-generation multiservice network.
`Voice and real-time services provided over
`this network will be circuit-switched,
`whereas data
`traffic—using EDGE and
`wideband code-division multiple access
`(WCDMA)
`technology—will be packet-
`switched with best-effort capabilities. In a
`subsequent phase, IP technology will be
`taken all the way to the terminals—even for
`voice traffic (Figure 2).
`
`Driving forces
`Increasingly fierce competition is one of the
`drivers behind the forthcoming change in
`the telecommunications industry. The suc(cid:173)
`cess of network operators hinges on their
`ability to develop revolutionary solutions,
`and to build networks that have been opti(cid:173)
`mized to meet the demand for services that
`have not yet been defined.
`The telecom industry is also shifting away
`from technology-driven developments to(cid:173)
`ward a much stronger element of consumer-
`driven trends. Consumers want wireless ac(cid:173)
`cess to the Internet using small, energy-
`efficient
`terminals, and communication
`over broadband networks without annoying
`delays. To be more specific, the main driver
`for third-generation wireless communica(cid:173)
`tion—universal mobile telecommunication
`
`Figure 1
`Buying tickets.
`
`the
`system (UMTS) and IMT-2000—is
`ability to supplement the standardized ser(cid:173)
`vices currently available
`in GSM and
`TDMA/136 with wideband services for
`which third-generation systems will ensure
`wide-area coverage.
`
`Structure
`Ericsson is committed to supporting this de(cid:173)
`velopment, notably the principle of provid(cid:173)
`ing traditional telecommunication services
`and new Internet-based services over the
`same network. That
`is why—wholly
`in
`keeping with
`the ideas adopted by
`the
`Multiservice Switching Forum
`(MSF)—
`
`Figure 2
`Evolution of wireless IP—time schedule.
`
`Ericsson Review No. 4, 1999
`
`175
`
`Location Labs Exhibit 1115 Page 9
`
`

`
`Connectivity
`The connectivity layer is first and foremost
`a transport mechanism that is capable of
`transporting voice, data and multimedia in(cid:173)
`formation. The layer is built on the Internet
`protocol (IP) and on asynchronous transfer
`mode (ATM). The connectivity-layer archi(cid:173)
`tecture includes backbone transport and ac(cid:173)
`cess networks—fixed telephony, cable TV
`(CATV), mobile communication, and en(cid:173)
`terprise access.
`The backbone architecture incorporates
`core and edge equipment. Core equipment
`transports aggregated traffic streams be(cid:173)
`tween service nodes on the edge of the back(cid:173)
`bone network. Edge equipment provides the
`bit pipe with the intelligence to guarantee
`appropriate quality of service, and collects
`all customer and traffic-specific data for ac(cid:173)
`counting and billing purposes.
`Ericsson's pioneering development of
`media gateways (MGW) has been a major
`contribution toward the fully
`integrated
`communications architecture formed by
`these three layers.
`
`Seamless migration paths
`Any viable strategy for merging voice- and
`data-traffic streams over a multiservice net-
`work must be based on seamless migration
`that retains existing customers. Ericsson's
`migration strategy for operators ensures
`business continuity while at the same time
`deliveting new and more cost-effective IP-
`networking solutions. Through a successive
`and business-driven transition, services and
`applicarions can be shifted to inherenrly
`future-proof and scalable solutions.
`
`Node architecture
`
`Radio access network
`When evolving into the third generation,
`the mobile access network will use ATM and
`IP to provide efficient and flexible transport
`and routing capabilities. Packet-switching
`technologies will also be adapted to support
`real-time voice traffic all the way up to and
`including the terminals (end-to-end per(cid:173)
`spective). An important component of the
`new mobile netwotks is the Cello transport
`platform for access products.' Initially opti(cid:173)
`mized for mobile technology, Cello is now
`being introduced as a switching node for
`packet transport. Several Ericsson products
`are being built on this platform, including
`media gateways, IP routers, radio base
`stations (RBS), and radio network con-
`
`Ericsson Review No. 4, 1999
`
`Figure 3
`The new horizontally layered network.
`
`176
`
`third-
`implementation of the
`Ericsson's
`generation network is based on a three-layer
`model (content and user applications, com(cid:173)
`munications control, and connectivity) that
`breaks with the traditional vertical integra(cid:173)
`tion (Figure 3).
`
`Content and user
`
`applications
`
`The content and user applications layer in(cid:173)
`cludes applications for information-centric
`services for which users pay. These services,
`which may involve e-commerce or any on(cid:173)
`line activity, typically reside on off-network
`servers. Middleware and open application
`program interfaces (API) are used between
`the network and the applications.
`
`Communications
`
`control
`
`The communications control layer incorpo(cid:173)
`rates all the functionality needed to provide
`seamless and high-quality services across
`different public and private networks. This
`functionality comprises the system logic for
`cellular and fixed telephony and IP applica(cid:173)
`tions, as well as for future systems such as
`general packet
`radio
`service
`(GPRS/
`EDGE), third-generation WCDMA, and
`other multimedia networks.
`
`Location Labs Exhibit 1115 Page 10
`
`

