It is undisputed that clause (iv) encompasses a great deal of nonexpressive conduct, which does not implicate the First 4 UNITED STATES v. HANSEN Syllabus Amendment at all, e.g., smuggling noncitizens into the country.
Instead, he offers a string of hypotheticals, all premised on the expansive ordinary meanings of “encourage” and “induce.” None of these examples are filtered through the traditional elements of solicitation and facilitation—most ...
Hansen does not dis- pute that the provision encompasses a great deal of nonex- pressive conduct—which does not implicate the First Amendment at all.
Yet none of Hansen’s ex- amples are filtered through the elements of solicitation or facilitation—most importantly, the requirement (which we again repeat) that a defendant intend to bring about a spe- cific result.
As we have discussed, the provision has a wide legitimate reach insofar as it applies to nonexpressive conduct and speech soliciting or facilitat- ing criminal violations of immigration law.
* * * For these reasons, none of the traditional tools of statu- tory interpretation makes the encouragement provision 16 UNITED STATES v. HANSEN JACKSON, J., dissenting readily susceptible to the majority’s narrowing construc- ...