_, _Tlalll
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`_
`
`_
`
`IilIOWiJl
`
`::::_
`
`b
`
`_:,
`
`.
`
`_ •_,F_j
`
`",
`
`[
`
`IIglAAI.IIIIplOCIT-- PI'IAOl I
`
`Page 1 of 572
`Page 1 of 572
`
`FMC 1013
`FMC 1030
`
`

`
`NEARTERM I i_BRID VEHICLE PROGRAM
`
`FINAL REPORT - PHASE I
`
`Contract No 955190
`
`Sul_mltted to
`
`Jet Propulsion Laboratory
`California Institute of Technology
`4800 O_k Grove Drive
`Pasadena California
`91103
`
`Submitted by
`
`General Electric Company
`Corporate Research and Development
`Schenectady NewYork
`12301
`
`October 8 1979
`
`,,ii
`
`GEN[RAL 0
`
`ELECTRIC
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_
`
`1
`
`;
`
`l
`
`.......
`
`_
`
`&
`
`....
`
`.
`
`.
`
`....
`
`i
`
`...............
`
`Page 2 of 572
`Page 2 of 572
`
`_
`
`_ ............................................................
`
`FMC 1013
`FMC 1030
`
`

`
`G|HEIIAL _p ELECTRIC
`
`FOREWORD
`
`(EHV)
`Vehicle
`Hybrid
`and
`_lectric
`The
`the
`Electric
`in DOE
`in response
`to
`lished
`Development,
`and
`Demonstration
`Research,
`for
`the
`EHV
`Program
`resides
`with
`sibility
`Vehicle
`Systems
`DOE.
`The
`and
`Hybrid
`(NTHV)
`Program
`is an element
`the
`EHV
`of
`procurement
`and
`management
`responsibility
`Vehicle
`Program
`to Jet
`Propulsion
`Laboratory
`
`Program
`and
`Hybrid
`Act
`of
`1976.
`the
`Office
`of
`Near-Term
`Hybrid
`Program.
`DOE
`has
`for
`the
`Near-Term
`(JPL).
`
`estab-
`was
`Vehicle
`Respon-
`Electric
`Vehicle
`assigned
`Hybrid
`
`of
`
`overall
`The
`the development
`to demonstrate
`options
`which
`
`DOE
`the
`objective
`of
`and
`hybrid
`of electric
`of
`these
`the validity
`less
`dependent
`on
`ere
`
`is to promote
`Program
`EHV
`vehicle
`technologies
`and
`systems
`transportation
`as
`petroleum
`resources.
`
`_._
`
`of
`part
`As
`have
`contractors
`Design
`of a hybrid
`the maximum
`potential
`near
`term
`(commencing
`JPL
`Contract
`Number
`Term
`Hybrid
`Vehicle
`
`General
`Program,
`the NTHV
`leading
`studies
`completed
`which
`vehicle
`passenge_
`petroleum
`reducing
`for
`This
`work
`in 1985).
`955190,
`Modification
`Program.
`
`sub-
`
`its
`and
`Electric
`Preliminary
`to the
`is projected
`to hav_
`consumption
`in the
`has
`been
`done
`under
`3, Phase
`I of
`the
`Near-
`
`is Deliverable
`report
`This
`in
`this
`report
`included
`I.
`In accordance
`with
`Contract,
`the
`following
`
`ma-
`The
`Report.
`7, Final
`Item
`in
`effort
`of
`the
`summarizes
`all
`7 of
`Description
`Data
`Requirement
`documents
`are
`submitted
`as appendices:
`
`terial
`Phase
`the
`
`cation
`
`APPENDIX
`Studies'
`
`A is the
`Report.
`
`Mission
`This
`
`and
`Analysis
`is Deliverable
`
`Performance
`Item
`1 and
`
`Specifi-
`reports
`
`characterizations;
`description,
`characteriza-
`the
`mission
`vehicle
`study
`methodology;
`the
`It presents
`on
`the work
`of
`Task
`I.
`the
`rationale
`selec-
`tion,
`and
`impact
`on potential
`sales;
`the
`for
`the
`of the
`TCE
`reference
`vehicle;
`and
`conclusions
`recommenda-
`tion
`and
`performance
`specifications
`tions
`of
`the
`nission
`analysis
`and
`studies.
`
`B is a three
`APPENDIX
`the
`2 and
`reports
`on
`
`set
`volume
`work
`of Task
`
`that
`2.
`
`constitutes
`The
`three
`
`Deliverable
`volumes
`are:
`
`Item
`
`•
`
`Volume
`
`I
`
`_= Design
`
`Trade=Off
`
`Studies
`
`Report
`
`Report,
`
`Volume
`
`I
`
`•
`•
`
`Volume
`Volume
`
`III
`II
`
`_- C0mputer
`_- Supplement
`
`Program
`Listing
`so
`to Design
`Trade=Off
`
`Studies
`
`study
`I presents
`Volume
`power
`of
`candidate
`parison
`_oncepto
`design
`selected
`subcontractors
`on heat
`
`the
`methodology;
`control
`trains;
`the
`Volume
`II presents
`engines,
`battery
`power
`
`the
`
`and
`evaluation
`and
`strategy
`by
`submitted
`report_
`sources
`and
`vehicle
`
`com-
`the
`
`iii
`Page 3 of 572
`Page 3 of 572
`
`' _ "
`
`.
`,,
`FMC 1013
`FMC 1030
`
`

`
`_tth
`technology
`aion9
`III consists
`Volume
`analyzing
`the various
`
`background
`detailed
`of computer
`of listings
`design
`options.
`
`on motors
`programs
`
`and
`controls.
`used An
`
`This is
`Data Package.
`Design
`C is the Preliminary
`APPENDIX
`p_e-
`3 and r-_p_t_o--_--t__--_._It
`Deliv_Item
`r.,!Lonale,
`the
`methodology,
`the design
`decision
`sents
`the design
`vehicle
`preliminary
`design
`summary,
`and the advanced
`technology
`developments.
`Included
`in the Preliminary
`Design
`Data Package
`are five appendices
`which
`present
`the detailed
`vehicle
`design;
`vehicle
`ride and handling
`and front structural
`crashworthiness
`the
`analysis;
`the microcomputer
`control
`of the propulsion
`system;
`design
`study
`of the battery
`switching
`circuit,
`the field chopper,
`and the batter
`charger;
`and the recent
`HYVEC program
`refinements
`and computer
`results.
`
`the
`
`This is
`Anal sis Report.
`D is the Sensitivit
`APPENDIX
`the study
`Item 8 and
`on Tas
`4_
`'It presents
`Deliverable
`.
`reports
`the selection
`of input
`parameters
`and output
`vari-
`methodology,
`the sensitivity
`ables,
`study
`results,
`and the conclusions
`of the
`
`_tem, and
`Deliverable
`- Appendix,
`The three
`classifications
`sensitivity
`analysis.
`in these documents.
`Task Number
`- will be used interchangeably
`which
`is fully described
`The work accomplished
`on this contract,
`in this report
`and its appendices,
`was performed
`by the Electric
`Vehicle
`Program
`in the Power Electronics
`Laboratory
`of General
`Electric
`Corporate
`Research
`and Development
`in Schenectady,
`New
`York.
`Subcontractors
`and their
`areas of support
`were:
`
`Subcontractor
`
`® ESB, Inc.
`
`Area of Support
`
`Batteries
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`• General• ProfessorSpaCesystemsDivisionElectricGene Smith,
`
`
`
`
`
`Heat EnginesMission Analysis
`
`and
`
`
`
`MichiganUniversityof
`
`Sensitivity
`
`Analysis
`
`• Triad
`
`Services
`
`Design
`Vehicle
`An _lys is
`
`and
`
`Vehicle
`Electric
`to the General
`contributors
`Other
`consultations
`were applicable
`to this study were:
`
`whose
`
`Program
`
`i:/i
`
`Page 4 of 572
`Page 4 of 572
`
`FMC 1013
`FMC 1030
`
`

