Natural Foods through marine Krill Meal
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`Natural Foods through marine Krill Meal
`by Dimitri Sclabos and Raul Toro (mailto:)
`09/09/2003
`
`: Natural Foods through marineKrill Meal
`
`: By Mr. Dimitri Sclabos and Mr. Raul Toro
`
`Clean Human-Grade products based on clean feed ingredients
`
`The feed ingredient for the future: South Antarctic Krill Meal
`§ [Euphausia superba, Dana]
`
`Krill meal is a specialty feed ingredient, which has been producedby the industry for more than 15
`years from whole roundkrill, yetit is still in the growth phase of the productlife cycle curve. (Dimitri
`Sclabos, www.Aquafeed.com June 2003.) Although there are more than 80 different krill species
`around the globe, resource abundance and high value dried krill meals have been mainly produced
`from South Antarctic Krill [Euphausia superba, Dana].
`
`South Antarctic Krill has unique nutritional and quality attributes, which makesit the feed ingredient
`of the future. No matter that it has been in the market for sometime already, only in the past few
`years a serious effort has been madeto position this product within the high value aquaculture
`feeds marketniche. This trend is possible due to feed formulators acceptance of krill meal’s
`uniquenessthrough its good protein content, its strong palatability effect, natural beta-carotene
`content[in the form of astaxanthine], its excellent lipids & minerals profile and its chitin & chitosan
`constituent.
`
`Nevertheless, it is krill meals’ negligible amount of dioxins, PCB’s and heavy metals, the main
`feature that makesit an irreplaceable feed ingredient.
`
`Krill meal is an excellent nutritional source of protein in an average of 60% [58-65% dry basis] of
`the highest biological value. Krill meal’s typical average amino acid profile is as follows; Alanine
`5.8% [percent of protein] - Arginine 6.7% - Aspartic Acid 9.5% - Cisteine 1.2% - Glutamic Acid
`12.6% - Glycine 4.8% - Histidine 2.5% - Isoleucine 5.0% - Leucine 7.8% - Lysine 8.2% - Methionine
`4.0% - Phenylalanine 5.2% - Proline 4.0% - Serine 4.5% - Threonine 4.7% - Tyrosine 4.5% - Valine
`5.3% - Taurine 2.9%. (Tepual S.A. & Mr. Raul Toro, independent report 1994)
`
`Regardingkrill meal’s palatability attribute, it has low molecular weight soluble compounds such as
`nucleotides, amino acidsin the form of proline and glycine, glucosamine, and high levels of trimethyl
`amine oxide, TMAO (190 MgN/100 g sample). All these compounds act together as an effective
`attractant and flavoring agent. (Allahpichay and Shimizu 1984; Storbakken, 1988; Shimizu, et al.
`1990; Ogle and Beaugz, 1991). Krill meal has been successfully used in low palatability aqua-diets
`such as feeds containing vegetable proteins and/or antibiotics. Additionally, krill meal high TMAO
`content has an extra osmoregulatory contribution, useful to reduce salmon’s physiological stress
`whentheyare transferred from fresh to seawater. (Finne, G., 1992)
`
`http://www.aquafeed.com/read-article.php?id=439
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`7/19/2018
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`Natural Foods through marine Krill Meal
`
`Page 2 of 5
`
`South Antarctic krill meal’s natural pigment content [in the form of Astaxanthin] is a very well known
`attribute.
`It has an average content of 180ppm [132-250ppm] dry basis, depending mainly on
`processing plus resource and fishing grounds conditions. This feature is used to increase flesh
`pigmentation on salmon, trout, yellow tail, shrimp and other farmed species. (Sforebakken 1988;
`Storebakken et al. 1987; Torrissen et al, 1989). Krill meals used this way, the resulting end product
`contains the same type and coloring agent as naturally fed wild caught salmon. This characteristic
`has proved a strong selling argument
`for feed manufacturers focused on natural or organic
`conscious buyers.
`
`Indeed, studies suggest that astaxanthin play a fundamental role in the protection against active
`oxygen speciesin fish and other organisms (Shimidzu etal., 1996).
`
`Beta-carotene astaxanthin found in krill meal has an important role in the regulation of fish’ immune
`system, besides its role as a pigmentation agent, enhancing disease resistance and boosting
`survival rates.
`It is also known as an essential fish growth regulator. (Christiansen et al., 1994; J.
