CRC Handbook
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` Chemistry and Physics
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`A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Datay
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`' Editor-in-Chief
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`David R. Lido,“ Ph.D.
`9 Former Director, Standard Reference Data '”
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`National Institute of Standards and Technology
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`CRC Press
`Boca Raton London New Yo}'k Washington,
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`GILLETTE 1022
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`GILLETTE 1022
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`Page 2 of 3
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`THE ELEMENTS (cotltilnued)
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`other compounds are of industrial value; lead chromate is chrome yellow,_a valued pigment. Chromium compounds are used in the textile industry
`as mordants, and by the aircraft and other industries for anodizing alurnintim. The_refractory' industry has found chromite useful for forming bricks _
`and shapes, as it has a high melting point, moderate thermal-"expansion;andstability of c'ry_sta_lline st‘ructure.‘Chror'niurn is an essential trace element
`for human health. Many chromium compounds; however, are acutely toxic, chronically toxic, and may be carcinogenic. They should be handled with
`properfsafeguards. Natural chromium contiailns four isotopes. Twenty other isotopesiareknown. Chromium metal (99.95%) costs about $600/kg.
`Commercial grade chromium (99%) costs about $75/kg.
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`Cobalt ———(Kobald, from the German, ‘goblinor evil spirit, cobalos, ‘Greek, mine), Co; at. wt."58.93320(l); at. no. 27; m.p. l'495°C; b.p. 292.’/°C;
`sp. gr. 8.9 (20°C); valence2 or3. Discovered by Brandtabout 1735. Cobaltoccurs in themineralc‘o'bz'zl_t_ite, smizltite, and elgvt/zrite’, and is oftenassociated
`with nickel, iilver, lead, copper,‘ and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained ziss by-"product. It‘ is also ‘present in meteorites. Important
`ore deposits are found in Congo-Kinshasa, Australia, Zambia, Russia, Canada, and elsewhere. The U.S_Geological Survey has announced that the
`bottom ofthe north central Pacific Ocean may have cobalt-rich deposits at relatively shallow depths in waters close to the Hawaiian'ls_lands and other
`U.S. Pacific territories. Cobalt is a brittle,_ hard metal, closely resembling iron and nickel‘in appearance. It has a magnetic penneability of about two
`thirds that ofiron. Cobalt tends to exist as irniiitture oftwo allotrop_'es oysr_s wide iomooiainsgiango; the B-form predoiniiiates below.400°C, and the
`or above that temperature. The trarisforinzition’ is sluggish and aiioéounis iii
`for thewide i/iafia_tion'in reported data on physiéal propertiesofcobalt.
`It is alloyed wi’ih='iio'n, uicléol and ‘other’-iiieiais‘io ‘make Aliiico‘; ’=aii’auoy of-iui1usu_al'magnetic:strength,with'rriany iriip_ortant_tises. Stellite alloys,
`containing cobalt, chromiuin, and tungsten; are iisou for high-speedigheaivy-idtity, higl1'tettii5erailire cll't§ing‘_t9(')_l_§,._-'c_1’r.1d roijdiesfCobalt is also iijsou _in A
`other magnet steelsand stainless steelsfand
`alloysused in jet tuibines'and gas'ti1"rbin_e gsnsmioisg The metal is used in‘olectroplating_becauseof
`its appearance,-hardness, and résistance to o;cidat‘iclii'.ti.iThe‘s:ilts have
`it iis5:d'fo’r oeiitili-i<5s'_ for‘'the’prodiictionofbrillia_ii't'and_permanent bliii:_colors
`in porcelain, glass, pottery,‘tiles, ai1d'_enamel's. It-is ihe
`irigredieiit in‘Sevre’s and Theiiiird’s blue:'_A3solu;tion'offthe chloride (Co-C12 ‘- '6l~I2,O)
`is used asisympatheticink. Thecobalt aminirles'a_r'o'o’iiiiieiejsi:’iiio-ozgide and tllenitrate ai’e'iii'l'
`ii‘
`t_.'Cob‘a_lt onefgilyiisod‘liiiiisgroiiiioiitis chloride,
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`sulfate, acetate, ornitrate liasbeen fouiideffectivein correétiiig a’certain mineral'di::f.i'ci_ency-disease in ai1ilniils'.‘Soils_sli'ould contain 0113 to 0.30 ppm
`. of cobalt for proper animal nutritiori.Cobalf is‘ found in
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`urrian ‘nutrition. , Cobaltor 9'9f9+% puiityfis p_ric:ed‘at
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`- about$500/kg. Cobalt‘-60", an artificial isotope, is anrirnpoxtahtgamina ray soiirce, and IS
`extensively used as;tfaceiriand a radiotheirapeutic agent. Single
`compact sources ofCobalt’-60 vary from about $1 to $'10lcurie; dépeiidingoil ouantity”and"spe"éific aotiyity__.__Thirty isotopes and isomers of_cobalt are
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`.'Co!umbium-'—-‘SeeNiobium.
`b.p. ‘256'2°_C;‘sp.' gr! 8:96 Q0‘C);:valence I
`p. 1'0§4L62
`63L54o(3)§ 'at;"‘no._2
`Copper -—_~ (L; cuprufn, from the island ofCyprus), 'Cu;"at.
`r ms’ is iliaii 5000 years.