`
`Page 5 of 572
`Page 5 of 572
`
`FMC 1013
`FMC 1030
`
`

`
`_H_AL
`
`_ EtEl_Vt,tI L;
`
`FRONTISPIECE
`
`PROPULSION
`
`B&TT_RY
`
`HEATE R
`
`'\
`._r_
`t
`
`.-
`
`-,"
`
`.P
`
`tUEL
`
`TANK
`
`HEAT
`
`ENG,NE
`
`L-ELECTRIC
`
`MOTOR
`
`Near=Term
`
`Hybrid
`
`Vehicle,
`
`Three-Dimensional
`
`Cutaway
`
`_I_CE_DtN6PAGEBLANK NOT FILMgD
`
`vii
`
`............
`
`:;
`
`_
`
`i
`
`'
`
`_.' : _-
`
`'
`
`'_
`
`.....
`
`;
`
`Page 6 of 572
`Page 6 of 572
`
`_],
`
`....
`
`'
`
`.....
`
`--C_ .......
`
`:"
`
`_
`
`" ;'
`
`FMC 1013
`FMC 1030
`
`_->_
`
`':/
`
`

`
`UERtMRk_
`
`E_EGIMI_
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`_Secti°n
`
`I
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`AND SUMMARY
`
`1.1
`
`Introduction
`
`................
`
`_L_
`
`i-I
`
`1-2
`
`1.2.1
`1.2.2
`
`b e t v s
`DOE EHV Program
`Overall
`DOE Near-Term
`Hybrid
`Vehicle
`Program
`
`.
`
`1-3
`
`1.3
`
`1.4
`
`1.3.2
`1.3.3
`1.3.4
`1.3.5
`1.3.6
`1.3.7
`
`Summary
`1.4.1
`1.4.2
`1.4.3
`
`......
`.....
`
`and
`
`.
`
`.
`
`. .
`.
`
`. .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`s
`tiv
`'e
`Objectives
`.....
`e
`I Ob3 c
`1.2.3
`Phase
`Specific
`Tasks
`Description
`of Major
`.........
`Analysis
`and
`1.3.1
`Task 1, Mission
`Performance
`Specification
`Studies
`Task 2, Design
`Trade-Off
`Studies..
`Task 3, Preliminary
`Design ......
`Task 4, Sensitivity
`Analysis .....
`Task
`5, Proposal
`for Phase
`II ....
`Task 6, Phase
`I Documentation
`....
`Task
`7, Program
`Management
`Integration
`...........
`of Phase
`I Program
`Results
`.....
`Preliminary
`Deslgn
`Summary ......
`Major
`Alternative
`Design
`Options...
`Interface
`Component
`and Sys£em
`. .
`.
`Control
`Developments..
`OF PHASE
`I ACTIVITY
`...........
`
`2
`
`SUMMARY
`
`2.1
`2.2
`
`Introduction
`......
`and'Performance
`Aalysis
`Task I - Mission
`Specification
`Studies
`Summary ........
`
`2.2.2
`
`Methodology
`
`.............
`
`iiii
`......
`
`2.3
`
`2.4
`
`2.5
`
`Objectives
`2.2.1
`..............
`St di;
`Task2_2"32Conclusions_
`
`....Trade-Off
`D_sign
`u
`2.3.1
`Ob _ 'ti_,es..............
`2.3°2Meth doiogy...........
`2.3.3
`Major
`Findin
`s
`........
`Task
`3 - Preliminary
`n
`De
`........
`Objectives
`2.4 1
`•
`2.4.2
`Methodolcgy
`
`....eeeooeeoo.
`
`• . •
`
`s
`
`: .....
`.....
`
`s A c m I s
`Major
`2o4.3
`Findin
`L
`Task 4 _ Sensitivity
`Analysis.
`2o5.1
`Objectives
`..............
`2.5.2
`Methodology
`.............
`2.5.3
`Conclusions
`.............
`
`n s
`ecee_eo
`
`• • •
`
`3
`
`_UMI_RY OF THE HYBRID VEilICLE
`
`D_oS_GN_I_o o .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`Ii
`
`3.1
`3°2
`
`and Styling
`General
`Layout
`Train Specifications
`Powe_
`Breakdown
`
`.........
`and Weight
`
`]-5
`' o
`_-_
`
`1-5
`1-5
`1-6
`1-6
`1-6
`1-6
`
`-7
`_-8
`1-8
`1-15
`
`1-18
`2-1
`
`2-1
`
`2-3
`
`2-3
`
`2-3
`2-10
`2-12
`2-12
`2-12
`
`2-17
`2-20
`2 20
`--
`2-20
`
`2-22
`2-24
`2-24
`2-24
`2-25
`
`]=l
`
`3_I
`
`3 4
`
`Page 7 of 572
`Page 7 of 572
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`FMC 1013
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`

