In some embodiments, benzodiazepine comprises a member of the group consisting of alprazolam, diazepam, fiurazepam, lorazepam, medazepam, mexazolam, midazolam, temazepam and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and combinations thereof.

By way of non-limiting example, such active ingredients include: paraldehyde; aromatic allylic alcohols (such as stiripentol); barbiturates (e. g. phenobarbitol, primidone, methylphenobarbital, metharbital and barbexaclone); bromides (such as potassium bromide); carbamates (such as felbamate); carboxamides (such as carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine); fatty acids (such as valproic acid, sodium valproate, and divalproex sodium, vigabatrin, progabide, tiagabine); fructose, topiramate, Gaba analogs (e. g. gabapentin and pregabalin); hydantoins (e. g. ethotoin, phenytoin, mephenytoin and fosphenytoin); oxazolidinediones (such as paramethadione, trimethadione, ethadione); propionates (e. g. beclamide), pyrimidinediones (e. g. primidone); pyrrolidines (e. g. brivaracetam, levetiracetam and seletracetam); -38— WSGR Docket No. 35401—716201

succinimides (e.g. ethosuximide, phensuximide and mesuximide); sulfonamides (e.g. acetazolamide, sulthiame, methazolamide and zonisamide); triazines (such as lamotrigine); ureas (such as pheneturide, phenacemide); valproylamides (such as valpromide and valnoctamide); as well as other anticonvulsants or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or combinations thereof.

Peptide inhibitors include actinonin, amastatin, bestatin, chloroacetyl-HOLeu-Ala-Gly-NH.sub.2, diprotin A and B, ebelactone A and B, E-64, leupeptin, pepstatin A, phisphoramidon, H-Thr-(tBu)-Phe-Pro-OH, aprotinin, kallikrein, chymostatin, benzamidine, chymotrypsin and trypsin.

[0193] Those skilled in the art will be aware that a systematic, therapeutically effective amount of benzodiazepine drugs for treating the aforementioned disorders will vary with age, size, weight, and general physical condition of the patient as well as the severity of the disease.

Application/Control Number: 12/413,439 Page 6 Art Unit: 1612 The instant claims recite a method of treating...comprising...administering... a pharmaceutical solution... consisting of... 1 to 20 mg of a benzodiazepine drug, one or more natural or synthetic tocopherols or tocotrienols... one or more alcohols or glycols, and one or more alkyl glycosides.

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Castro et al., "Ecologically safe alkyl glucoside-based gemini surfactants", ARKIVOC, Xii:253 -267 (2005) Chavanpatil and Vavia, "Nasal drug delivery of sumatriptan succinate' ,Pharmazie., 2005 May:60(5):347- 349 Chen et al., "Peptide Dmg Permeation Enhancement By Select Classes of Lipids", presented ath the 45th American Society of Cell Biology, S.F., CA, December 10-14 (2005); 1 page total Chen-Quay et al., "Identification of tight junction modulating lipids", J. Pharm. Sci., 98(2):606-619 (2009) Chiou et al., "Improvement of Systemic Absorption of Insulin Through Eyes With Absorption Enhancers", Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, October 1989, pp. 815- 818, Vol.

and Effect of Bile Salts on the Nasal Absorption", Dmg Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 19(10):1183-1199 (1993) Stevens and Guillet, "Use of Glucagon to Treat Neonatal Low-Output Congestive Heart Failure after Maternal Labetalol Therapy, The Journal of Pediatrics, July 1995, pp. 151- 153, Volume 127, Issue 1

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22(4) 425—427 (1999) Intranasal Administration of Diazepam Aiming at the Treatment of Acute Seizures: Clinical Trials in Healthy Volunteers Sveinbjorn GIZURARSON,*‘" Fridrik K. GUDBRANDSSON,b Helgi JONSSON,” and Erik BECHGAARDd Department of Pharmacy, University 0f1ce/and,“ PO.

intranasal administration; diazepam; volunteers; bioavailability Key words Treatment of epileptic seizures should be controlled with- out causing adverse reactions and in such a way that it pro- motes a good quality of life.

