In light of the latter definition’s textual “circularity,” United States v. Bestfoods, 524 U.S. 51, 56 (1998), this Court has concluded, based on dictionary definitions re- flecting the ordinary meaning of the verb “ ‘operate,’ ” that “a facility’s ‘operator’ ” is one “who directs the workings of, manages, or conducts the affairs of a facil- ity.” Id. at 66 (citations omitted).
The court noted that CERCLA’s imposition of liability on any person who “operated” a facility “at the time of disposal of [the] hazardous substance,” 42 U.S.C. 9607(a)(2), ensures that “those actually ‘respon- sible for any damage, environmental harm, or injury from chemical poisons may be tagged with the cost of their actions.’ ” Bestfoods, 524 U.S. at 55-56 (citation and brackets omitted).
In support of their argument that the government was liable as a CERCLA “operator,” petitioners also re- lied on the government’s regulation of a refinery’s in- puts (like the supply of crude oil) and on wartime “ra- tion[ing] [of ] steel and other necessary capital goods” that led to refineries’ “deferred maintenance and in- creases in leakage.” Pet. App. 10a-11a.
The Court observed that Section 9607(a)(2)’s imposition of liability on any person who “operated” a facility “at the time of disposal of [the] hazardous substance,” 42 U.S.C. 9607(a)(2); see 42 U.S.C. 6903(3), 9601(29), ensures that “those actually ‘responsible for any damage, environmental harm, or injury from chemical poisons may be tagged with the cost of their actions.’ ” Bestfoods, 524 U.S. at 55-56 (ci- tation and brackets omitted).
And although the Fifth Circuit borrowed from Bestfoods’ dictionary-based textual analysis when interpreting the ordinary mean- ing of the word “operator,” see Nature’s Way Marine, 904 F.3d at 420, the court did not adopt Bestfoods’ CERCLA-specific holding that an “operator” under Section 9607(a)(2) “must manage, direct, or conduct op- erations specifically related to pollution, that is, opera- tions having to do with the leakage or disposal of haz- ardous waste, or decisions about compliance with envi- ronmental regulations.” Bestfoods, 524 U.S. at 66-67.