To:
`
`Subject:
`
`Sent:
`
`Sent As:
`
`Attachments:
`
`Juan Rodriguez (cocaleafcompany@gmail.com)
`
`U.S. TRADEMARK APPLICATION NO. 85391682 - COCALEAF - N/A
`
`11/30/2011 1:41:04 PM
`
`ECOM110@USPTO.GOV
`
`Attachment - 1
`Attachment - 2
`Attachment - 3
`Attachment - 4
`Attachment - 5
`Attachment - 6
`Attachment - 7
`Attachment - 8
`Attachment - 9
`Attachment - 10
`Attachment - 11
`Attachment - 12
`Attachment - 13
`Attachment - 14
`Attachment - 15
`Attachment - 16
`Attachment - 17
`Attachment - 18
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE (USPTO)
`OFFICE ACTION (OFFICIAL LETTER) ABOUT APPLICANT’S TRADEMARK APPLICATION
`
`85391682
`
`(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160) CORRESPONDENT ADDRESS:
`(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`
`*85391682*
`
`CLICK HERE TO RESPOND TO THIS LETTER:
`http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/teas/response_forms.jsp
`
`(cid:160) (cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160) APPLICATION SERIAL NO.(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160) MARK: COCALEAF(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160) (cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`(cid:160) (cid:160)
`(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160) APPLICANT:(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`(cid:160) Juan Rodriguez(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160) (cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160) CORRESPONDENT’S REFERENCE/DOCKET NO :(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`N/A(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160) CORRESPONDENT E-MAIL ADDRESS:(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`
`JUAN RODRIGUEZ(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`11003 NW 33RD ST(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`
`DORAL, FL 33172-5021
`
`(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`
`cocaleafcompany@gmail.com
`
`OFFICE ACTION
`
`STRICT DEADLINE TO RESPOND TO THIS LETTER
`TO AVOID ABANDONMENT OF APPLICANT’S TRADEMARK APPLICATION, THE USPTO MUST RECEIVE APPLICANT’S COMPLETE
`RESPONSE TO THIS LETTER WITHIN 6 MONTHS OF THE ISSUE/MAILING DATE BELOW.
`
`(cid:160)I
`
`SSUE/MAILING DATE: 11/30/2011
`
`(cid:160)T
`
`he referenced application has been reviewed by the assigned trademark examining attorney.(cid:160) Applicant must respond timely and completely to
`the issue(s) below.(cid:160) 15 U.S.C. §1062(b); 37 C.F.R. §§2.62(a), 2.65(a); TMEP §§711, 718.03.
`
`(cid:160)
`

`
`MARK IS MERELY DESCRIPTIVE
`
`(cid:160)R
`
`egistration is refused because the applied-for mark merely describes applicant’s goods and/or services. (cid:160) Trademark Act Section 2(e)(1), 15
`U.S.C. §1052(e)(1); see TMEP §§1209.01(b), 1209.03 et seq.
`
`(cid:160)A
`
` mark is merely descriptive if it describes an ingredient, quality, characteristic, function, feature, purpose or use of the specified goods and/or
`services.(cid:160) TMEP §1209.01(b); see In re Steelbuilding.com, 415 F.3d 1293, 1297, 75 USPQ2d 1420, 1421 (Fed. Cir. 2005); In re Gyulay, 820
`F.2d 1216, 1217-18, 3 USPQ2d 1009, 1010 (Fed. Cir. 1987).(cid:160) Moreover, a mark that identifies a group of users to whom an applicant directs its
`goods and/or services is also merely descriptive.(cid:160) TMEP §1209.03(i); see In re Planalytics, Inc., 70 USPQ2d 1453, 1454 (TTAB 2004).