`
`b_rlt
`
`IIAI, _
`
`tl.|bl
`
`nil,
`
`Section
`3
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS (Co.t'd)
`
`(Cont'd)
`3.2.1
`3.2.2
`Vehicle
`Measures
`Initial
`
`3.3
`3.4
`3.5
`
`Specifications.
`Power Train
`Weight
`Vehicle
`and Weight
`Performance
`.........
`of Energy
`Cons&mpt[on
`.......
`Cost and Ownership
`Cost .......
`
`Breakdown
`
`.
`.
`
`4
`
`AND THEIR
`CONSIDERED
`OPTIONS
`ALTERNATE
`DESIGN
`RELATIONSHIP
`TO THE DESIGN
`ADOPTED ........
`
`4.1
`4.2
`4.3
`4.4
`4 5
`
`_
`
`4.6
`4._
`4.
`4.9
`
`Introduction
`_ . _ _ ........
`
`. _ _
`Parallel
`Vso Series'Arrangement,
`......
`Secondary
`Energy
`Storage
`..........
`Power
`Split Fraction
`............
`Battery
`Type
`
`...ooooeeeeeoee.
`
`Type. _ 6 t o s ...........
`Engine
`e r Rat o [ [ [ [
`Driv
`p i n
`Electric
`Transmission
`Type and G a
`i s
`Torque
`Combination
`Options
`........
`
`"
`. .
`
`5
`
`DESCRIPTION
`
`OF COMPUTER
`
`SIMULATIONS
`
`.......
`
`5.1
`5.2
`5.3
`5.4
`
`Introduction
`................
`Statistics
`Daily
`Travel
`...........
`Design
`Calculations
`Hybrid
`Vehicle
`Simulation
`Calculation
`Hybrid
`Vehicle
`(HYVEC) ...................
`
`(HYVELD).
`
`6
`
`ECONOMIC
`
`ANALYSES
`
`................
`
`6.1
`6.2
`
`Introduction
`................
`Methods
`of Analysis .............
`6.2.1
`Determination
`of Component
`6.2.2
`Calculation
`of the Initial
`6.2.3
`Calculation
`of the Ownership
`
`Costs...
`Cost
`. . o
`Cost
`. .
`
`CONSIDERATIONS
`AND RELIABILITY
`MAINTENANCE
`Introduction
`7.1
`................
`Maintenance
`Considerations
`7.2
`Considerations
`7.3
`Reliability
`
`.........
`.........
`
`....
`
`DESIGN
`
`FOR CRASII SAFETY
`
`.............
`
`8.1
`8.2
`8.3
`
`................
`Introduction
`for Crashworthiness
`Evaluation
`Methodology
`Conclusions
`Crashworthiness
`Analysis
`....
`
`.
`
`B BL O RAPHY...................
`9.1
`Mission
`Analysis
`and Use Patterns .......
`9,2
`Characterization
`and Sales
`of Conventional
`ICE Passenger
`Cars
`..............
`
`7
`
`8
`
`9
`
`3-4
`3-14
`3-17
`3-20
`3-23
`
`4-1
`
`4-1
`4-3
`4-4
`4-5
`4 6
`
`--
`
`4-9
`4-11
`4-12
`4-14
`
`5-1
`
`5-1
`5-3
`5-7
`
`5-9
`
`6-1
`
`6-1
`6-2
`6-2
`6-2
`6-3
`
`7_I
`7-1
`7-1
`7-3
`
`8-1
`
`8_I
`8-1
`8_6
`
`9o,t
`9-1
`
`9_2
`
`Page 8 of 572
`Page 8 of 572
`
`FMC 1013
`FMC 1030
`
`

`
`TA!_.IE _
`
`CONTENTS (Coa!'d)
`
`9
`
`(Cont
`
`' d)
`
`9.3
`9.4
`
`and Transmission8
`Heat Engines
`.......
`Electric
`Drive Systems
`...........
`
`9.6 Hybridand lectricw,,i¢l,. E a u.Jo;,s: . .
`9.5
`Batteries
`aqd Flywheel
`.
`..
`v I
`....
`
`9-3
`9-5
`
`9-7
`9-6
`
`LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
`
`1.4. I-I
`
`Near-Term
`
`Hybrid
`
`Vehicle,
`
`Three-Dimensional
`
`1.4.1-2
`
`1.4.1-3
`
`Cutaway
`Artist's
`
`.....................
`Rendering
`of the Hybrid
`
`Vehicle .....
`
`State-of-Charge
`Battery
`for Urban
`and Highway
`
`and Fuel Economy
`Driving
`..........
`
`1.4.1_4
`1o4 I-5
`
`Vehicle..
`for the Hear-Term
`Driving
`Urban
`Hybrid
`and
`in
`Energy
`Total
`Petroleum
`Fuel Usage
`Ownership
`Cost as a Function
`of Gasoline
`
`Price..
`
`1.4.1-6
`
`_nual
`
`Net Dollar
`
`Savings
`
`as a Function
`
`of
`
`2.1-1
`
`Price ..................
`Gasoline
`Phase
`I Activities
`Flowcha_t ...........
`
`:
`
`i:
`=_/_
`
`_!I
`
`_!
`...._I
`_o_
`
`//i_
`
`1-9
`1-11
`
`1-12
`
`1-12
`
`1-13
`
`1-13
`2-2
`
`2-4
`
`2-6
`
`3- 2
`
`3- 3
`
`3-7
`
`3-9
`3-12
`
`3-13
`3-15
`
`3=21
`
`3=21
`
`3-25
`
`0_°
`
`2.2.2-1
`
`Power-to-Weight
`
`Ratio Requirements
`
`.......
`
`2.2.2-2
`
`Projected
`
`1985 Composite
`
`Fuel Economy
`
`......
`
`Cutaway
`
`.....................
`
`3.1-2
`
`Artist's
`Vehicle
`
`Rendering
`......................
`
`of the Near-Term
`
`r_:.d
`
`3.2.1-I
`3.1-1
`
`3.2.1-2
`3.2.1-3
`
`3.2.1-4
`3.2.1-5
`3.4-1
`
`Hybrid
`Power
`Train ................
`Near-Term
`Hybrid
`Vehicle,
`Three-Dime_ibonal
`
`of Drive Package ............
`schematic
`Torque
`Transfer
`Unit ...............
`
`Sequencing
`Source
`Propulsion
`Hybrid
`Vehicle
`Microcomputer
`
`Strategy
`......
`Control .......
`
`State-of=Charge
`Battery
`for Urban and Highway
`
`and Fuel Economy
`Driving
`..........
`
`i:_
`
`3.4-2
`
`Total
`Urban
`
`Energy
`Driving
`
`Fuel Usage
`and Petro)eum
`..................
`
`in
`
`_._i:_,:
`
`3.5-_!
`
`Annual
`Casoline
`
`as a Function
`Savings
`Net Dollar
`Price ...................
`
`of
`
`4.9=1
`
`Torque
`
`Combinatio_
`
`Options ........ . .
`
`.
`
`.
`
`4-15
`
`Page 9 of 572
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`

