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`1.
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`A method comprising: a. subdividing a plurality of adaptors into a
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`plurality of first partitions, wherein each of said first partitions has on average a first volume and
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`wherein said adaptors comprise unique barcodes, b. subdividing a sample comprising multiple
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`polynucleotides into a plurality of second partitions, wherein each of said second partitions has
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`on average a second volume, wherein said second volume is greater than said f1rstvolume, c.
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`merging at least one of said first partitions with at least one of said second partitions to form a
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`merged partition, and d. tagging one of said multiple polynucleotides, or fragment thereof, with
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`at least one of said adaptors.
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`2. A method comprising: a. subdividing a plurality of adaptors into a plurality of first partitions,
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`wherein each of said first partitions has on average a first volume and wherein said adaptors
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`comprise unique barcodes, b. subdividing a sample comprising multiple polynucleotides into a
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`plurality of second partitions, wherein each of said second partitions has on average a second
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`volume, wherein said second volume is less than said f1rstvolume, c. merging at least one of said
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`first partitions with at least one of said second partitions to form a merged partition, and d.
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`tagging one of said multiple polynucleotides, or fragment thereof, with at least one of said
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`adaptors.
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`3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein said first partitions are droplets.
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`4. The method of claim 3, wherein said second partitions are droplets.
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`5. The method of claim 3, wherein said droplets are within an immiscible fluid.
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`6. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein said polynucleotides are genomic DNA.
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`7. The method of claim 4, wherein said tagging comprises merging at least one first droplet
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`comprising one of said adaptors with at least one second droplet comprising one of said
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`polynucleotides.
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`8. The method of claim 1, wherein said first partitions are first droplets and said second partitions
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`are second droplets; and wherein, prior to said merging, said at least one second droplet
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`comprises said at least one first droplet.
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`9. The method of claim 1, wherein said first partitions are first droplets and said second partitions
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`are second droplets; and wherein, prior to said merging, said at least one second droplet does not
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`comprise said at least one first droplet.
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`10. The method of claim 2, wherein said first partitions are first droplets and said second
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`partitions are second droplets, and wherein, prior to said merging, said at least one first droplet
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`comprises said at least one second droplet.
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`11. The method of claim 2, wherein said first partitions are first droplets and said second
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`partitions are second droplets, and wherein, prior to said merging, said at least one first droplet
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`does not comprise said at least one second droplet.
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`12. The method of claim 1, wherein said second volume is at least two times said volume of said
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`first volume.
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`13. The method of claim 2, wherein said first volume is at least two times said volume of said
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`second volume.
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`14. The method of claim 7, further comprising modifying the temperature of said droplets.
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`15. The method of claim 7, wherein said merging comprises use of a controller such that each of
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`said first droplets merges with each of said second droplets.
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`16. The method of claim 7, wherein said merging comprises randomly merging droplets
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`comprising polynucleotides with droplets comprising adaptors.
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`17. The method of claim 1, further comprising pooling said adaptor-tagged polynucleotides, or
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`fragments thereof.
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`18. The method of claim 1, further comprising analyzing said adaptor-tagged polynucleotides, or
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`fragments thereof.
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`19. The method of claim 18, wherein said analyzing comprises sequencing said adaptor-tagged
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`polynucleotides, or fragments thereof.
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`20. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining whether said adaptor-tagged
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`polynucleotides, or fragments thereof, were located in the same partition.
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`21. The method of claim 19, further comprising estimating the likelihood that any two sequence
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`reads generated by said sequencing came from the same or different partitions.
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`22. The method of claim 6, wherein said sample is partitioned so that it is unlikely that a given
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`partition comprises two or more polynucleotides, or fragments thereof, from the same locus but
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`from different chromosomes.
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`23. The method of claim 6, wherein said genomic DNA is high molecular-weight DNA.
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`24. The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising fragmenting said polynucleotides within said
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`second partitions to form polynucleotide fragments.
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`25. The method of claim 24, wherein said polynucleotides fragments are generated by
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`fragmenting said polynucleotides with an endonuclease.
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`26. The method of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotides are tagged by ligating said adaptors to
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`said polynucleotides within a plurality of said merged partitions.
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`27. The method of claim 1, wherein said tagging is accomplished using transposons.
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`28. The method of claim 1, wherein said tagged polynucleotides are amplified.
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`29. The method of claim 28, wherein said amplif1cation comprises a polymerase chain reaction.
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`30. The method of claim 1, wherein said polynucleotides are amplified before tagging.
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`31. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein each of said first partitions comprises, on average, less
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`than five adaptors.
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`32. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein each of said second partitions comprises, on average,
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`less than five of said multiple polynucleotides.
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`33. The method of claim 1, wherein said subdividing of said sample comprises emulsifying or
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`mixing said sample with said second partitions.
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`34. The method of claim 2, wherein said subdividing of said plurality of adaptors comprises
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`emulsifying or mixing said plurality of adaptors with said second partitions.
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`35. The method of claim 30, wherein said amplification is multiple-displacement amplification.
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`36. A method comprising a. partitioning organelles into a plurality of partitions, wherein each
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`partition comprises on average less than five organelles per partition, b. lysing said extracellular
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`organelles in the plurality of partitions, wherein the lysing releases RNA from said organelles, c.
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`generating tagged cDNA from said released RNA in said plurality of partitions with adaptors
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`comprising a barcode, wherein each partition in the plurality of partitions comprises adaptors
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`with a unique barcode.
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`37. The method of claim 36, wherein said organelles are extracellular organelles.
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`38. The method of claim 36, wherein said organelles are exosomes.
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`39. The method of claim 36, wherein said generating tagged cDNA comprises reverse
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`transcription of said released RNA with partition-specific barcoded primers.
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`40. The method of claim 36, further comprising sequencing said tagged cDNA.
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`41. The method of claim 36, further comprising determining if said tagged cDNA is from the
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`same organelle.
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`42. A method comprising a. partitioning microorganisms into a plurality of partitions, b.
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`obtaining polynucleotides from the microorganisms in the plurality of partitions; and c. tagging
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`the polynucleotides in the plurality of partitions with adaptors comprising a barcode, wherein
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`each partition in the plurality of partitions comprises adaptors with a unique barcode.
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`43. The method of claim 42, wherein each of said partitions comprises, on average, less than five
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`microorganisms.
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`44. The method of claim 42, further comprising sequencing the tagged polynucleotides.
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`45. The method of claim 42, further comprising determining if the tagged polynucleotide
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`fragments are from the same partition.
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