`
`(cid:160)T
`
`he determination of whether a mark is merely descriptive is considered in relation to the identified goods and/or services, not in the abstract.(cid:160)
`In re Abcor Dev. Corp., 588 F.2d 811, 814, 200 USPQ 215, 218 (C.C.P.A. 1978); TMEP §1209.01(b); see, e.g., In re Polo Int’l Inc. , 51 USPQ2d
`1061 (TTAB 1999) (finding DOC in DOC-CONTROL would be understood to refer to the “documents” managed by applicant’s software, not
`“doctor” as shown in dictionary definition); In re Digital Research Inc., 4 USPQ2d 1242 (TTAB 1987) (finding CONCURRENT PC-DOS
`merely descriptive of “computer programs recorded on disk” where relevant trade used the denomination “concurrent” as a descriptor of a
`particular type of operating system).(cid:160) “Whether consumers could guess what the product is from consideration of the mark alone is not the test.” (cid:160)
`In re Am. Greetings Corp., 226 USPQ 365, 366 (TTAB 1985).
`
`(cid:160)T
`
`he applicant’s mark is COCALEAF for(cid:160) Aerated fruit juices; Aerated mineral waters; Aerated water; Aerated water; Aloe vera drinks;
`Aromatized beverages based on fruit, protein, cordial, sugar and other fluid nutrients, namely, carbohydrates drinks for use as a food fillers;
`Aromatized beverages based on fruit, protein, cordial, sugar and other fluid nutrients, namely, protein drinks for use as a food fillers and not for
`use as a meal replacement; Beauty beverages, namely, fruit juices and energy drinks containing nutritional supplements; Bottled artesian water;
`Bottled drinking water; Bottled water; Carbonated waters; Coffee-flavored soft drink; Cola; Colas; Concentrated fruit juice; Concentrates and
`powders used in the preparation of energy drinks and fruit-flavored beverages; Concentrates for making fruit drinks; Concentrates for making
`fruit juices; Concentrates, syrups or powders for making soft drinks or tea-flavored beverages; Concentrates, syrups or powders used in the
`preparation of soft drinks; Concentrates, syrups or powders used in the preparation of sports and energy drinks; Distilled drinking water;
`Drinking water; Drinking water with vitamins; Drinking waters; Energy drinks; Energy drinks enhanced with vitamins; Essences for making
`flavoured mineral water; Essences for the preparation of mineral waters; Essences for use in making soft drinks; Flavored bottled water; Flavored
`enhanced water; Flavored waters; Flavoured mineral water; Flavoured waters; Frozen fruit beverages; Frozen fruit drinks; Frozen fruit-based
`beverages; Fruit beverages; Fruit concentrates and purees used as ingredients of beverages; Fruit drinks; Fruit drinks and fruit juices; Fruit drinks
`and juices; Fruit flavored drinks; Fruit flavored soft drinks; Fruit flavoured carbonated drinks; Fruit flavoured drinks. Fruit juice; Fruit juice
`bases; Fruit juice concentrates; Fruit juices; Fruit juices and fruit drinks; Fruit nectars; Fruit punch; Fruit-based beverages; Fruit-based soft drinks
`flavored with tea; Fruit-flavored beverages; Fruit-flavoured beverages; Glacial water; Guarana drinks; Ice cream soda; Iced fruit beverages;
`Isotonic drinks; Isotonic non-alcoholic drinks; Italian soda; Lithia water; Magnetically treated water for human consumption and not for medical
`purposes; Mineral and aerated water; Mineral and aerated waters; Mineral and carbonated waters; Mineral water; Mineral waters; Mixed fruit
`juice; Non-alcoholic beverages containing fruit juices; Non-alcoholic beverages with tea flavor; Non-alcoholic drinks, namely, energy shots;
`Non-alcoholic fruit extracts used in the preparation of beverages; Non-alcoholic fruit juice beverages; Oat-based beverages with fruit juice not for
`food purposes; Pop; Powders used in the preparation of fruit-based beverages; Powders used in the preparation of isotonic sports drinks and
`sports beverages; Prepared entrees consisting of fruit drinks and fruit juices, fruit-based beverages, non-alcoholic beverages containing fruit
`juices, non-alcoholic fruit extracts used in the preparation of beverages, non-alcoholic fruit juice beverages, vegetable juices, vegetable-fruit
`juices and smoothies; Purified bottled drinking water; Quinine water; Ramune (Japanese soda pops); Scented water for making beverages; Seltzer
`water; Smoothies; Soda pops; Soda water; Soft drinks; Soft drinks flavored with tea; Soft drinks, namely, sodas; Sparkling water; Sports drinks;
`Sports drinks containing electrolytes; Sports drinks enhanced with vitamins; Sports drinks, namely, energy drinks; Sports drinks, namely,
`performance drinks; Sports drinks, namely, recovery drinks; Spring water; Still water; Still waters; Syrups for making flavoured mineral waters.