`
`UEHEN_L
`
`t_J
`
`_gU
`
`| U|_
`
`LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont'_
`
`5.2_I
`
`5.2-2
`
`5.2_3
`
`5.3-1
`
`5.4-1
`
`8.2-1
`
`8.2-2
`
`8.3-1
`
`8.3-2
`
`Calculation
`the
`Monte
`
`of
`Carlo
`
`Daily
`Trip
`
`Travel
`Length
`
`Using
`Statistien
`Generatr, r Program,
`
`. .
`
`5_4
`
`Travel
`Random
`Daily
`Function
`of Annual
`
`Days
`of
`- Percent
`Miles
`.............
`
`_ as a
`
`Random
`Daily
`as a Function
`
`= Percent
`Travel
`or
`Annual
`Miles
`
`of Vehicle
`..........
`
`M_I_s
`
`=
`
`Schematic
`Calculation
`
`of
`
`Hybrid
`the
`Procedure
`
`Vehicle
`oooooooooeooe.
`
`Design
`
`(HYVELD)
`
`Schematic
`Calculation
`
`of
`
`Vehicle
`Hybrid
`the
`(HYVEC)
`...............
`
`Simulation
`
`5_5
`
`5=6
`
`5_8
`
`5-10
`
`Schematic
`Structure
`
`of
`and
`
`Hybrid
`the
`Components
`
`Forward
`Vehicle
`for
`Crash
`Simulation
`
`. .
`
`8_2
`
`Hybrid
`
`Vehicle
`
`Body
`
`Structure,
`
`Exploded
`
`View.
`
`. .
`
`8-3
`
`as a Function
`Deceleration
`Maximum
`(Refer
`to Table
`Intrusion
`8.2-1
`Identification)
`o_oooeeoooooeeoo.
`,
`
`for
`
`of Maximum
`Run
`
`Comparison
`and
`Stock
`
`the
`of
`Malibu
`
`Transverse
`Crash
`Test
`
`Driveline
`Hybrid
`Performance
`.....
`
`LIST OF TABLES
`
`8 7-
`
`8-8
`
`_
`
`!_:!i_i,
`
`i_II
`
`Table
`
`2.2.2-1
`
`Fuel
`
`Use by
`
`Size
`
`Class
`
`in
`
`1985 ..........
`
`2.2.2-2
`
`2.2,2=3
`
`1.4.2-1
`2.3.2-1
`
`2.3°2=2
`
`2.5.2=1
`
`Daily
`for
`
`Inside
`Distances
`Travel
`and Annual
`Various
`Driving
`Missions
`...........
`
`SMSAs
`
`and
`Daily
`for Various
`Power
`Train
`Hybrid
`Power
`Considered
`
`in
`
`Distances
`Travel
`Annual
`Missions
`...............
`in Depth..
`Design
`Options
`Considered
`Components
`Train
`Configurations
`and
`the
`Design
`Trade-Off
`Study
`....
`
`Outside
`
`SMSAs
`
`Vehicle
`for
`the
`
`Parameters
`Input
`Factor
`Economic
`and
`Design
`Trade=Off
`Calculations
`......
`
`Summary
`Using
`
`Sensitivities
`of Paramete_
`HYVELD
`...................
`
`Studied
`
`3.2o2-1
`
`Weight
`
`Breakdown
`
`= Mal]bu
`
`Based
`
`Hybrid
`
`......
`
`i_,:_/
`
`ii!1
`
`3.3=1
`
`3.3=2
`
`3.4=1
`
`3o5_
`
`1
`
`Vehicle
`
`Performance
`
`Characteristics
`
`.......
`
`Vehicle
`
`Performance
`
`Characteristics
`
`.......
`
`Consumption
`Energy
`(Near=Term
`Hybrid
`own .................
`kd
`
`Measures
`Vehicle)
`
`............
`
`Cost
`
`Brea
`
`2-6
`
`2-8
`
`2-9
`1-16
`
`2-15
`
`2-16
`
`2-26
`
`3-16
`
`3-18
`
`3_!9
`
`3_22
`
`3-
`
`xi
`
`Page 10 of 572
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`

`
`GENERAL_
`
`ELECIRIC
`
`LIST ,[]_,_:TAGLES (Cont'd)
`
`4.2-1
`
`4.3-1
`
`4.5-1
`
`4.5-2
`
`4.5-1
`_o7=I
`
`4.8-I
`
`5.1-1
`
`7.2-1
`
`7.3-1
`
`8.2-1
`
`Power
`
`Train
`
`Arran9ement
`
`ConsideratiQns
`
`......
`
`Secondary
`
`Storage
`
`(F!ywheel)
`
`Considerations
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`Storage
`Trade-O££
`Battery
`
`Characteristics
`Onit
`Studies
`.................
`Type Considerations
`
`in
`
`tile
`
`Desiqln
`
`.........
`
`.
`
`•
`
`Enqine
`.............
`Type Considerations
`_Iectric Drive System Considerations ........
`
`Transmission
`
`Selection
`
`Considerations
`
`.....
`
`Simulatione
`of the Use of Computer
`Summary
`in the Phase
`I Study ...............
`
`Maintenan=e
`Vehicle
`
`•
`
`ffor DDE/GE
`
`Near-Term
`
`Electric
`
`•
`
`•
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`•
`
`•
`
`o
`
`_
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`e
`
`.
`
`•
`
`Vehicle
`
`Maintenance
`
`and Reliability
`
`Summary
`
`of Crash
`
`Simulation
`
`Rest_Its
`
`Factors
`
`.
`.....
`
`¢
`
`.
`
`o
`
`.
`
`4-3
`
`4-4
`
`4_7
`
`4,_8
`
`4-9
`4-II
`
`4-12
`
`5-2
`
`7 2
`
`7-4
`8-5
`
`_
`
`_
`
`_'
`r
`
`_
`._
`:_]
`'_
`
`)
`....•
`
`xii
`
`Page 11 of 572
`Page 11 of 572
`
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`

`
`Page 12 of 572
`Page 12 of 572
`
`FMC 1013
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`
`

`
`_:_:,i',
`
`......:_,
`
`_::i_i
`
`: :_i';:
`
`INTRODUCIK)N Ahl) _UN;MA_Y
`
`i,,1 IINTRODUCT_ON
`
`Th:L:_ report
`
`is
`
`Deliverable
`
`Item
`
`7,
`
`1 •
`I_nal
`
`R_l:_or!:_._,_, anO
`
`_.'_ the
`
`of
`
`a ser:u:,_ wh:ieh Oo_:_Rmentl:h¢_ v e_ r_l]_[_ Of Pha_'_e :[
`summary report:
`_Vl,,rid Vobi_lo
`Lhe
`Near=Term
`Program.
`Thir; phase
`of
`the
`pzo =
`of
`pre]._minary
`gram
`Ic_di_%g
`to the
`de,,_ign of
`a 5=pas'_cn =
`was
`a study
`(elec,.z_c_/ty
`utilizing
`two
`energy
`sources
`and
`qer
`hybrid
`vehicle
`gasoline(cid:0)diesel
`fuel)
`to minimize
`petroleum
`usage
`on
`a fleet
`basis.
`
`The
`(DOE:) and
`
`program
`by
`is sponsored
`the California
`7.nstitute
`
`the
`of
`
`Department
`US
`Technology,
`
`of
`Jet
`
`Energy
`Propulsion
`
`'_'°ii_
`
`Laboratory
`
`(JPL).
`
`Responsibility
`
`for
`
`this
`
`program
`
`at DOE
`
`resides
`
`program
`of the
`I portion
`Phase
`the
`Research
`Corporate
`and
`Development
`Off±ce
`with
`the
`of Electric
`and
`JPL
`contract
`955190.
`
`was
`and
`Hybrid
`
`by General
`done
`its
`subcontractors
`Vehicle
`Systems.
`
`Electric
`under
`Work
`
`on
`
`This
`
`report
`
`presents
`
`a complete
`
`summary
`
`of
`
`the
`
`work
`
`_one
`
`on
`
`_;)'i_'
`
`Phase
`
`I, in the
`•
`Overall
`
`following
`summary
`
`manne_:
`of
`the
`
`Phase
`
`I activity
`
`tasks
`
`Summary
`
`of
`
`the
`
`individual
`
`Summary
`
`of
`
`the
`
`hybrid
`
`vehicle
`
`design
`
`Summary
`
`of
`
`th _, alternative
`
`design
`
`options
`
`Summary
`
`of
`
`the
`
`computer
`
`simulations
`
`Summary
`
`of
`
`the
`
`economic
`
`analysis
`
`of
`Suw_nary
`considerations
`
`the maintenance
`
`and
`
`reliability
`
`Summary
`
`of the
`
`design
`
`for
`
`crash
`
`safe_y
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`Bibliography
`
`summaries
`These
`of task
`reports
`that
`contract.
`The
`task
`this
`Final
`Report.
`able
`items,
`and
`tasks
`
`series
`the
`by
`supported
`are
`on and
`based
`are
`during
`items
`submitted
`as deliverable
`were
`repo_'ts
`as appendices
`are
`being
`resubmitted
`The
`interrelationship
`of appendices,
`deliver_
`below:
`is tabulated
`
`the
`to
`
`?_ ......'
`
`i ..........
`
`........
`
`....
`
`!=!
`
`i
`
`Page 13 of 572
`ii
`i
`i'
`.i
`....
`Page 13 of 572
`
`i_i11_ i_.,
`
`FMC 1013
`FMC 1030
`
`

