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`Computer Technology Research Corp.
`Page 1 of 165
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`Page 1 of 165
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`

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`WQSA
`
`Windows
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`Open Services
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`Architecture
`
`Jerry Cashin
`z(
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`Computer Technology Research Corp.
`6 North Atfantic Wharf, Charleston, South Carotina 294012150 USA.
`Telephone: (803) 853—6460 - Fax: (803) 8537210 ~ Telex: 147195
`
`Page 2 of 165
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`Page 2 of 165
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`wees: Windows Gpen Services Archiiecture
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`Cepyright éé Cismpeier Teceewegy Researce Carp,
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`Férst Edition ~ ‘$994
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`{SEN $5658?-—818~X
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`ASS rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this work may be reproduced or
`used in any farm whatsoever -« graphic, efectronic, or mechanicais insiudingaphoieeopying, recerdingi
`taping or informaiion storage and retrieves systems —~ without writien permission of the pubiishea
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`Pubiished by Compuier Technciogy Research Corp., Charleston, South Carmina U,S.A.
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`White every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this zreport, the pubiisher assumes no
`responsibility or kiabiiity for esters or omissions, or for any damages resuiting from the use of the
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`Page 7 of 165
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`Page 7 of 165
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`

`
`LIST OF TABLES
`
`1.1 Evolution of Networking with Windows and Microsoft LAN Manager
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`12 vendors involved in Developing Windows SNA AF’!
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`4.2 ODBC APl Conformance Levels .
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`V
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`Page 8 of 165
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`Page 8 of 165
`
`

`
`Introduction
`
`
`A Windows Open Services Architecture (WOSA) is a natural evolution in
`the quest to help users integrate information from a wide variety of
`sources and platforms. PC users are no longer content solely with
`standalone capabilities. They must also have access to all major
`information resources in an enterprisewide computing environment.
`With increasing specialization, however, this task has become more
`difficult. WOSA provides one approach to the problem of universal
`access. There are alternative solutions, such as those from the Open
`Software Foundation (OSF), Unix International (UI), Apple Computer,
`
`and others.
`
`The Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) from OSF, for example,
`provides a middleware solution. Atlas from UI, and Open Network
`Environment from Apple represent different techniques for integrating
`enterprise services. DCE’s interface conventions are not directly tied to
`the operating system. Rather, there is another layer of control that
`functions, for the most part, independent of the resident operating
`
`system.
`
`/
`
`WOSA, of course, works closely with Windows. This is both a plus and
`a minus in terms of producing effective results. On the one hand,
`efficiency is enhanced by close linkage with the operating system. On
`the other hand, questions of application portability outside the Windows
`environment are a legitimate concern.
`
`The great attraction of WOSA to Windows software developers is that
`standardization of the interface to multiple software services enables
`their product to reach a wider audience. If, for example, a front-end
`database access product follows WOSA interface conventions, it will be
`
`
`Q‘: Computer Technology Research Corp.
`1
`
`Page 9 of 165
`
`Page 9 of 165
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`

