llllllllllllllllllllllIllllIllIlllllllIlllllllllllllllllillllllllllllll
`
`USO06675l51B1
`
`(12)
`
`United States Patent
`
`Thompson et al.
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`*Jan. 6, 2004
`
`OTHER PUBLICATI ONS
`
`“Automated Substitute Finder System,” Fall 1994 [retrieved
`from the Internet on Aug. 23, 2002]. URL: http://www.cs-
`ba.org/ssd/samples/Technology/automated.htm.*
`l-Iaddad, Anne. “Computer calls for substitutes,” The Sun,
`Dec. 15, 19943‘
`
`Stepp, Diane. “School watch The daily hunt for substitute
`teachers,” The Atlanta Journal the Atlanta Constitution, Apr.
`9, 1998.*
`
`(List continued on next page.)
`
`Primary Examiner——Tariq R. Hafiz
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm——Thomas A. Corrado;
`Kilpatrick Stockton LLP
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A system and method for automating the performance of
`substitute fulfillment to assign a replacement Worker to
`substitute for a worker during a temporary absence, per-
`forming placement of floating workers, tracking absences
`and entitlements of workers, notifying interested parties
`regarding unexpected events and daily announcements, and
`bidding for
`temporary Workers. Substitute fulfillment,
`contact, absence, entitlement and notification data is stored
`centrally in a database on a server at a common site for
`multiple organizations employing the substitute fulfillment
`or notification system. When a worker absence is indicated,
`the system searches the database to obtain a list of potential
`replacements for the absent worker and tracks the worker’s
`absences and entitlements. The system contacts potential
`replacements until one is found or until the list is exhausted.
`The system generates suitable reports and notifies organi-
`zation personnel of any activity. The system also records
`announcements regarding unexpected or current events and
`contacts the interested parties of an organization with these
`announcements. The system stores and aggregates historical
`operation data, prepares reports and provides relevant ser-
`vices.
`
`(54)
`
`SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PERFORMING
`SUBSTITUTE FULFILLMENT
`INFORMATION COMPILATION AND
`NOTIFICATION
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors: Roland R. Thompson, Malvern, PA
`(US); Michael S. Blackstone,
`Downingtown, PA (US)
`
`(73)
`
`Assignee: Frontline Data, Inc., Malvern, PA (US)
`
`( * )
`
`Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
`
`This patent is subject to a terminal dis-
`claimer.
`
`Appl. No.2 09/419,266
`
`Filed:
`
`Oct. 15, 1999
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`Continuation—in—part of application No. 09/217,116, filed on
`Dec. 21, 1998, now Pat. No. 6,334,133.
`Int. Cl.7 .............................................. .. G06F 17/60
`U.S. Cl.
`......................................................... .. 705/9
`Field of Search ............................................ .. 705/9
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`8/1972 Gelder
`705/8
`6/1990 Rassrnan et al.
`705/9
`5/1992 Fields et al.
`370/400
`5/1992 Richardson, Jr. et al.
`5/1992 Stipanovich et al.
`....... .. 705/11
`11/1992 Clark et al.
`
`
`
`3,686,482 A
`4,937,743 A *
`5,111,391 A *
`5,113,430 A "
`5,117,353 A ‘
`5,164,897 A
`
`(List continued on next page.)
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`(21)
`
`(22)
`
`(53)
`
`(51)
`(52)
`(58)
`
`(56)
`
`JP
`
`10003492 A *
`
`1/1998
`
`......... .. G06F/17/60
`
`13 Claims, 26 Drawing Sheets
`
`Organization's
`
`
`Internet Iczonnection
`
`
`
`
`54Customer
`
`C-ornpute:
`
`
`
`Groups within
`‘
`5
`22
`Custtxner
`3
`20 at Ecommmacauo
`°'9’"‘“"°“
`._ Replacements
`and Processing
`=
`£1_1._.U;_Q:1 H0“ 33599
`
`l
`_
`to ‘
`Computer
`: ‘
`-.
`
`71 ( pas );
`Mission Cntlcal
`L.
`E
`
`‘*5
`40
`;
`womers
`5
`Plmc
`Inbound Voice Processing Scripts
`Telephmes
`
`T*’°P“°'}jf,"°‘“°
`Outbound Voice Processing Scriptsg
`—
`_________r.qaa,.s_«a_cv_i,c.e§.....................
`Groups within ‘
`customersoarnanizanon
`52
`Fa°5‘"'3° /
`
`cm ‘
`3
`M.