`
`cE.E.At0 EcT,Ic
`
`_-
`
`A_endix
`
`I hem
`Del; v _'°
`
`:",le
`
`Task
`
`TJ tie
`
`A
`
`B
`
`C
`
`D
`
`i
`
`2
`
`3
`
`8
`
`1
`
`2
`
`3
`
`4
`
`Analysi_
`Mission
`aPce Specification
`
`and Per£o_*a=
`Studies
`Report
`
`I = Design
`Vol.
`Studies
`Report
`
`Trade-Off
`
`Vol.
`
`II - Supplement
`
`to Design
`
`Trade=Off
`
`Studies
`
`Report
`
`ITI
`Vol.
`Listings
`
`- Computer
`
`Program
`
`Preliminary
`
`Design
`
`Data Package
`
`Sensitivity
`
`Analysis
`
`Report
`
`1=2
`
`Page 14 of 572
`Page 14 of 572
`
`FMC 1030
`FMC 1013
`
`

`
`G|HERALO
`
`ELECTRIC
`
`1.2 OBJECTIVES
`
`The
`
`objectives
`
`that
`
`were
`
`set
`
`forth
`
`for
`
`this
`
`effort
`
`are
`
`iden-
`
`ti£_
`
`in the
`
`following
`
`subsections,
`
`i. 2.1
`
`OVERALL
`
`DOE
`
`EHV
`
`PROGRAM
`
`OBJECTIVES
`
`The
`development
`demonstrate
`options
`which
`
`objective
`overall
`of electric
`the
`validity
`are
`less
`
`the
`of
`hybrid
`and
`these
`of
`dependent
`
`is to promote
`Program
`EHV
`DOE
`technologies
`and
`to
`vehicle
`as
`transportation
`systems
`on
`petroleum
`resources.
`
`Near-Term
`The
`Program.
`DOE
`EHV
`sponsibility
`for
`
`the
`is an element
`Program
`Vehicle
`Hybrid
`and
`procurement
`re-
`management
`has
`assigned
`the Near-Ter:_a
`Hyb._id Vehicle
`Program
`to JPL.
`
`of
`
`1.2.2
`
`DOE
`
`NEAR-TERM
`
`HYBRID
`
`_EHICLE
`
`PROGRAM
`
`OBJECTIVFS
`
`are
`
`DOE
`The
`summarized
`
`Hybrid
`Near-Term
`follcws:
`as
`
`Vehicle
`
`(NTHV)
`
`Program
`
`Objectives
`
`...._
`
`•
`
`Advance
`
`the state
`
`of the
`
`art
`
`in hybrid
`
`vehicles
`
`carl be
`
`•
`
`Show
`
`that
`Practical
`
`hybrid
`
`vehicles
`
`efficient
`
`Energy
`Safe
`Producible
`Affordable
`Functional
`
`•
`
`•
`
`Develop
`useful
`
`validated
`candidates
`
`vehicle
`for
`the
`
`that
`designs
`demonstration
`
`be
`can
`program
`
`analytical
`Provide
`for
`general
`tools
`technology.
`
`test
`and
`application
`
`methodologies
`to hybrid
`
`and
`vehicle
`
`The
`phases:
`
`NTHV
`
`Program
`
`is planned
`
`as a multiyear
`
`project
`
`of
`
`two
`
`•
`
`Phase
`
`I
`
`=- Design
`Desi_n
`
`Trade=Off
`
`Studies
`
`and
`
`Preliminary
`
`Io2o3
`
`•
`
`Phase
`SPECIFIC
`
`II
`PHASE
`
`Design
`=- Fin_l
`I OBJECTIVES
`
`and
`
`Fabrication
`
`of Test
`
`Vehicles
`
`The
`Vehicle
`
`specific
`Program
`
`objectives
`are
`to:
`
`of Phase
`
`I of the
`
`Near=Term
`
`Hybrid
`
`Page 15 of 572
`Page 15 of 572
`
`FMC 1030
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`
`•1
`_i
`
`iilit
`.il
`
`

`
`GENERAL0
`
`ELECTRIC
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`.
`
`i _,
`
`:i¸!
`
`i:
`
`i
`
`:.:..,!
`
`Identify
`promise
`
`missions
`to yield
`
`for
`high
`
`hybrid
`petroleum
`
`vehicles
`impact,
`
`that
`
`Characterize
`satisfies
`provide
`petroleum
`
`single
`the
`the mission
`the
`greatest
`consumption,
`
`concept
`vehicle
`set
`of missions
`or
`potential
`reduction
`
`which
`that
`in
`
`performance
`Develop
`characterized
`vehicle
`
`specifications
`concept,
`
`for
`
`the
`
`trade-off
`through
`Develop,
`design
`preliminary
`vehicle
`performance
`specifications,
`
`a hybrid
`studies,
`that
`satisfies
`the
`
`Identify
`successful
`
`technologies
`vehicle
`
`are
`that
`development,
`
`critical
`
`to
`
`a proposal
`Develop
`that
`include
`vehicle
`development,
`and
`
`the
`for
`design,
`vehicle
`
`Phase
`critical
`fabrication.
`
`II activities
`technology
`
`I_
`Page 16 of 572
`Page 16 of 572
`
`FMC 1030
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`
`