`Syrups for making fruit-flavored drinks; Syrups for making soft drinks; Table water; Table waters; Vegetable drinks; Vegetable-fruit juices;
`Water beverages.
`
`The applicant presumably puts coca leaf into the beverages, therefore the wording “COCA LEAF” is merely descriptive of an ingredient of
`applicant’s beverages as coca leaves are used for various products including dietary and nutritional supplements and beverages. See the attached
`evidence from www.oxforddictionaries.com and other websites showing products that contain coca leaf extracts.
`
`(cid:160)S
`
`ince the mark describes the goods provided, it is primarily merely descriptive and must be refused registration on the Principal Register under
`Section 2(e)(1) of the Trademark Act.
`
`(cid:160)A
`
`lthough the examining attorney has refused registration, the applicant may respond to the refusal to register by submitting evidence and
`arguments in support of registration.
`
`(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`(cid:160)(cid:160)
`(cid:160)
`

`
`Prior Pending Applications
`
`(cid:160)T
`
`he examining attorney encloses information regarding pending Application Serial Nos. 85095398 and 85097514. 37 C.F.R. Section 2.83.(cid:160)(cid:160)
`
`There may be a likelihood of confusion between the applicant's mark and the marks in the above noted applications under Section 2(d) of the
`Act.(cid:160) The filing date of the referenced applications precede the applicant's filing date.(cid:160) If the earlier‑filed applications mature into a registration,
`the examining attorney may refuse registration under Section 2(d).
`
`(cid:160)A
`
`ction on this application will be suspended pending the disposition of these applications and the applicant’s response to the Office
`Action.
`
`(cid:160)R
`
`EQUIREMENT FOR INFORMATION
`
`(cid:160)T
`
`he examining attorney requires information about the goods to determine whether all or part of the mark is merely descriptive as applied to the
`goods.(cid:160) TMEP sec. 1105.02.(cid:160) The applicant must provide product information for the goods.(cid:160) This may take the form of a fact sheet, instruction
`manual, or advertisement.(cid:160) If unavailable, the applicant should submit the information for goods of the same type, explaining how its own
`product will differ.(cid:160) If the goods feature new technology and no competing goods are available, the applicant must provide a detailed factual
`description of the goods.
`
`(cid:160)T
`
`he applicant must indicate if the goods contain extracts from coca plants or leaves.
`
`(cid:160)I
`
`n all cases, the submitted factual information must make clear how the goods operate, its salient features, and its prospective customer and/or
`channel of trade.(cid:160) This information is not readily available to the examining attorney, and is pertinent to the descriptiveness determination.(cid:160)
`Conclusory statements from the applicant or its attorney regarding the descriptiveness standard will not be sufficient to meet this requirement for
`information.