`‘5;,f,‘,‘,,,s°“
`46‘
`fling
`
`48
`Telephones
`
`CRS EXHIBIT 1001
`
`
`Home Based
`Cornputer
`24
`
`
`
`CRS EXHIBIT 1001
`
`

`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`Page 2
`
`U.S. PAJENT DOCUMENTS
`
`379/32.01
`
`705/8
`
`5,255,305 A * 10/1993 Sattar
`5,325,292 A
`6/1994 Crockett
`5,369,570 A * 11/1994 Parad
`5,416,694 A
`5/1995 Parrish et al.
`5,548,506 A *
`8/1996 Srinivasan ................... .. 700/8
`5,634,055 A
`5/1997 Barnewall et al.
`5,832,497 A * 11/1998 Taylor ...................... .. 707/104
`5,884,270 A
`3/1999 Walker et al.
`5,911,134 A *
`6/1999 Castonguay et al.
`5,913,029 A
`6/1999 Shostak
`5,913,201 A "
`6/1999 Kocur ......................... .. 705/9
`5,918,207 A
`6/1999 McGovern etal.
`5,974,392 A
`10/1999 Endo
`6,044,354 A
`3/2000 Asplen, Jr.
`6,044,355 A
`3/2000 Crockett et al.
`6,049,776 A *
`4/2000 Donnelly etal.
`6,058,423 A
`5/2000 Factor
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`......... .. 705/9
`
`705/8
`
`“Myriad locations, student populations no longer hinder
`substitute management system,” The Journal, Nov. 1993.*
`Willis, William. “Telephony products enhance convenience,
`communication & distance learning,” The Journal V23 n7
`p12(4), Feb. 1996.*
`Gellermen, Elizabeth. “Telephone technology increases
`communication across the board,” The Journal V21 n10
`p14(4), May 1994.*
`Baca, Aaron. “Throwing out the sub routine now computers,
`not secretaries, can find substitutes for absent teachers,” The
`Santa Fe New Mexican, Feb. 20, 1996.*
`Wilson, Carol. “The start of something big,” Telephony, Jul.
`6, 1992.*
`“Bellsouth annual meeting takes shareholders back to
`school and demonstrates education—-related technologies,”
`PR Newswire, Apr. 27, 1992.*
`“TeacherReacher’ A New Feature,” NEA Today V11, Nov.
`1992.*
`
`Hippel et al. “Temporary employment: Can organizations
`and employess both win?” The Academy of Management
`Executive, vol. 11, pp. 93-104. Feb. 19975“
`Adecco [online], 1997 [retrieved on Mar. 10, 2002].
`Retrieved from the Internet: <URL: http://www.Usadecco.
`com>.*
`Poindexter, Joanne. “Teacher absence plan ok’d policy calls
`for using substitutes,” Roanoke Times & World News. Aug.
`9, 1996.*
`LaPlante, Joseph. “New policy drafted to overcome shortage
`of substitute teachers,” Providence Journal——Bulletin. Apr.
`23, 1996.*
`
`Givens, Ann. “Schools struggle to find substitute teachers,”
`The Patriot Ledger. Dec. 20, 1997.*
`,
`LaPlante, Joseph. “Two school departments struggle to fill
`vacancies There’s no substitute for a substitute .
`.
`.
`,”
`Providence Journal——Bulletin. Nov. 25, 1998.*
`Sunoo, Brenda. “Thumbs up for staffing Web sites,” Work-
`force v76n10 pp: 67-72, Oct. 1997 [Dialog].*
`Business Ware Services, Inc.——TernpWizard Solutions.
`Bridgeware Systerns——Stafiing Industry Software Products.
`ASA Stafling World-—-Expo: Exhibitors.
`Clearview statfing software.
`CRS, Inc.-Human Resource Automation, SuB Finder,
`Make Every Day A Productive Dayl, CRS——SubFinder
`Page, pp. 1-3. Available at website: l][l.p1//WW'W.C1'S-~1VI.COIl1/
`sub~subfinder.asp.
`Interfacing,
`CRS,
`Inc.——Hurnan Resource Automation,
`CRS—lnterfacing Page, pp. 1-2. Available at website:
`http://www.crs—-ivr.com/sub2-interfacingasp.
`CRS,
`Inc.———Human Resource Automation, Technology,
`CRS——SubFinder Technology Page, p. 1 of 1. Available at
`website: http://www.crs—ivroom/sub2—technology.asp.