`
`GENERALO ELECTRIC
`
`1.30ESCRIPTION OF MAJOR TASKS
`
`The
`accordance
`ing major
`
`Phase
`with
`tasks:
`
`was
`I program
`contract.
`the
`
`divided
`The
`
`discrete
`into
`work
`consisted
`
`tasks
`the
`of
`
`in
`follow-
`
`Task
`
`1 - Mission
`Studies
`
`Analysis
`
`and
`
`Performance
`
`Specification
`
`Task
`
`2 - Design
`
`Trade-off
`
`Studies
`
`Task
`
`3 - Preliminary
`
`Design
`
`Task
`
`4 - Sensitivity
`
`Analysis
`
`Task
`
`5 - Proposal
`
`for
`
`Phase
`
`II
`
`Task
`
`6 - Phase
`
`I Documentation
`
`Task
`
`7 - Program
`
`Management
`
`and
`
`Integration
`
`in subsequent
`is described
`program
`this
`on
`done
`work
`The
`the
`Phase
`I
`of
`2, Summar,,
`Section
`this
`report.
`of
`sections
`of
`gives
`details
`tasks
`interrelate
`and
`describes
`how
`the
`Tasks,
`sections
`include
`major
`tasks
`(Tasks
`1 through
`4).
`These
`the four
`of
`the
`methodology,
`the
`specific
`tasks
`objectives,
`and
`a discussion
`and
`the
`major
`findings,
`conclusions,
`or recommendations.
`In addi-
`4
`tion,
`the
`complete
`reports
`associated
`with
`Tasks
`i, 2,
`3, and
`submitted
`are
`as appendices
`to this
`report.
`A brief
`summary
`description
`major
`identification
`of
`the
`tasks
`and
`of
`the
`task
`reports
`follows.
`
`1.3.1
`
`i, MISSION
`TASK
`STUDIES
`
`ANALYSIS
`
`AND
`
`PERFORMANCE
`
`SPECIFICATION
`
`The
`definition
`
`major
`of
`
`of
`elements
`the
`missions
`
`the
`1 included
`Task
`or set
`of
`missions
`
`following:
`which
`maximize
`
`(I)
`the
`
`vehi-le,
`hybrid
`for
`potential
`with
`associated
`tions
`defining
`should
`achieve
`set of
`missions
`done
`on
`this
`task
`Analysis
`Mission
`
`vehicle
`(2) identification
`characteristics
`by a sinqle
`consumption
`reduction
`of
`petroleum
`of
`specifica-
`(3) preparation
`these
`missions,
`and
`the performance
`requirements
`which
`the
`vehicle
`to safely
`and
`efficiently
`perform
`the
`mission
`identified
`in the
`mission
`analysis.
`The
`work
`is
`reported
`in its
`entirety
`in Appendix
`A,
`and
`Performance
`Specification
`Studies
`Report.
`
`of
`
`or
`
`1.3o2
`
`TASK
`
`2, DESIGN
`
`[i'RADE=OFF STUDIES
`
`Task
`
`2 included
`
`trade_o[[
`
`studies
`
`of alternate
`
`system
`
`con=
`
`design
`
`concept
`
`which
`
`best
`
`achieves
`
`the
`
`vehicle
`
`sl)ecifications
`
`ili[
`
`figurations
`
`and
`
`components
`
`in order
`!-5
`
`to arrive
`
`at
`
`a hybrid
`
`vehicle
`
`Page 17 of 572
`Page 17 of 572
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`
`°I
`
`GENERAL0 ELECTRIC
`
`of reducing
`promise
`the greatest
`in Task 1 and offers
`developed
`consumption.
`The work done in this task is reported
`petroleum
`its entirety
`in Appendix
`B
`Design
`Trade-off
`Studies
`Report,
`I, II, and III.
`Volumes
`
`in
`
`I. 3.3
`
`TASK 3, PRELIMINARY
`
`DESIGN
`
`of the most promising
`design
`out a preliminary
`Task 3 carried
`vehicle
`concept
`identified
`in the Task 2 studies.
`It in-
`hybrid
`def_nitionof
`all major
`parameters
`and components,
`such
`cluded
`as internal
`and external
`dimensions;
`all power train components_
`materials
`for body and chassis_
`weight
`breakdown
`by major
`sub-
`assemblies;
`projected
`production
`and life cycle
`costs;
`performance
`(including
`all categories
`specified
`in Task 1); and identification
`
`to achieve
`required
`development
`of technology
`design.
`The work done on thi_ task is reported
`in Appendix
`C, Preliminary
`Design
`Data Package.
`
`this preliminary
`in its entirety
`
`1.3.4
`
`TASK 4, SENSITIVITY
`
`ANALYSIS
`
`analysis
`out a sensitivity
`Task 4 carried
`parameters
`the impact
`of variations
`in selected
`the economic
`attractiveness,
`and the marketability
`
`determined
`which
`on the utility,
`of the hybrid
`
`energy
`economy
`reported
`vehicle.
`
`and fuel
`cost,
`maintenance
`lifetime,
`vehicle
`hybrid
`costs,
`The work done in Task 4 is
`of the Reference
`ICE Vehicle.
`in its entirety
`in Appendix
`D, Sensitivity
`Analysis
`Report.
`The parameters
`varied
`included
`travel
`characteristics,
`
`1.3.5
`
`TASK 5, PROPOSAL
`
`FOR PHASE
`
`II
`
`II of the
`for Phase
`a proposal
`of p, eparing
`Task 5 consisted
`based
`upon results
`a final vehicle
`design
`program
`which
`included
`design.
`Subject
`to JPL approval
`of this
`of Task 3 preliminary
`final design,
`two hybrid
`vehicles
`with spares
`and support
`equip _
`ment will be fabricated
`in Phase
`II.
`The Phase
`I! effort
`also
`includes
`testing
`the vehicles,
`delivering
`thQm to JPL, and provid-
`
`II pro-
`The Phase
`testing.
`acceptance
`during
`ing field support
`in response
`to RFP JC-2-_974-305
`issued
`by JPL
`posal
`was prepared
`The proposal,
`Phase
`II of the Near-Term
`Hybrid
`on July 6, 1979.
`Proposal
`RFP JC---_-2974-305, was submitted
`to JPL
`Vehicle
`ProQram,
`on August
`24, 1979.
`It consisted
`of three volumes
`which were:
`Volume
`I _ Technical
`Proposal;
`Volume
`II - Management
`Proposal;
`Ill = Cost Proposal.
`and Volume
`
`1.3.6
`
`TASK 6, PHASE
`
`I DOCUMENTATION
`
`Task 6 cons_sted
`
`of preparation
`
`of monthly
`
`status
`
`reports;
`
`the separate
`the proposal
`
`reports
`for Phase
`
`I, 2, 3, and 4, respectively;
`for Tasks
`I!; and this final report
`for all of Phase
`
`Page 18 of 572