`
`introduction
`
`abié ta interaci; with variaus database afferingsg as iang as the Iaiter
`3139 fsilew WOSA ciictaies.
`
`WGSA empieys a Winésws Byrzamic: Link Library {ELL} that permits
`software ta be Iinkezi at
`runtinze. This aiiews applications
`is
`dynamically amines: to services. Appiicatians caii §I‘G§{}(:£31S knmvn as
`Applicatian Programming Inierfaceg {APIs) to access S€:‘§?§.£°:€S
`that have
`been standardized in fine Windmszg ezmriranmeni; The specific naturag
`csnfiguratiim, etc. ef the caiied service is af 11:} conaerrz is the caliing
`API, at ieast fmm the viewpaini; fif access precedures.
`
`In Micraseffs worid, WQSA mpresents 3:1 impsortanzt milegtaxm, Even if}
`csmpeting csnstituencies, same aspects sf WOSA may gain cie facts
`approval. Two early candidates far the iatter are MicrGs0ft’s messaging
`and éatabase interfaces. This whale arena is a fast-changing Iandacape}
`hawever, and ultimate acezeptance 0f WCDSA APES azztside ‘the Microssfi
`firzmameni is uncertain There is no doubt that acceptance Within the
`Windows communiizy wifl be aimost total.
`
`The focus of this report is to identify and anaiyze the major components
`of WGSA. It also reviews ancillary issues that impact develepments in
`this area. The repart is divided inte 11 chapters:
`
`WWk«-*<’.’Z3*?.£3>€3%€l>--3‘(Z3‘I:€Z¥”%a«$>»f£‘«~')£‘~3é&-4
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`-»~ Executive Summary
`-~ Wirzdaws Operating System
`-- WQSA éréhiiecture
`
`=~ Spar: Baiabase Cs::§ea€i;«€%:§
`-~ Eaiiessaging APE
`5
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`3
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`52;: Csmpigtgr “§Ls%:::::;§s:g§g é‘%:~::sea:s%z 8:363
`
`Page 10 of 165
`
`Page 10 of 165
`
`

`
`
`
`Introduction
`
`hardware and software options are reviewed, along with the associated
`support tools.
`
`Scratch the WOSA surface and there will be a Windows platform in the
`equation. Whether 3.x or NT, Windows is the “bedrock” of WOSA
`technology. Chapter 2 reviews the Windows operating system and its
`relationship to the WOSA phenomenon.
`
`Windows’ widespread use guarantees that any architecture based on its
`tenets will occupy an important place in mainstream computing. WOSA
`has received much attention due to its Windows association. Chapter 3
`reports on the architecture ofWOSA, and compares it to the OSF’s DCE.
`
`Any solution devised to support enterprise computing must deal with
`the multitude of databases and formats in the marketplace. Chapter 4
`looks at Open Database Connectivity (ODBC), which is designed to
`facilitate access to various database products from the same application.
`
`Any major architectural innovation must have a messaging component
`as part of its technology mix. WOSA is no different in this regard,
`offering Messaging API (MAPI) for support of the electronic mail (E-
`mail)
`function. Chapter 5 evaluates MAPI and some competing
`messaging systems.
`
`Chapter 6 analyzes the License Service API (LSAPI) feature in WOSA.
`Soitware licensing has become a burdensome management problem to
`many processing sites. LSAPI alleviates some of this burden by
`providing a standard interface to diverse licensing utilities.
`
`Windows Sockets API offers a gateway to Unix technology from
`Windows platforms. It is an important marriage of client to server. The
`basics of Sockets, along with extensions appended for the Windows
`environment, are explained in Chapter 7.
`
`Another important Windows linkage is to IBM’s ubiquitous Systems
`Network Architecture (SNA). Microsoftfs SNA API operates from an
`
`© Computer Technology Research Corp.
`
`3
`
`Page 11 of 165
`
`
`
`Page 11 of 165
`
`

`
`Introduction
`
`
`
`SNA Server which provides a standard interface to this vast networking
`resource. Chapter 8 details the nature of this interface.
`
`The world of banking and related financial services presents unique
`problems related to special hardware and software requirements.
`Chapter 9 explains Windows Extensions for Financial Services,
`including various implementation issues.
`
`networking capability.
`
`With any relatively new architecture such as WOSA, there will be trade-
`offs, product comparisons, and apparent limitations. Chapter 11 looks
`at many of these elements in the WOSA environment.
`
`
`
`mg.g.V;/.~,,.,,..;...,‘.s»...x.r»..z»~.4.'.,c,,...»au;/r.,...aM.»w...,,.\,\i.,w\\:;\,r.\.,~.
`
`4
`
`63 Computer Technology Research Corp.
`
`Page 12 of 165
`
`Page 12 of 165
`
`