`
`(cid:160)T
`
`rademark Rule 2.61(b) states "The examiner may require the applicant to furnish such information and exhibits as may be reasonably necessary
`to the proper examination of the application".(cid:160) The Trademark Trial and Appeal Board has upheld a refusal of registration based on the
`applicant's failure to provide information requested under this rule.(cid:160) In re Babies Beat Inc., 13 USPQ2d 1729 (TTAB 1990)(failure to submit
`
`patent information regarding configuration).(cid:160)(cid:160)
`
`If the applicant has any questions or needs assistance in responding to this Office action, please telephone the assigned examining attorney.
`
`TEAS PLUS APPLICANTS MUST SUBMIT DOCUMENTS ELECTRONICALLY OR SUBMIT FEE:(cid:160) Applicants who filed their
`application online using the reduced-fee TEAS Plus application must continue to submit certain documents online using TEAS, including
`responses to Office actions.(cid:160) See 37 C.F.R. §2.23(a)(1).(cid:160) For a complete list of these documents, see TMEP §819.02(b).(cid:160) In addition, such
`applicants must accept correspondence from the Office via e-mail throughout the examination process and must maintain a valid e-mail address.(cid:160)
`37 C.F.R. §2.23(a)(2); TMEP §§819, 819.02(a).(cid:160) TEAS Plus applicants who do not meet these requirements must submit an additional fee of
`$50 per international class of goods and/or services.(cid:160) 37 C.F.R. §2.6(a)(1)(iv); TMEP §819.04.(cid:160) In appropriate situations and where all issues can
`be resolved by amendment, responding by telephone to authorize an examiner’s amendment will not incur this additional fee.
`
`(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`
`/rebecca smith/
`Rebecca Smith
`U.S. Patent & Trademark Office
`Law Office 110
`(571) 272-9223
`rebecca.smith6@uspto.gov
`
`(cid:160)T
`
`O RESPOND TO THIS LETTER: (cid:160) Go to http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/teas/response_forms.jsp. (cid:160) Please wait 48-72 hours from the
`issue/mailing date before using TEAS, to allow for necessary system updates of the application.(cid:160) For technical assistance with online forms, e-
`mail TEAS@uspto.gov.(cid:160) For(cid:160)questions about the Office action itself, please contact the assigned trademark examining attorney.(cid:160)(cid:160) E-mail
`communications will not be accepted as responses to Office actions; therefore, do not respond to this Office action by e-mail.
`
`(cid:160)A
`
`ll informal e-mail communications relevant to this application will be placed in the official application record.
`
`(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`(cid:160)
`

`
`WHO MUST SIGN THE RESPONSE:(cid:160) It must be personally signed by(cid:160)an individual applicant or(cid:160)someone with legal authority to bind an
`applicant (i.e., a corporate officer, a general partner, all joint applicants).(cid:160)(cid:160)If an applicant is represented by an attorney, the attorney must sign the
`
`response.(cid:160)(cid:160)
`PERIODICALLY CHECK THE STATUS OF THE APPLICATION: (cid:160) To ensure that applicant does not miss crucial deadlines or official
`notices, check the status of the application every three to four months using Trademark Applications and Registrations Retrieval (TARR) at
`http://tarr.uspto.gov/. (cid:160) Please keep a copy of the complete TARR screen. (cid:160) If TARR shows no change for more than six months, call
`1-800-786-9199. (cid:160) For more information on checking status, see http://www.uspto.gov/trademarks/process/status/.
`
`(cid:160)T
`
`O UPDATE CORRESPONDENCE/E-MAIL ADDRESS:(cid:160) Use the TEAS form at http://www.uspto.gov/teas/eTEASpageE.htm.
`
`(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)(cid:160)
`

`
`httnffoxforddiciionaries comfdefinit\om'coca?region=us
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`HBDQD11 D1 27:03 PM
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`Oxfo d Difiionafies
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`Dictionary
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`WOULD YOU GO
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`coca(co-ca)
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`Pronunciation: flkoka.-'
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`fir‘ 'u:I.,n.-‘-. [Ins noun
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`a tropical American shrub that is widely grown for its leaves , which are the source ofcocaine.