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`
`GENERALO ELECTRIC
`
`These
`I.
`preceding
`
`have been identified
`reports
`paragraphs.
`
`where
`
`appropriate
`
`in the
`
`I. 3.7
`
`MANAGEMENT
`TASK 7, PROGRAM
`of the program
`Task 7 consists
`required
`to maintain
`technical
`effort
`of the Phase
`achievement
`I objectives°
`it played
`completeness,
`since
`a vital
`
`AND INTEGRATION
`management
`and integration
`and cost control
`and assure
`This is mentioned
`for
`role in the successful
`
`of the program.
`execution
`or in the technical
`reports
`
`in this final report
`It is not covered
`which
`were submitted
`previously.
`
`:.....
`
`!':!iili,
`
`'4"(_
`
`!i_i _i_l
`
`1_7
`
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`
`ot.jno,L0 .ecTn,c
`
`d;
`
`1.4 SUMMARY OF PHASE i PROQRAM REOULTS
`
`in the Prelimin-
`has resulted
`I Program
`Phase
`The completed
`or exceeds
`the
`ary Design
`of a hybrid
`vehicle
`which
`fully meets
`is
`This work
`requirements
`set forth in JPL Contract
`955190.
`Highlightp_ of the
`fully documented
`as discussed
`Jn Section
`I. 3.
`preliminary
`design
`are pre_ent_d
`in the following
`sectLons
`along
`with the alternative
`options
`which were
`considered.
`
`I. 4.1
`
`PRELIMINARY
`
`m
`
`DESIGN
`
`SUMMARY
`
`_ii:
`
`_-:
`
`of the preliminary
`are many aspects
`There
`important.
`The following
`sections
`considered
`to be most relevant.
`
`design
`discuss
`
`that are
`those deemed
`
`1.4.1.1
`
`General
`
`Layout
`
`and St_lin_
`
`The general
`are:
`chassis
`
`characteristics
`
`of the vehicle
`
`layout
`
`and
`
`•
`
`Curb weight
`
`- 1786 kg (3930 ib)
`
`• Body style
`
`- Four-door
`
`hatchback
`
`- Drag Coefficient
`
`- 0.40
`
`- Frontal
`
`area - 2.0 m 2 (21.5 ft 2)
`
`• Chassis/Power
`- Front wheel
`
`Train
`drive
`
`Arrangement
`
`power
`- Complete
`of firewall
`
`train,
`
`including
`
`the batteries,
`
`in front
`
`- F_,el tank under
`
`rear seat
`
`• Baseline
`
`ICE Vehicle
`
`- 1979 Chevrolet
`
`Malibu
`
`indicating
`vehicle
`cutaway
`A three_dimensional
`of the hybrid
`train is shog:_ in Figure
`1.4.1_I.
`the placement
`of the power
`Note
`that the complete
`hybrid
`power
`train
`is located
`in front of the
`compartment.
`firewall
`with no intrusion
`into the passenger
`The
`train consists
`of an 80 hp (peak) 1.6 liter
`fuel=injected
`drive
`gasoline
`a 45 hp (peak) separately
`engine,
`excited
`dc motor,
`automatically
`transmission,
`clutches,
`shifted
`and accessory
`
`an
`drive
`
`-I_i
`
`components,
`
`m_ artist's
`
`rendering
`
`of the vehicle
`
`styling
`
`is shown
`
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`
`•
`
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`6EHERALO
`
`ELECTRIC
`
`in Figure
`because
`passenger
`
`1.4.1-2.
`it maximizes
`vehicle
`
`body
`hatchback
`A four-door
`the
`all-purpose
`character
`hence
`its
`marketability.
`
`and
`
`type
`of
`
`selected
`was
`the
`five-
`
`1.4.1.2
`
`Eners_
`
`Use
`
`of
`
`The
`petroleum.
`promise
`economy
`trips
`leum
`(1985
`cluding
`about
`
`to conserve
`is
`program
`vehicle
`hybrid
`the
`goal
`primary
`I offers
`great
`in Phase
`designed
`was
`which
`vehicle
`The
`that
`the
`fuel
`Figure
`1.4.1-3
`shows
`goal.
`in meeting
`this
`of
`60 mpg
`for
`vehicle
`is
`in excess
`hybrid
`of
`the
`near-term
`the
`petro-
`Figure
`1.4.1-4
`illustrates
`30 miles
`or
`less.
`of
`ICE
`Vehicle
`compared
`to the
`Reference
`enery
`savings
`when
`fuel
`model).
`The
`total
`energy
`used
`(fuel
`and
`electricity,
`in-
`generating
`efficiency)
`by
`the
`near-term
`hybrid
`vehicle
`5% less
`than
`the
`Reference
`ICE
`Vehicle.
`
`is
`
`1.4.1.3
`
`Cost
`
`Considerations
`
`to
`was
`design
`vehicle
`hybrid
`the
`of
`goal
`important
`A second
`ICE
`Vehicle
`in
`Reference
`with
`the
`be competitive
`first
`cost
`and
`cost.
`The
`hybrid
`vehicle
`ownership
`in
`total
`equal
`or
`lower
`in
`1978
`dollars,
`versus
`at
`$7600
`is estimated
`sticker
`price
`in
`owner-
`dollars
`for the
`Reference
`ICE
`Vehicle.
`The
`$5700
`1978
`cost
`ship
`advantage
`the
`hybrid
`vehicle
`can
`be seen
`in Figures
`of
`1.4.1-5
`and
`1.4.1-6
`which
`show
`the
`ownership
`cost
`and
`net
`annual
`dollar
`savings
`as
`a function
`of gasoline
`price.
`The
`hybrid
`vehicle
`has
`the
`advantage
`of
`lower
`ownership
`cost
`as gasoline
`prices
`exceed
`$1/gal.
`
`1.4.1.4
`
`M_or
`
`Features
`
`of the
`
`Design
`
`this
`summarized
`design
`of the
`features
`major
`in
`are
`The
`Per-
`Report,
`the
`Vehicle
`Final
`In Section
`3 of
`this
`section.
`characteristics
`Energy
`Consumption
`formance
`are
`and
`the
`Measures
`given
`in the
`format
`provided
`by JPL.
`These
`features
`are
`discussed
`following
`sections.
`in
`the
`
`sub-
`
`The
`-
`Design
`Vehicle
`1.4.1.4.1
`are
`considered
`to be of greatest
`risk
`while
`meeting
`JPL
`performance
`
`features
`Design
`Vehicle
`in reducing
`importance
`requirements
`are:
`
`which
`technical
`
`and
`Term
`engine
`
`GE/CRD
`by
`d_eveloped
`controls
`system
`electrical
`highly_refined
`Program
`Electric
`Vehicle
`and
`the
`controller
`evolved
`(I) A _essor=based
`controls
`developed
`by VW,
`
`Near=
`the
`for
`electronic
`from
`vehicle
`
`motor
`(2) A drive
`Generator
`Department
`
`based
`for
`
`on
`the
`