`CRS, Inc.-—-Human Resource Automation, Network Con-
`figurations, CRS-——NetWorl( Configurations Page, pp. 1-3.
`Available
`at
`website:
`http://www.crs-ivr.com/
`sub2—networkconfigurations.asp.
`eSchoo1 Solutions, Substitute Employee Management Sys-
`tem (SEMS), © 1999, 2000, 2001 eSehoo1, pp. 1-2. Avail-
`able at Website: http://wwweschoolsolutions.com/sems.
`htm.
`eSchool Solutions, SEMS Advantage version 2.8 release
`announced, Press Release Sep. 21, 2000, pp. 1-2. Available
`at website: http://www.eschoolsolutions.com/press__release/
`StafECenter28—5—-15—01.htm.
`
`Computer Software Innovations, Inc., Substitute Online
`Demo—-an online tool for managing substitute teachers,
`Substitute Logon, © 1999, p. 1 of 1.Available at website:
`http://wwwsubdemo.oom/subdemo/webcode/4_0.html.
`Substitute Online, Inc., Logan Page, © 1999, p. 1 of 1.
`Available at website: http://wwwsubstituteonline.com/sub~
`Online/Webcode/main/logon.asp.
`T.H.E. Journal L.L.C., Arrange for Substitute Teachers
`Online, Aug. 1999~—Telecommunications, T.H.E. Journal
`Onlinez Technological Horizons in Education, Jan. 2002, p.
`1 of 1. Available at website: http://www.thejournal.com/
`magazine/vault/A2120.cfm.
`Thomas L. Dean, “Decision Support for Coordinated Multi-
`Agent Planning”, ACM 1986, pp. 81—91.
`
`* cited by examiner
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`1|.B
`
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`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 2 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`Data Flow Process and Interface
`
`Source 1 Destination
`Establishment
`(Customer)
`
`Interface
`Internet
`
`Service Bureau
`Pmcessmg Fammy
`
`62;
`
`64
`
`HTML Bas d Web Page
`<-is Presented on system->
`We Sue
`
`Customer Visits
`System Web Site
`l
`Lcustomer Downloads__,
`Application Setup Wizard
`i
`
`Time
`
`Time
`
`66§_._____._ Customer provides billing____,___,
`and qualification information via the etup Wizard
`
`58
`
`Customers assents
`to licensing terms and agreements
`7°§_Customer Downloads__,
`.
`Applet from the web to local machine
`72\
`Establishment Enters
`data into the applet.
`The timetable for this
`is completely at the
`customers discretion.
`it could be hours, or
`it could be days.
`74\
`Customers_ selects
`update choice from
`t9: app“
`Data is compressed and sent
`<>————over the Internet and loaded into
`the system's master database
`
`
`
`Workers
`
`
`
`7
`Usin an 800 number, workers
`.
`L call ingo the system. and indicate——-——-
`
`Telephone Network
`
`their absence details
`Internet
`
`I-’lG.2(1of2)
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6,2004
`
`Sheet 3 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`
`
`
`
`Establishment
`( Customer )
`so
`
`Absence yiotifications
`are sent immediately
`via email to parties on
`_
`_
`the distribution list
`Based 9n qualifications.
`setup by the customer
`notifications and
`customer specified
`.
`Telephone NBIWOTR
`Selection criteria
`Candidate
`Candidate replacements °““d‘§?;‘§§§'§{?,$§g“e“‘5
`Replac me
`.
`'
`e
`nts
`are called b an automated
`\
`82
`
`§——————— dialing s s em and asked
`87
`to accep the replacement
`duty
`
`
`8"§
`
`v
`
`Candidates accepts or rejects
`the replacement request
`
`Establishment
`( Customer)
`
`Time
`
`
`
`
`
`85
`
`§
`
`Detailed Absence and replacement
`
`reports are distributed by fax
`based on the customer specified
`distribution list
`
`Time
`
`mtemet
`
`Customers selects
`update choice from
`the applet
`Data is compressed and sent in both
`directions over the Internet.
`Customer receives call activity
`updates, fulfiilments. etc.