`~ Eryihro><yJ‘um coca, family En/tmroxyfaceae
`- the dried leaves ofthe coca plant, which are mixed with lime and chewed as a stimulant by
`the indigenous people ofwestern South America.
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`httn:r'f\nrww.kukadrink com!’
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`11:GDf2D11D1:28:5r1 PM
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`"Golden Tumi"
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`Go|denTumi S. A. Ecuador presents its brand new product
`In radiant; of Coca
` "Golden Tumi" Energizing drink from coca leaves.
`Tea and mixes of medical
`toning effect can be compared to the one of four cups of good coffee,
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`This drink is made from the coca leaf extract (ERC — A20); Its
`with the advantage of not containing any caffeine in it; Besides
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`n Excellent aseptic and pain killer, very effective for gastritis;
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`- Clears voice by relaxing vocal cords;
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`During the industrial production, all the alkaloids are eliminated form the coca leaf extract
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`Trom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`For other uses, see Coca (di'samb.{guat.I'on).
`Coca, Erythmxylum coca. is a plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America The plant plays a significant role in
`rnany traditional .-'-‘~.ndean cultures (see the Traditional uses section). Coca is best known throughout the world because of its alkaloids, which
`include cocaine. a powerful stimulant.
`CIJrrIerrls[nide]
`
`
`
`:1 Description
`;2 Species and classification
`'3 Cultivation
`_4 Pharmacological aspects
`55 Histonr
`IETraditionaI uses
`5.1 Medicine
`6.2 Religion
`6.3 Traditional preparation
`6.3.1 Chew
`6.3.2 Tea
`'? Commercial and industrial uses
`?1 New markets
`
`:
`'3 Litera
`references
`-Kingdom:
`Plantae
`'3’
`3
`_
`.
`.9 International prohibition ofcoca leafi
`(unranked).
`Angiosperms
`'10 Legal Statue by country
`(unranked):
`Eudicots
`.11 Referencee
`lUW3"l‘9d)-
`903533
`-12 External links
`Order‘
`Malpighiales
`''
`Family:
`Erythroxylaceae
`[edit]
`Description
`The Erytnroxyium coca plant resembles a blackthorn bush, and grows to a height of2—3 m ('r'—1D tt) The branches are straight, and the leaves, Genus:
`Emhmxylum
`which have a green tint, are thin, opaque, oval. and taper at the extremities. A marked characteristic ofthe |eat'is an areolated portion bounded
`-Species:
`E. coca
`
`"I
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`

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`htttJ:i'fen.wikipedia.orgi"wiki1'Coi:a
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`Erythmxylum coca
`Lam.
`
`by two longitudinal curved lines, one line on each side ofthe midrib, and more conspicuous on the underface ofthe leaf.
`The flowers are small, and disposed in little clusters on short stalks, the corolla is composed offlve yellowish-white petals, the anthers are
`heart-shaped, and the pistil consists ofthree carpels united to form a three-chambered ovary The flowers mature into red berries
`The leaves are sometimes eaten by the larvae ofthe moth Ei'ori'a noyesi.
`
`[edit]
`Species and classification
`ipadu, are almost indistinguishable phenotypically; a related high
`There are twelve main species and varieties Two subspecies, Etytriroxylurn coca var. coca and E.-ythroxylum coca var
`cocaine—bearing species has two subspecies, E.-ythroxylum novogranatense var novogranatense and E.-ytriroxylurn riovogrsnatense var. trumfllensethat are phenotypically similar, but
`morphologically distinguishable. Underthe older Cronguist system ofclassifying flowering plants, this was placed in an order Linales, more modern systems place it in the order
`Malpighiales
`
`Cultivation
`
`[edit]
`
`ummaa muuncam
`ltaliano
`i 11-139
`d.tfi1m'3cv:_7n
`Lietuviu
`Nederlands
`EIZSEE
`Norsk (bokmal)
`Polsl-<i
`Portugués
`Floméné
`Runa Eiimi
`Pyccicmli
`Simple English
`Slovenscina
`Cpricim J‘ Srpski
`Suomi
`Svenska
`Tiirkgte
`Vl<palHCbl<a
`EFUEZ
`
`See afso. Coca production in Cofombia
`Coca is traditionally cultivated in the lower altitudes otthe eastern slopes otthe Andes (the Yungas), orthe highlands depending on the
`species grown. Since ancient times, its leaves have been an important trade commodity between the lowlands where it is grown and the
`higher altitudes where it is widely consumed by the Andean peoples of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru and northwestern
`Argentina.