`
`trailers (RNC) for various mobile systems
`(Figure 4).
`
`The EDGE radio access network
`With the introduction of the EDGE radio
`access network (ERAN, represented by the
`yellow section of Figure 5), Ericsson pro(cid:173)
`vides an IP- and server-based network ar(cid:173)
`chitecture that has been optimized to han(cid:173)
`dle a combination of packet-switched data
`(GPRS/EDGE) and today's circuit-switched
`GSM services. This architecture allows the
`separation of control and payload, which
`leads to increased flexibility and permits the
`platform to be tailored to different network
`elements; for example, media gateways and
`radio network servers (RNS).
`The ERAN connectivity layer incorpo(cid:173)
`rates IP transport technology, enabling in(cid:173)
`dependent data traffic to run with lower pri(cid:173)
`ority "on top o f
`real-time voice
`traffic.
`Compared to circuit-switched implementa(cid:173)
`tions, this solution increases dimensioning
`flexibility and significantly saves on trans(cid:173)
`mission. It also fully complies with the ETSI
`standard interfaces to the mobile switching
`centet and the serving GPRS support node
`(SGSN) in the core network.
`
`The UMTS radio access network
`The UMTS terrestrial radio access network
`(UTRAN, represented by the green section
`of Figure 5) consists of radio network con(cid:173)
`trollers, radio base stations, and radio access
`subnetwork operations support.
`The radio base station provides radio re(cid:173)
`sources and maintains the radio links to end-
`user equipment. The main tasks of the radio
`netwotk controller are to manage radio ac(cid:173)
`cess bearers for user data transport, to man(cid:173)
`age and optimize radio network resources,
`and to control mobility. The radio access
`subnetwork manager is a set of software for
`handling
`operation
`and maintenance
`(O&M) tasks.
`Two ATM adaptation layers (AAL) are
`employed
`in
`the U T R A N connectivity
`layer. The new specially designed AAL2 is
`used for low-delay, real-time connections,
`and AAL5 is used for non-delay-sensitive
`packet-switched connections and fot control
`and network-management signaling.
`
`Core network
`The third-generation cellular core network,
`which
`supports
`circuit-switched
`and
`packet-switched services, contains the hard(cid:173)
`ware and software needed to provide end-
`users with multimedia UMTS applications.
`
`Ericsson Review No. 4, 1999
`
`To ensure a future-proof core network,
`Ericsson is introducing a layered architec(cid:173)
`ture that is based on a modular, scalable de(cid:173)
`sign (see the blue section in Figure 5).
`Most end-user applications reside in the
`content and user applications
`layer—im(cid:173)
`plemented
`in
`terminals and application
`servers. Concepts such as the virtual home
`environment (VHE) and the open service ar(cid:173)
`chitecture (OSA) allow operators to differ(cid:173)
`entiate themselves from one another and to
`provide unique services that enable them to
`maintain a higher position in the value
`chain. Aside from being instrumental in the
`standardization of VHE and OSA, Ericsson
`has further enhanced the OSA concept, mak(cid:173)
`ing it an efficient tool for implementing a
`broad tange of multimedia applications.
`The operator or a third-party provider can
`develop new
`featutes
`in a
`standard-
`computer environment, using the service
`components specified in the OSA and addi(cid:173)
`tional application support servers.
`The communications control layer hous(cid:173)
`es a number of "network servers"; for exam(cid:173)
`ple, the MSC server, the GSN server, the
`home location register (HLR), service con-
`
`Figure 4
`Cello—a common platform for IP routers
`and ATM switches.
`
`Figure 5
`The layered architecture of the third-generation network:
`Yellow section: the EDGE radio access network (ERAN).
`Green section: the UMTS terrestrial radio access network (UTRAN).
`Blue section: the core network.
`
`177
`
`Location Labs Exhibit 1115 Page 11
`
`

`
`trol points (SCP), authentication centers
`(AUC), and the equipment identity register
`(EIR). These servers are responsible for con(cid:173)
`trolling security, mobility management, the
`setup and release of calls and sessions re(cid:173)
`quested by end-users, circuit-mode supple(cid:173)
`mentary services, and similar functions.
`The connectivity layer uses media gate(cid:173)
`ways
`• to process end-user data—notably voice,
`which requires coding and decoding, echo
`cancellation and multi-party bridging;
`• to map quality of service (QoS); and
`• to convert protocols.
`This layer also serves as an access switch to
`backbone switches and routers, and is re(cid:173)
`sponsible for setting up the bearer connec(cid:173)
`tions that carry the media streams in the
`layer.
`Some of the most important core-network
`elements are described in more detail below.
`
`MSC server
`
`Using the gateway control protocol (GCP),
`the MSC server controls calls and sessions
`and their associated resources for circuit-
`switched traffic in the media gateways. The
`MSC
`server, which provides
`circuit-
`switched services (including
`teleservices,
`and bearer and supplementary services), is
`responsible for charging, security, mobility
`management, and connection management.
`The MSC server is based on Ericsson's well-
`proven GSM-MSC technology. In addition
`to the basic functionality of the GSM sys(cid:173)
`tem, it also features UMTS-specific traits,
`which means that the MSC server incorpo(cid:173)
`rates the call and session control functional(cid:173)
`ity of the visitor location register (VLR), the
`gateway MSC (GMSC), interworking func(cid:173)
`tions (IWF) and interworking MSCs (IW-
`MSC). It can