`System Master Database receives
`customer records update
`
`33;
`
`
`
`I-’lG.2(2af2)
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6,2004
`
`Sheet 4 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`9o\ T 92
`T 94
`T 95
`9,3
`100
`102
`“,4
`ms
`108
`no
`112
`114
`116
`“8
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` mo
`:22
`124
`:25
`128
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`FlG.3
`
`?50\
`
`752
`
`Default data
`
`Field data
`Type
`
`FIG. 5
`
`
`
`
`
`
`154
`
`
`155
`
`758
`
`160
`
`762
`
`164
`
`
`
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 5 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Biuin address %
`
`Mailin address
`
`Bitlin contact
`
`Emer ency Contact
`vemng
`Weekend
`Business
`
`
`
`
`
`FIG. 4
`
`732
`
`134 V
`
`136
`
`738
`
`140
`
`142
`
`144
`
`146
`
`748
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`’3"\
`
`168
`
`170
`
`1 72
`
`1 74
`
`7 76
`
`1 78
`
`180
`
`782
`
`784
`
`186
`
`188
`
`
`
`School Data
`
`
`
`Phone
`
`
`
`
`
`Record/Pia
`
`
`
`FIG. 6
`
`Secretary
`Assi - n substitute
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 6 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`192
`194
`195
`193
`200
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`FIG. 7
`
`’9‘’\.
`
`30?\
`
`226\.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`204
` 205
`203
`210
`212
`2,4
`215
`213
`220
`222
`224
`
`
`
`
`
`
`FIG.8
`
`228
`
`
`
`
`Options
`Catlin numbers
`Select internet/in anet caning profiles
`Password
`Ke value
`
`
`
`
`FIG. 9
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 7 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`
`?3“\. T251 232
`234
`235
`
`
`
`
`
`238
`240
`
`242
`
`244
`245
`
`
`
`248
`
`
`
`
`5”%i‘§§5?g?1i§?;'S33°e
`Flextbmty rating
`Trend analysis
`
`.
`
`Trend analysis
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Ass1gn?:r::¢Ie1r(1)t01;eports
`District
`
`County
`
`250\
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`FIG. 10
`
`Biilin contactotional
`
`FIG. 11
`
`252
`254
`255
`258
`250
`252
`254
`266
`253
`27,,
`272
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 8 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`
`
`
`Time: 14:40:08
`
`ABSENTEE REPORT
`
`Hate: 118198
`
`27
`
`
`Name
`Social Secun"1y# Phone#
`Tzie
`Tune
`Location
`
`
`Snn'th.JoT1n,T. g0§T&2243
`$09-555-T111 Socialsums 14:39:50 Howard
`
`a :
`T pa:
`Sick
`/Hfiwi
`Ha!fUavIPM
`
`
`STESTITUTE ASSIGNMENT REPORT
`
`
`
`
`Date: 1/8193
`
`
`
` TTme:17:0I
`
`27
`
`Name. Smith,John,T.
`Ttflez Social Smaasgr8
`Locafien: Howard
`Substimte information
`m,mg;sm,cm;1gs
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`
`
`
`
`SSN:T}05-7512243
`SchooHD:011
`Schoolzsoswm schoolstreet
`
`SSH: 005-76-2214
`me: 37:06
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`TTmac17:68
`
`
`
`CALL HISTORY REPORT
`
`0ate:1l8l%
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`Name:Smilh.Jo!m,T.
`Una: Answer
`T:me:17.“04
`Date:
`T/8I§8
`Line: Answer
`T1me:17.1)5
`Date:
`1/3/98
`Date:
`1/8/98
`Tme:171)6
`Una: Answer
`
`
`Stams:No.Contact
`Statuszflegecmd
`Status: Accepted
`
`_
`
`Subzsm
`Sub:Jones,Pa1,B.
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`'
`
`.
`
`.
`
`
`
`UNFTILFTLLEB SUBSTITUTE ASSIGNMENT REPSRT
`
`
`
`DaTe:1/8/98
`
`Time: 19:10
`
`Name: Hitchens, Jack, R.