`
`Chapter 1
`
`Executive Summary
`
`
`WOSA Background and Overview
`
`The search for Windows Open Services Architecture, or something with
`the same general capabilities, began when the first personal computer
`was connected to a mainframe. Since then, information systems (IS)
`managers have been working to improve the synergy among diverse
`computing resources and associated data storage modules.
`
`Most organizations are striving to achieve a high level of collaboration
`from their computing and information resources. As technology has
`advanced, however, and specialization has increased, the task has
`become morevdifficult.
`
`Many sites have installed PC local area networks (LANS) in order to
`attain greater workgroup cooperation. A preponderance of these
`configurations provides file and print services. This is a step along the
`path to sophisticated groupware participation and interaction, but offers
`nothing like the full range of sharing and interoperability sought by IS
`managers.
`
`WOSA’s ultimate goal is to allow Windows-based applications to enjoy
`seamless access to all available information without having to know
`anything about the underlying infrastructure, i.e., the type of network,
`computer, or back-end services. Applications using the WOSA interface
`will
`thus be able to access information resources across multiple
`computing environments. Total achievement of this goal remains a few
`years away, but development in certain areas is already underway.
`WOSA will undergo constant change as it adapts to new technology and
`user requirements.
`
` 5
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`

`
`1. Executive Summary
`
`Microsafi. ann0:1:1ce& the WOSA initiative in eariy 1992. Existing
`products facusing an heterogenesus cemzectivity, disizributed cemgsutizzg,
`and greupware suppart were assembied izzto the initia} package. Eariy
`erztzées t0 the W885;
`i2':vez:t§r§;* inclufiefi a jam: Micrageftfifiigétai
`{ifomxzzunications Assaciaiés Carrmiunicatians Server, 3 Messaging
`éappiécation Pmgramming Interface {E'i«‘L%,Pf}, arzd a maduie cafied Gpen
`Database Csnzlectiviiy {GEES}. Adaiitianai serxéces <:urrent1y being
`éeveloped are centererzi an securiiy and éirectary serviseg.
`
`WGSAE speratianal pian (see Figtzre 1.1} includes an absizractimz iayer
`thai pmvides interaction with heterégezzeous camputing devices via a set
`af£§_PIs. Winé£c3Ws»bas&ci appiicaiisnsg usixzg thege $531313; can sperate fram
`3 Vafieiy sf encbuser ::ievi::es$ New endwaser devices can be added as
`they enter the marketplace. Meanwhile, appIicati<3n$ remain Lmchanged
`as long as they employ WOSA APIS.
`
`interfacesj link to diverge
`the serVice~pr0vider end, aclditionai
`At
`fxmctionai packages. These include numeraus database packages, mail
`utilities, etc. As with the aforementioned end-user APIS, service-prcavider
`interfaces {SPIs) can be expanded to encompass new prcsducts.
`Applications W111 remain unchazzged 23$ long as functional packages
`suppart the interface conventiané; defined by its SP1.
`
`Common Interface
`
`The Windows eperaééng envimnment grmzidés users with 3 unifarm
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`
`
`
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`

`
`1 . Executive Summary
`
`
`Figure 1.1 WOSA’s Operationa! Plan
`
`
`
`3
`
`PRO F8
`
`All-In-One
`
`Microsoft Mail
`
`
`(6 Computer Technology Research Corp.
`
`Page 15 of 165
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`Page 15 of 165
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`