The absorption should also be fast, since drugs that are not absorbed within 10~—30 min are cleared down to the nasopharynx and swallowed, due to the mucociliary clearance mechanisms) A non-toxic intranasal delivery system for water—insoluble substances, such as benzodiazepines, has been developed”) When a clinically relevant dose of diazepam and clonacham was administered to rabbits, both peak concentration and the pharmacodynamic response were achieved within 5 and 3 1/2 min, respectively.” The aim of the present study is to compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic para- meters after intranasal and intravenous administration of di- azepam to humans.

Nine healthy volunteers, between 20—30 years old (weigh- ing 58»—80 kg), were chosen among 20 caucasian students who applied for participation, on the basis of normal liver and kidney function and no sign of a cold within the last two weeks prior to the first experimental day.

Studies on rectal administration of diazepam show that 12 min onset time is sufficient for improving qual- ity of life and effective in controlling seizures in the majority of patients, suffering from multiple seizures.” Even after i.v.

[0009] The present invention also provides a method of treating diabetes including administering to a subject in need thereof via the oral, ocular, nasal, nasolacrimal, inhalation or pulmonary, or oral cavity (sublingual or Buccal cell), a blood glucose reducing amount of a therapeutic composition, for example, an incretin mimetic agent or a functional equiva lent thereof, and an absorption increasing amount of a suitable nontoxic, nonionic alkyl glycoside having a hydro phobic alkyl group joined by a linkage to a hydrophilic saccharide, thereby increasing the absorption of incretin mimetic agent or insulin and loWering the level of blood glucose and treating diabetes in the subject.

The linkage betWeen the hydrophobic alkyl group and the hydro philic saccharide can include, among other possibilities, a glycosidic, thioglycosidic (Horton), amide (Carbohydrates as Organic RaW Materials, F. W. Lichtenthaler ed., VCH Publishers, NeW York, 1991), ureide (Austrian Pat. 386,414 (1988); Chem.

A phar maceutically acceptable carrier can also be selected from substances such as distilled Water, benZyl alcohol, lactose, starches, talc, magnesium stearate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, alginic acid, colloidal silica, titanium dioxide, and ?avoring agents.

Other compounds include, for example, nicotine, interferon (e.g., alpha, beta, gamma), PYY, GLP-1, synthetic exendin-4 (Exenatide), parathyroid hormone, and human groWth hor mone or other loW molecular Weight peptides and proteins.

The sustained release format can be an ocular insert, erodible microparticulates, sWelling mucoadhesive particulates, pH sensitive micropar ticulates, nanoparticles/latex systems, ion-exchange resins and other polymeric gels and implants (Ocusert, AlZa Corp., California; Joshi, A., S. Ping and K. J. Himmelstein, patent application WO 91/19481).

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Other members of this family include beta—, gamma—, and delta—tocopherol, alpha—, beta—, gamma—, and delta— tocotrienols, tocopsoralen, alpha—tocopherol derivatives and/or analogs such as tocopherol acetate, phosphate, succinate, nicotinate and linoleate, as well as isomers

Exemplary hydrophobic or lipophilic therapeutic agents which can be solubilized in accordance with the present invention include, but are in no way limited to, steroids such as Dexamethasone, l7-beta—Estradiol; benzodiazepenes such as Diazepam, alpraxolam, bromazepam, chlordiazepoxidem, clonazepam, estazolam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, mexazolam, nitrazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, and triazolam; Rapamycin and analogues; Taxol (paclitaxel)

of following any the invention can be administered by nonlimiting exemplary routes, intraabdominal, intraarterial, intraarticular, intracapsular, intracervical, intracranial, intraductal, intradural, intralesional, intralocular, intramural, intranasal, intraocular, intraparietal, intraperitoneal, intralumbar, intraoperative, intrapleural,

Formulations suitable for transdermal administration can also be delivered by iontophoresis for example, Pharmaceutical Research 3 (6):3l8 (1986)) and typically take the form of an optionally (see, buffered aqueous solution.