`Ssbt 008-73-2278
`
`
`T:t1e:EngIishgr11
`Schooi T0: (112
`
`Location:BTai:
`Scnooi:123 southmainstreet
`
`
`FIG. 12
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 9 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`281
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`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 10 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
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`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 11 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`Events Wwe
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`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 12 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`
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`303
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`304
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`30
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6,2004
`
`Sheet 13 of 26
`
`Us 6,675,151 B1
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`‘rr ive
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`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6,2004
`
`Sheet 14 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
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`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6,2004
`
`Sheet 15 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`22
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6,2004
`
`Sheet 16 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 17 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`Rupert Type
`arruo {nigger <PK.AK1,AK2>
`RP1T_Dascriofion VarChar(20)
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`
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`INSUA._Name Va:Char(2B)
`lNSLVL_LevelSmafilnt
`
`
`
`
`
`FIG 14(1 Of10)
`
`99
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 18 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`caiismupweierences
`
`Avaflabletncall
`ATE_ID Integer <PK,AK1,AK2>
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`G6P_Last3Jpdate Datefime
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`ORGJB lntegermm
`
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`00
`
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`FIG?-1(20f10)
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 19 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`Almnnefiequest
`40' G9
`WORKJD tntegu <H(2>
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`ABS_RD13i3flTlflle Varcha
`
`
`6E
`
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`FIG 14 (30f10)
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 20 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`Substituleschedub
`
`sscu_1n integer <PK,AK1N(2>
`
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`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6,2004
`
`Sheet 21 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`Faxing
`m _1Dlnteger <PK.AK1M2>
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`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 22 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`0
`
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`
`9 9
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`2- er
`
`FIG 14(60f10)
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 23 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`60
`
`’
`
`WORK_Acfive Smail
`WKUD Integer <FK4>
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`
`
`
`
`
`FIG 14(7of10)
`
`93
`
`@896
`
`6396
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6, 2004
`
`Sheet 24 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`69
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`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6,2004
`
`Sheet 25 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`warm shift
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`WSFLB mags:
`WSFLStartTma VarGmr(5)
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`wPRO_EtmiVarCha
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`FIG 14 (9of10)
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Jan. 6,2004
`
`Sheet 26 of 26
`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`security Type
`s£cI_tmmege: <PKAK1AK2>
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`S|_lDDescriptionVaIChar(20)
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`svucr_synca1msma1ura
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`
`SUBDND_lDlrleger<PK,AK1>
`SUBJDmsam;
`
`FIG 14 ( 10 of10)
`
`

`
`US 6,675,151 B1
`
`1
`SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PERFORMING
`SUBSTITUTE FULFILLMENT
`INFORMATION COMPILATION AND
`NOTIFICATION
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATION
`
`The present application is a continuation—in-part of U.S.
`application Ser. No. 09/217,116, filed Dec. 21, 1998 now
`U.S. Pat. No. 6,334,133 which is hereby incorporated herein
`by reference.
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention generally relates to systems and
`methods for human resources management. More
`particularly, the present invention relates to systems and
`methods for performing substitute fulfillment, compiling
`absence and entitlement information, notifications of unex-
`pected events, and notifications of benefits and policies. Still
`more particularly, the present invention relates to systems
`and methods for shifting the burden of performing substitute
`fulfillment and information notification away from affected
`organizations, for centralizing substitute fulfillment and
`notification tasks, and for enhancing the efficacy and reli-
`ability of these procedures.
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`To date, location of a replacement to fill a temporary
`employee absence in an organization, a process referred to
`as “substitute fulfillment,” has generally been an unreliable,
`labor-intensive, often panic-driven, process.
`In any
`organization, the absence of a worker can have perceptible
`consequences throughout the workplace. The consequences
`of an employee absence will vary with the nature of the work
`environment and with the scope of the employee’s position;
`other relevant factors may include, for example, upcoming
`deadlines and patterns of absenteeism in the particular
`organization. Those consequences may be immediate and
`drastic, as when an assembly line shuts down due to the
`absence of a critical worker on the line, or more attenuated
`and moderate, as when another employee is distracted from
`his primary task to answer telephones due to the absence of
`the oflice receptionist. In a typical case, those consequences
`may include diversion of management resources to address
`the consequences of the absence; delays in accomplishing
`projects in which the absentee has a role; displacement of
`other employees, who must fulfill the absentee’s role, either
`by express assignment or in order to complete their own
`tasks;
`reduced productivity;
`fines levied against
`the
`organization, particularly if the absence impacts safety or
`other government-regulated aspects of the work environ-
`ment; and,
`in an extreme but not uncommon case,
`the
`inability to complete the central task of the organization.
`In the latter case, assignment of a substitute worker is
`imperative or “mission-critical”———without a substitute
`worker,
`the mission of the organization will not go
`forward——so filling the vacancy with a temporary replace-
`ment
`is the only acceptable alternative;
`in other cases,
`assignment of a substitute worker may not be mission-
`critical, but may nevertheless be a preferred policy in order
`to minimize the consequences of any absence. As a result, an
`upcoming absence may impact the workplace even before
`the absence period begins, as managers consider ways of
`compensating for the absence. Examples of work environ-
`ments in which substitute fulfillment may be a mission-
`critical task include schools, emergency services, and manu-
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`facturing plants, particularly plants with an assembly—line
`operation. The replacement of an absent
`teacher with a
`substitute teacher is a commonly occurring example of a
`mission-critical substitute—fulfillment objective.