`
`1. Executive Summary
`;_
`
`Microsoflfs goal with WOSA is to control the desktop via Windows.
`WOSA helps make the Windows operating system a strategic platform
`for users at various levels of the enterprise. Ultimately, with the release
`of additional products, Microsoft would like to climb higher into the
`corporate processing hierarchy. Products such as Windows NT are seen
`as elements that will facilitate that climb.
`
`WOSA Architecture
`
`WOSA provides a single, consistent, system level interface between
`Windows-based PCs and various enterprise computing resources (see
`Figure 1.2). By exploiting the WOSA interface, a Windows~driven
`desktop application need not know anything about computing resources
`on the network in order to gain access to enterprise functions such as
`mail, databases, licensing, or remote procedure calls (RPCS).
`
`if an existing functional service such, as a database
`Previously,
`management system (DBMS) was replaced, front—end applications would
`then have to be altered to accommodate the new service. This is because
`their API calls to servers were linked in at compile time. Even if the
`application developer had the necessary resources to write to the new
`server’s API, the existing applications would have to be updated to
`recognize the change.
`
`WOSA solves this problem by communicating to servers through APIS.
`They can be linked in at runtime via Windows Dynamic Link Libraries
`(DLLs). For each functional service, a Driver Manager (MAPI.DLL, for
`example) makes the connection between the application and appropriate
`server driver, i.e., SPI.
`
`WOSA Benefits
`
`The primary benefit of WOSA when fully developed will be to provide
`full access to enterprisewide computing environments for Windows
`users. There are several additional WOSA benefits that help users
`maximize returns from their corporate systems. Among them are:
`
`“_m_.&__
`8
`© Computer Technology Research Corp.
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`Page 16 of 165
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`~l\\'v~«»»&Mis»\¥ln"
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`
`
` —_—m.._......__j___
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`Page 16 of 165
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`

`
`1. Executive Summary
`
`
`Figure 1.2 Windows Open Services Architecture
`
`Application
`
`Application
`
`Application
`
`APls: File, Print, Messaging, Address/Name, Security, etc.
`
`(WindowsfMS-DOS and Windows NT)
`
`Operating System
`
`Service Provide Interfaces (SPls)
`
`
`
`File
`Services
`
`Mail
`Services
`
`Agjéis
`Services
`
`LAN
`
`Manager
`
`
`© Computer Technology Research Corp.
`
`Page 17 of 165
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`

`
`1. Executive Summary_*:*
`
`0 Easy Upgrade Paths. Because WOSA enables a single
`application to work with multiple back-end services, IS
`managers can upgrade or change those services without
`affecting the end-users or their applications.
`
`' Protection of Software Investment. WOSA protects an
`organization’s software investment by enabling existing
`applications, without modification,
`to access new
`services on a variety of platforms. End-users can work
`with new resources in the same ways, and using the
`same applications, as they did with existing implemen-
`tations (see Figure 1.3).
`
`Figure 1.3 Current and Planned Implementations
`
`was
`
`VSAM
`
`C) in Production
`
`
` Windows-based
`
`Application
`
`Planned for
`Future Release
`
`° More Cost»Effective Software Solutions. As WOSA-based
`applications
`become more
`readily available,
`IS
`managers will be able to increasingly use off-the-shelf
`products to create integrated software solutions that are
`at
`least as powerful as more expensive custom
`alternatives. Moreover, this modular approach makes it
`easy to tailor software solutions to specific business
`needs.
`
`° Flexible Integration of Multiple~Vendor Components.
`WOSA’s architecture supports multivendor environ-
`
`
`10
`© Computer Technology Research Corp.
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`Page 18 of 165
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`

`
`1. Executive Summary
`
`
`ments and, in any given environment, multiple imple-
`mentations of a single type of service. As a result,
`WOSA makes it easier to switch from one implementa-
`tion to another. This ability is important for organiza-
`tions whose long-range plans may require different
`products than they use today, and it is absolutely
`critical for companies that are unsure of their long-term
`
`requirements.
`
`° Short Development Time for Solutions. Creating soft-
`ware solutions for business problems can be a long and
`expensive process. Solutions based on distributed
`computing resources can be even more expensive and
`time-consuming because the complexity of the appli-
`cation is compounded by the need for it to provide
`access to back—end systems. Since the issues associated
`with accessing such distributed resources are common
`to a variety of applications, developers of any given
`application should not be burdened with the task of
`resolving problems that are more efficiently and
`appropriately left
`to the system software. WOSA
`relieves developers of this burden by providing a single,
`open-ended interface for applications at both ends ofthe
`network connection.
`
`By providing access to v