`Fresh samples ofthe dried leaves are uncurled, are ofa deep green on the upper, and a grey-green on the lower surface, and have a strong
`tea-like odor. When chewed, they produce a pleasurable numbness in the mouth, and have a pleasant, pungent taste. They are traditionally
`chewed with lime to increase the release ofthe active ingredients from the leaf. Older species have a camphoraceous smell and a brownish
`color, and lack the pungent taste.
`The seeds are sown from December to January in small plots (almacigas) sheltered from the sun, and the young plants when at 40450 cm
`in height are placed in final planting holes (aspi), or ifthe ground is level, in furrows (uachos) in carefully weeded soil. The plants thrive best
`in hot, damp and humid locations, such as the clearings offorests; but the leaves most preferred are obtained in drier areas, on the hillsides.
`The leaves are gathered from plants varying in age from one and a halfto upwards offorty years, but only the new fresh growth is harvested.
`They are considered ready for plucking when they break on being bent. The flrst and most abundant harvest is in March aflerthe rainy
`season, the second is at the end ofdune, and the third in October or November. The green leaves (ma-tu) are spread in thin layers on coarse
`
`Morphology ofthe coca plant
`
`woollen cloths and dried in the sun, they are then packed in sacks, which must be kept dry in order to preserve the quality ofthe leaves.
`
`
`Coca tree in Colombia
`
`El
`
`Leaves
`
`Leaves and Fruit
`
`Leaves and Branches
`
`Pharmacological aspects
`
`.[edit_]
`
`

`
`httn:r'fen.wikipedia.orgr"wikir'Coca
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`116012011 D1:3219 PM
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`I This section needs additional citationsforverification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
`
`(July 2041;
`Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
`The pharmacologically active ingredient of coca is the alkaloid cocaine, which is found in the amount ofabout 0.3 to 1 5%, averaging U 8%,
`[1] in fresh leaves Besides cocaine, the coca leaf contains a number of other alkaloids, including methylecgonine cinnamate,
`benzoylecgonine, truxilline, hydroxytropacocaine, tropacocaine, ecgonine, cuscohygrine, dihydrocuscohygrine, nicotine and hygrine. When
`chewed, coca acts as a mild stimulant and suppresses hunger, thirst, pain, and tatigue.[2]
`Absorption ofcocaine from the leafis much less rapid and eflicient than from the purified forms ofcocaine,[°’m"°” ”eede"] and it does not
`cause the euphoric and psychoactive effects associated with use ofthe drug.[°’m’°" "eedeql Some proponents[“”’°'7] have claimed that
`cocaine itselfis not an active ingredient when unprocessed coca leafis chewed or brewed as an infusion. However, studies have shown that
`small but measurable amounts of cocaine are present in the bloodstream after consumption of coca tea.l3l Addiction or other deleterious
`effects from the consumption ofthe Ieafin its natural form have not been documentedmlsl
`
`0
`Jr
`EIenzoy|rnethy|ecgonine,the
`pharmacologically active compound in coca
`
`‘
`
`History
`
`[edit]
`
`Traces of coca have been found in mummies dating EDDD years back [Bl Other evidence dates the communal chewing ofcoca with lime BBDD
`years back [7] E)(lEl1Sl\fE archaeological evidence for the chewing ofcoca leaves dates back at least to the sixth century A D Moche period,
`and the subsequent Inca period, based on mummies found with a supply of coca leaves, pottery depicting the characteristic cheek bulge ofa
`coca chewer, spatulas for extracting alkali and figured bags for coca leaves and time made from precious metals, and gold representations of