`Thus, in an organization where a substitute is necessary or
`desired, when an employee notifies the organization that he
`will be absent, management must necessarily turn its atten-
`tion to the substitute fulfillment task, or risk a noticeable
`reduction in the productivity of the organization or an
`inability to accomplish the business of the organization for
`the entire absence period. Although seemingly simple in
`concept, the substitute fulfillment task is non~trivial, requir-
`ing managers to devote significant time, effort and other
`resources, with no guarantee of success. Substitute fulfill-
`ment is complicated by the number of intermediate tasks that
`must be accomplished and constraints that must be satisfied
`to successfully realize a particular substitute fulfillment in a
`timely fashion.
`The absent worker may, and usually does, provide notice
`of his impending absence less than a day, or even only
`several hours, before he is expected at work. Thus, man-
`agement often enters the substitute fulfillment task with little
`time to carry it out; if the process is not automated in any
`aspect,
`then management must direct each step of the
`process. Once the absence, which may extend from only
`hours to several days, or even months, is known, manage-
`ment must
`typically identify the scope of the absentee
`worker’s critical responsibilities and skills to establish cri-
`teria for identifying a suitable substitute and develop a
`substitution candidate profile. Typically, multiple substitu-
`tion candidate profiles may be established, with more
`demanding requirements for ideal or preferred substitutes,
`and with less demanding, threshold requirements for merely
`acceptable substitutes. Once the appropriate qualifications
`for an acceptable substitute are established, management
`may consider potential replacements from a prepared list of
`candidates, or alternatively, management may identify
`potential candidates by some other means. Candidates may
`be regular employees of the affected workplace,
`for
`example, assembly line workers at a manufacturing plant
`who work different shifts from the absentee, or, persons
`from outside the workplace, for example, substitute teachers
`registered with a school district.
`Management must then contact potential replacements,
`typically by telephone, and determine whether potential
`replacements are available and willing to work at the desired
`times in the desired position. Merely reaching potential
`substitutes may require several attempts. In the best case,
`management will eventually locate and assign an available
`substitute to cover the vacancy; in the worst case, manage-
`ment will be unable to find a substitute, despite having
`expended significant resources on the substitute fulfillment
`task. The substitute fulfillment task is substantially, but not
`wholly complete when the available substitute is assigned;
`typically, management performing the substitute fulfillment
`must then notify the appropriate persons that a substitute has
`been confirmed to facilitate inclusion of the substitute in the
`workplace. Due to the complexity of the substitute fulfill-
`ment task and the diversion of resources it entails, many
`workplaces may forego substitute fulfillment despite its
`desirability.
`Substitute fulfillment is a routine practice in the education
`system, especially at the primary and secondary school
`levels. An example of substitute fulfillment for a high school
`teacher is provided herein as an accessible example and for
`reference. The substitute fulfillment task usually is triggered
`in a school when a teacher “calls in sick.” Depending on the
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`US 6,675,l5l B1
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`3
`degree to which substitute fulfillment is automated in the
`school or district, locating a substitute teacher may require
`the efforts of a principal or other administrator, as well as
`several support staff members. Once a teacher has called in
`sick or otherwise signaled his absence, perhaps the night
`before or even the morning of the absence, the responsible
`administrator must disrupt her schedule to focus on the
`substitute fulfillment task. If she is unable to find a substitute
`teacher, the operation of the class, the department, and even
`the whole school may be disrupted. For example,
`the
`afiected classes may fall behind in their scheduled curricula,
`an administrator or other teachers may have to neglect their
`other duties to cover for the absentee, and the school may
`even be fined by the state for failing to provide an acceptable
`substitute teacher.
`
`In order to perform the substitute fulfillment, generally,
`first, the administrator must determine which classes the
`absent teacher teaches and what skills are required of a
`replacement. In the education system context, state law may
`also regulate the minimal qualifications for a substitute
`teacher, both in general and for the specific type of position
`that must be filled. Thus, if an absent teacher is a high school
`science teacher who teachesAP Physics and basic chemistry,
`21 replacement may be required not only to have a college
`degree but also specifically to have pursued college-level
`classes in both subjects. The administrator then typic