`motor
`the
`Near=Term
`
`developed
`Electric
`
`by
`GE DC Motor
`Program,
`
`and
`
`!= !0
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`
`Left Rear Quarter View
`
`_,I
`
`Left Front Quarter View
`
`Figure 1.4.1=2.
`
`Artist's Rendering of the Hybrid Vehicle
`
`.ii
`ii
`
`i=ii
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`
`GENERALQ ELECTRIC
`
`N[_AI_-TERMHYQrlIDVEHIC_LI__
`
`50
`
`6O
`
`50
`
`4O
`
`u
`
`o
`
`2
`
`,.-d,20
`tL,
`
`_
`
`MPG (EPA URBAN CYCLE)
`
`STATE-OF-CH_,RGE
`BATIERY
`(EPA URBAN CYCL|')
`
`MPG IEPA HIGHWAY
`
`CYCLE|
`
`30
`
`0
`
`10
`
`20
`
`50
`
`30
`
`70
`
`90
`
`110
`
`km
`
`40
`
`50
`
`60
`
`70 MILES
`
`UR3AN DISTANCE TRAVELED
`
`Figure
`
`1.4.1-3.
`
`Battery
`for
`Urban
`
`State-of-Charge
`and
`Highway
`
`and
`Driving
`
`Fuel
`
`Economy
`
`UPDATED VEHICLE DESIGN
`
`REFERENCE
`
`ICE VEHICLE
`
`(1985 MODEL)
`
`TOTAL
`
`ENERGY USED (FUEL & ELECTRICITY)
`
`4.0
`
`:)
`
`g 3.0
`
`t.U
`,U
`
`ZI
`
`> 2.11
`<
`
`1,11
`
`I E _
`
`....
`
`m.... I L
`30
`10
`20
`
`-.LL._----J.J
`
`5030
`
`.... ______1....i__
`70
`50
`60
`90
`
`40
`
`El ___
`
`
`km1 IO70 MILES
`
`URBAN DISTANCE TRAVELED
`
`Figure
`
`1.4°1-4o
`
`Total
`
`Energy
`
`and
`
`PetroIeum
`
`Fuel
`
`Usage
`
`ii
`
`_i.,}
`
`Hybrid
`
`Vehicle
`
`in Urban
`Driving
`1=12
`Page 24 of 572
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`
`for
`
`the
`
`Near=Term
`
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`
`_ENERALO ELECTRIC
`
`2g -
`
`24-
`
`t"
`
`,e._AS
`
`S
`
`18
`
`16 -
`
`s
`
`j,
`
`Electric;tyPrice:4.2cents/kWh
`
`•5
`
`1.0
`
`2,0
`1.5
`Gasoline Price ($1gall
`
`2.5
`
`Figure
`
`1.4.1-5.
`
`Ownership
`
`Cost as a Function
`
`of Gasoline
`
`Price
`
`300
`
`21111
`
`'_
`
`o i
`
`f)
`
`•_
`
`Z
`m
`
`ntslkWh
`
`1.0
`
`2.0
`1.5
`Gasoline Price (_lgal)
`
`2.5
`
`Figure
`
`1.4o1=6.
`
`Annual
`
`Net Dollar
`
`Savings
`
`as a Function
`
`of Gasoline
`
`Price
`
`Page 25 of 572
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`
`GENERALQ. ELECTRIC
`
`(31A
`Globe-Union
`developments
`Laboratory
`
`subsystem
`battery
`Near-Term
`the
`for
`on electrolyte
`Near-Term
`Battery
`
`on
`
`based
`Electric
`circulation
`Program,
`
`ba_t._y
`the
`Vehicle
`for
`
`the
`
`by
`deveIopod
`r_.cont
`Program
`and
`National
`Argonne
`
`studies
`quick
`
`based
`(4) An _e
`and
`experiments
`start
`for on/off
`
`a VW production
`on
`on emissions,
`and
`engine
`operation,
`
`VW
`engine,
`'./Wproprietary
`
`advanced
`work
`
`on
`
`'
`
`design
`subb_stom
`(5) A vehicle
`extensive
`use
`of major
`components
`with
`a minimum
`of new
`design,
`
`by
`from
`
`based
`Triad
`Services
`lat,_ model
`production
`
`the
`on
`cars
`
`(6) A hybrid
`propulsion
`entirely
`is packaged
`which
`the passenger
`compartment
`
`(including
`subsystem
`hood
`with
`under
`the
`no
`the
`luggage
`compartment.
`or
`
`battery)
`the
`intrusion
`
`into
`
`(7) Performance
`been
`developed'and
`
`models
`analysis
`computer
`and
`validated
`by GE/CRD
`for
`
`which
`programs
`second-by-second
`
`have
`
`
`
`Program.analysis
`
`of
`
`system
`
`performance
`
`during
`
`the
`
`Phase
`
`I Hybrid
`
`Vehicle
`
`1.4.1.4.2
`
`Power
`
`Train
`
`Design
`
`designed
`Vehicle
`Hybrid
`The
`characteristics:
`train
`
`power
`
`in this
`
`study
`
`has
`
`the
`
`following
`
`(i) The
`in which
`the
`
`propulsion
`heat
`engine
`
`subsystem
`and
`the
`
`is a parallel
`electric
`motor
`
`configuration
`can
`deliver
`
`together
`
`or
`
`indi_
`
`_ <i!'
`
`mechanical
`vidually.
`
`torque
`
`to
`
`the
`
`drive
`
`shaft,
`
`either
`
`(2) The
`
`electric
`
`motor
`
`(45 hp peak)
`
`will
`
`be used
`
`primarily
`
`for urban
`mph,
`ranges
`
`accelerations,
`moderate
`with
`speeds
`driving
`of
`less
`35 miles,
`regenerative
`than
`and
`
`below
`brahing
`
`30
`at
`
`all
`
`speeds.
`
`13) The
`
`heat
`
`engine
`
`(80 hp peak)
`
`will
`
`be used
`
`primarily
`
`for
`
`driving
`highway
`tric
`motor
`for
`
`above
`at speeds
`fast
`accelerations
`
`and
`30 mph
`at
`lower
`
`augment
`to
`speeds,
`
`the
`
`elec _
`
`'_
`
`(4) The
`accelerations
`
`electric
`at high
`
`motor
`speed
`
`will
`and
`
`the
`augment
`to maintain
`
`heat
`speed
`
`engine
`on steep
`
`fast
`for
`grades,
`
`the
`to recharge
`a generator
`also
`areas°
`It can
`be used
`
`batteries
`to recharge
`
`extended
`for
`the
`battery
`
`in urban
`range
`at rest
`when
`
`(5) The
`can
`engine
`recommended
`is not
`engine
`ing
`is available.
`
`the
`power
`except
`
`and
`vehicle
`when
`no other
`
`drive
`method
`
`as
`motor
`the
`of recharg_
`
`Page 26 of 572
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`
`GFHERAL_,__ ELECTRIC
`
`:,
`':i_
`_
`
`'_,
`
`i;
`_
`
`_,<.
`!-
`
`......
`
`_.
`
`°I
`
`(6) Either
`the v_hiel_
`with
`inoperativ_
`
`_lo_tr]._
`moto_
`th_
`reduced
`p_rform_nc_
`
`_r
`
`h_at
`th_
`;]hould
`onn
`
`_ngin_
`of
`th_
`
`c:an op_rat_
`_y_tom9
`be
`
`1.4.1.4.3
`
`Vehlclo
`
`Performanc_
`
`The
`teristics-
`
`hybrid
`
`vehicle
`
`has
`
`the
`
`following
`
`performance
`
`eharac_
`
`perform
`(I) I: can
`5-passenger
`family
`sedan
`
`all
`
`the
`
`driving
`
`missions
`
`required
`
`of a
`
`•
`
`(2) It overcomes
`all-electric
`car.
`
`the
`
`the
`
`range
`
`and
`
`acceleration
`
`limitations
`
`of
`
`(3) It offers
`
`acceleration,
`