`coca in special gardens ofthe Inca in Cuzcolgllgl
`Coca chewing may originally have been limited to the eastern Andes before its introduction to the Incas. As the plant was viewed as having a
`divine origin, its cultivation became subject to a state monopoly and its use restricted to nobles and a few favored classes (court orators,
`couriers, favored public workers, and the army) by the rule ofthe Topa Inca (14.7'1—1:193). As the lncan empire declined, the leafbecame more
`widely available. After some deliberation, Philip ll ofSpain issued a decree recognizing the drug as essential to the well-being ofthe Andean
`Indians but urging missionaries to end its religious use. The Spanish are believed to have effectively encouraged use of coca by an increasing
`riiajuiity uftlie pupulatiuii tu ll|Llt-Jdtite‘ tlieir lal_iur output arid tuleiariL:e for !:lHlVHllUIl, but it is Hot Lzlear that this was plariried deliberately
`[citation needed]
`Coca was first introduced to Europe in the 16th century, but did not become popular until the mid-19th century, with the publication of an
`influential paper by Dr Paolo Mantegazza praising its stimulating effects on cognition. This led to invention ofcocawine and the first
`production ofpure cocaine. Cocawine (ofwhich \/in Mariani was the best-known brand) and other coca-containing preparations were widely
`sold as patent medicines and tonics, with claims ofa wide variety ofhealth benefits The original version of Coca-cola was among these.
`These products became illegal in most countries outside ofSouth America in the early 2Bth century, afierthe addictive nature ofcocaine was widely recognized In 1B59, Albert
`Niemann ofthe University of Gottingen became the first person to isolate the chief alkaloid of coca, which he named "cocaine".ll°]
`In the early twentieth century the Dutch colony ofJava became a leading exporter ofcoca leaf. By 1912 shipments to Amsterdam. where the leaves were processed into cocaine.
`reached 1 million kg, overtaking the Peruvian export market Apart from the years ofthe First World War, Java remained a greater exporter ofcoca than Peru until the end ofthe 192Bs
`ml Other colonial powers also tried to grow coca (including the British in India), but with the exception ofthe Japanese in Formosa, these were relatively unsuccessfulm]
`In recent times (2005), the governments ofseveral South American countries, such as Peru, Bolivia and Venezuela, have defended and championed the traditional use ofcoca, as well
`as the modern uses ofthe leafand its extracts in household products such as teas, toothpaste and condoms. [see industrial use below)
`
`
`
`5
`{It
`Workers in Java prepared coca leaves
`This product was mainly traded in
`Amsterdam, and was further processed into
`cocaine (Dutch East Indies, before 1 940)
`
`Traditional uses
`
`[edit]
`
`[edit]
`Medicine
`Traditional medical uses of coca are foremost as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, and thirst. It is considered particularly effective
`against altitude sickness It also is used as an anesthetic to alleviate the pain ofheadache, rheumatism, wounds and sores, etc. Before
`stronger anaesthetics were available, it also was used for broken bones, childbirth, and during trephining operations on the skull Because
`coca constricts blood vessels, it also serves to oppose bleeding, and coca seeds were used for nosebleeds Indigenous use ofcoca has
`
`
`
`

`
`credited with improving longevity Modern studies have supported a number ofthese medical applications [W"""eM[4]
`
`Man holding coca leaf in Bolivia
`
`
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`uucu cuiiauicta uluuu vcaama, it aiau acivca tu uppuac uiccunig, miu cuca accua wan: uacu iui iiuacuiccua muigmiuu