For these reasons, and as described in greater detail below, it is my opinion that the methods recited in the subject claims were known and obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art prior to the filing of the ’069 patent.

In my opinion, a person of ordinary skill in the art seeking to improve or modify the system taught in Francis would have looked to similar concepts discussed in Gilbert for inspiration.

Additionally, a person of ordinary skill in the art seeking to further improve the system in Francis by increasing the efficiency of the join process would have also been inspired by Gilbert’s use of a network manager to identify and contact an existing member node.

A person of ordinary skill in the art would have been further inspired by the efficiencies achieved by Gilbert’s teachings of having the portal computer sending the connection request to existing nodes on the network.

A person of ordinary skill in the art seeking to advance Francis’s objective that “each member establishes the same number of mesh links” would have looked to Gilbert for inspiration on how to maintain such a topology while adding new nodes.

Yoid Documentation https://web.archive.org/web/20020831070444/http://www.icir.org/yoid/... 2001 27 captures 31 Aug 02 - 30 Nov 16 Yoid Documentation Papers "Yoid: Extending the Internet Multicast Architecture" Paul Francis, Unrefereed report, 38 pages, April 2, 2000 Abstract For browsing: all on one page one page per section For printing: yoidArch.ps (1/2 meg) yoidArch.ps.gz (100k) Specifications "Yoid Tree Management Protocol (YTMP) Specification" Paul Francis, Specification, 60 pages, April 2, 2000 ytmp.ps (600k) ytmp.ps.gz (160k) ytmp.pdf (400k) (made with ps2pdf ... may not display well) "Yoid Distribution Protocol (YDP) Specification" Paul Francis, Specification, 8 pages, April 2, 2000 ydp.ps (150k) ydp.ps.gz (40k) ydp.pdf (120k) (made with ps2pdf ... may not display well) "Yoid Identification Protocol (YIDP) Specification" Paul Francis, Specification, 9 pages, April 2, 2000 yidp.ps (150k) yidp.ps.gz (40k) (40k) yidp.pdf (120k) (made with ps2pdf ... may not display well) Talks "Yoid Architecture Overview" Paul Francis, 17 slides, Oct. 1999 For remote browsing: html For local browsing or printing: html.zip ppt

Yoid Documentation https://web.archive.org/web/20020831070444/http://www.icir.org/yoid/... "Overview of Yoid Dynamic Topology Configuration" 27 captures Paul Francis, 22 slides, Oct. 1999 31 Aug 02 - 30 Nov 16 For remote browsing: html For local browsing or printing: html.zip ppt "Yoid Research Topics" Paul Francis, 10 slides, Oct. 1999 For remote browsing: html For local browsing or printing: html.zip ppt Paul Francis, ACIRI francis@aciri.org April 2, 2000 2001

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In addition to the a bove, this TRANSACTIONS contains papers pertaining to analog and digita l signal processing a nd modul atio n. a udio and video e ncoding techniques, the theory and de .

FERENC , CAROLY NE TAMNEY Associate Editor: H ENRY B. FRIEDMAN IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS is published monthly by The Institute of E lec trica l a nd E lectro ni cs E ngine~rs .

IEEE Service Center (for o rders , subsc ription s. ad dress c ha nges, Ed uc ation al Act1v1t1es , Regio~W suite Student Se:"ices): 445 Hoes L ane , P .O .

A disadvantage of fractional addressing is that the distrib uted routing rules must operate without knowing the position of all of the rows and columns in the network and cannot always find the shortest path to the destination.

Prior to joining BeU Laboratories , he was at RCA Labs, Princeton, NJ, for eight years where his research interests included local area networks , error-correcting codes, and graphics compression.

Yallcast Goal: Unify Both Tracks • “Host”-based distribution tree – Tunneled over IP unicast (and multicast) – Buffering in hosts (or not) • DNS name-based group addressing • Dynamically self-configuring topologies 0003

Yallcast Architecture Overview • Rendezvous Nodes: – Bootstrap members into tree-mesh • Member Nodes: – Dynamically configure into tree-mesh – Send, receive, and forward frames • Group ID: – rendezvousName, treeName, [udpPort] 0005

Yallcast Content Protocols • Application frame-based • Per-source 64-bit byte sequencing – Frame can be forwarded over tree or mesh • Tag-based headers (hop by hop) – Frame source id --> 16-bit tag – HxH source id, HxH dest id, group id --> 64-bit tag 0012

Comparison to IP Multicast  Routing table scalability  Group ID (address) assignment  End-to-end Reliability  Congestion Control  Proximity discovery  Delivery efficiency (for non-reliable) 0013

Trickier Comparisons • Evolutionary Path – Don’t need any infrastructure in advance – Just bundle with app – Add infrastructure as needed • Buffering – Hosts have lots of buffer---async distribution – But introduces new coordination problems 0014

It allows a group of hosts that are receiving/sending content to dynamically self-organize themselves into a distribution topology tunneled over unicast and, where available, multicast IP.

So organized, the hosts can efficiently distribute content synchronously (as with the mbone) or asynchronously (as with netnews).

The first and enduring goal of this project is to create an open-source software base upon which a wide range of content distribution applications can be built.

The second goal is to use the knowledge gained from the software to create IETF standards for content distribution.

We envision these standards as being positioned as "lower-middleware"---above TCP/UDP but below other middleware such as messaging, mail, channels, etc. Yallcast Software Yallcast Documentation (new Dec. 15, 1999) Related Projects Mailing Lists (new Dec. 15, 1999) People Paul Francis, NTT Information Sharing Platform Laboratories francis@slab.ntt.co.jp Dec. 15, 1999