`oiioofm'an’sy'Ii1ost- important
`or 2. The discoveryofcopper dates from prehistoric‘ timésf Ifissaid to.hav‘e"b'ee_ii
`metals. Copperis reddish colored; takes on‘a bright metallic luster, and "rnalleable,”dii_ ilei;’ariii‘aigood conductorofheat and’electricity:_(s'econd only
`to silver in electrical conductivity). Theelectrical irldiistryis one iofwtheigreatest users”o'f¢~:_ppei'f=_C_oppo'r'océasionally‘occilrs:native,:and is found in
`. many minerals suchas cu‘prite, malachite; aziirite, éhalcigpyrité,
`b'_on_zité.- Largo copper'.o're‘ deposits:are‘
`the U;S., Chi
`'; Zani_b_ia, Zaire,
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`Peru;andCanada. The mostimportant‘copperores aretliefstilfides; ‘oitides, and caiboil
`roni these’ hopper obtained by’snieltiin'g, lezi" hing;and
`by electrolysis. Its alloys:=bfass'aiid b'i'ot'lze,-’lon'gi1sed,'a_re‘§ti1l'_very ii-ii'):[SOl‘_t£illiEiall“Al'l§leI‘10
`co s_j‘ai's
`éopperalloys; inoiiel and "etals also
`'c9
`contain copper. 'I‘l1_e‘iiiost iinportant’coinpounds anethe oxideiand tlie'§iilfate,- blue ‘vitriol?tiie'latfei'lias' iviaonse‘ ‘as an
`p qancl
`an
`algicide in water purification. Copper compounds-such as Fehling’s solution are widely used in analytical chemistry
`tesis’foE‘s1igai;'Hi:gh'-:puri'ty
`copper(99999 + %) is readily available commercially. The price ofcommercial copperhas fluctuated widely. The'p‘rio‘écopp'er"in Decernb‘er1999
`1 was about $1.75/kg. Natural copper contains two isotopes. 'I_‘wenty~six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are
`follows
`Curium —— (Pierre and Marie Curie), Cm; at. wt. (247); at. no. 96; m.p. 1345°C; sp. gr. 13.51 (calc.); valence‘ '3;and '4.‘
`americium in theperiodic system, it was actually known before americium and was the third transuranium element_to‘bé;discoyeredL was idoniified
`by Seaborg, James, and Ghiorso in 1944 at the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago as a result ofhe1iu“rn-‘iori,_l)jo:inb'eliidli'ierutipit:
`in the
`Berkeley, California, 60-inch cyclotron. Visible amounts (30‘p.g) of“Cm, in the form ofthe hydroxide, were
`erlman
`ilityofi_i1icrog‘ram's
`ofthe University ofCalifornia in 1947. In 1950, Crane, Wallmann, and Cunningham foundthat-themag etic susc pt
`files of
`‘ CmF3 was ofthe same ‘magnitude as that ofGdF3. This providedidirect experimental evidence for;ass:igmhg'an feleotroriiczconfiguriitioti toCm+3_. In
`1951, the same workers prepared curium in its elemental form for the first time; Sixteen isotoiiefiof
`' "are now
`The m‘<'>‘s_'t_staibl:'e',‘?‘?7Cm,
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`rare-
`aluminum.
`d isumore‘eleetro:positiv§_th
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`CmO2, Cm2O3, CmF3. CmF4, CmCl3, CmBr3,, and CmI3 have been prepared. Most compounds oftrivalent curin_m'
`faintly yellow'in"color._ :‘f‘_‘2Cm
`- generates about three watts of thermal energy per gram. This compares to one-half watt per
`2”_Pu suggests 'usefo"r curium as ‘a power
`source. 244Cm is now offered for sale by the O.R».N.L. at $185/ing plus packingcharges.‘
`ilviiiilable at
`of$l__60/u'g"', pluspacking charges,
`-from the CfR.N.L; Curiuin absorbed into‘th_e'body"accu
`mnlates in tho bones: isjherefore very toxic as its radiation destroys the_red—cell:forl‘ning
`mechailism. The maxirriirrn permissible total bodybuiden of .24“:Cin“(s;olub'le)x’in a_'hi‘iril=an"bei_ng_ is'0.3
`'(niicfrocurie).'
`u
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`-._l
`Deuterium,'an‘iso'top'eofhydrogen-—~see Hydrogen.
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`’ Dubriiurn _.= (named after the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research in Dot;
`i_i‘ssia):"Db; amt‘. (2621; uatflino. :l05.'In i967 G_.'AN_L"Flerov‘rep0rt’ed
`that a‘Sov_iet team workihgiat the Joint Institute for Nuclear’Research at‘ Dubna lnay;havei"produiced a"fe'w atoms of 250105 and 2'5‘1'0S.by bombarding
`2"3Am with “Ne. Their evidence was based on tinie’-jcoincidence measuifemerits oiialpha eilergies: More recently, it wasntpoited thatearly in 1970
`Dubna scientists synthesized Element 105 and ‘that’ by the end of April‘ii 970 “lfailinveistigated all ‘the typesgof décay of thenew element and had
`determined its chemical prop'ei1ies."‘In late ‘April 1970, it was*annou_iiced:that Gliiofso, Nurmia,’ Harris, K. A. Y. Es,k'ola,"and l’. L.'Eskola, working
`at the University of Californiaat Berkeley, had positively?identified_‘Elernent 'l05. Th_e_discovery was made:by bombarding a target of'2"9Cf with a
`beam or84 MeV nitrogen nuclei ‘in the»He‘avy Ion Linear Accelerator (HlLAC).iW”hen a“5N nu=cle'ar'is absorbed by‘a 7’l9Cfi1_ucleus, four neutrons are
`emitted and a new atom of350105 witha half-life of 1.6 s is formed. While the first atornsofElement ‘105 are said to have been detectedconclusively
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