`Torrissen, 1984)
`
`Krill meal steroidal component located in krill’s cephalotorax region has proved a powerful and
`efficient promoting agent in the use of the protein found in feed diets.
`It therefore acts as a good
`growth promoting agent,
`increasing weight gain and feed conversion rates (Allahpichay and
`Shimizu, 1985)
`
`Krill meal chitin content found on raw krill’s caparison has an average content of 2-4% of chitin.
`This way, krill meal is being studied as an immune system stimulant for some fish species. (Siwicki
`et al, 1994).
`
`Regarding minerals’ and their use on several biological functions, South Antarctic krill meal is a
`good source of bio-available minerals; Copper 101ppm (dried meal), Selenium 12ppm, Zinc 72ppm,
`Calcium 1.7% (dried meal), Phosphorous 1.3%. (Tepual S.A. & Mr. Raul Toro, independent reports
`1994). Copper’s high content plays an important
`role in
`fin and skin integrity, while high
`concentration of selenium plays a relevant part on cellular antioxidant systems (Barrows, F and
`Lellis, W, 1997)
`
`Krill meal has an additional relevant feature, whichis its fat content uniqueness, in an average of
`15% (8 — 18%), depending mainly on the fishing season and processing particulars. Within the
`traditional krill meal-processing layout, around 70% of raw krill original fat content remains bonded
`to krill meal’s protein. This fat contains a high Omega-3 fatty acid concentration, where EPA & DHA
`are foundin the vicinity of 23% or even higher (as part ofthe lipids). This fat has also a high content
`of phospholipids (40-50% oflipids). Accordingly,fish fed with diets containing krill meals increase
`their natural Omega 3 and natural astaxanthin content allowing this fish to enter the highly lucrative
`natural food market niche.
`
`In a study on the effect of dietary lipid level on muscle composition in Atlantic salmon, it was found
`that muscle fatty acid composition reflected dietary fatty acid profiles, containing similar percentages
`of total saturated, monoenic and n-3 fatty acids in fish from all dietary treatment groups (Hemre &
`Sandnes, 1999).
`
`Krill meal is added in aquaculture feed diets in a range of 1 to 8% (Dimitri Sclabos unpublished
`report 2001). Feeds containingkrill meal are either used only at pre-harvest period or throughout
`the whole rearing & growth phase, depending on diet’s main purpose(flesh pigmentation or
`attractant for example). Markets for these feeds include shrimp, trout and salmon feed
`manufacturers.
`
`The bestkrill meals are a result of raw material processed on board factory trawlers within the first 5
`hours after the krill has been caught. This allows the highest freshness expressed as a very low
`TVN value in the range of 5 — 20 (mgN/100g).
`(Mr. Raul Toro, independent report 1999-2003,
`unpublished data)
`
`Probablykrill meal’s future will not be purely link to nutritional aspects, but also on food safety
`issues. Krill meal raw material comes from South Antarctic waters with a very low contentof risky
`
`contaminants such as Dioxins, PCB’s and heavy metals.
`
`Krill Meal shows a remarkably low content of undesirable substances such as heavy metals and
`dioxins, closely related to the unpolluted waters whereit is captured and processed (Dimitri Sclabos
`& Raul Toro Aquafeed report June 2003; Dimitri Sclabos & Raul Toro Intrafish & Fis.com report
`dune 2003). South Antarctic krill fishing grounds hasits own natural barriers such as sea current
`activity, circumpolar atmospheric winds and a limited human intervention. Industrial contamination is
`at a minimum level- if any. Heavy metals found in this area come primarily from volcanic activity,
`the main estimated pollutant source for Antarctic marine species (Knox, 1970; Beckman, 1992).
`
`http://www.aquafeed.com/read-article.php?id=439
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`7/19/2018
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`Natural Foods through marine Krill Meal
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`Page 3 of 5
`
`Rathersoonerthan later, EU’s Commission on Undesirable Substanceswill place such low import
`allowance levels on Dioxins, Furans and PCB’s likes, that many of the actual feed ingredients will
`not makeit as a safe ingredient. Other markets surely will follow this trend. This will not be the
`caseforkrill meals. Additionally, as krill meal adds invaluable natural pigments, white tablecloth
`restaurants will be in a much better position to serve natural-like food to environment-concerned
`customers.
`
`Arsenic (As) comes from volcanic sources and it is a natural element found in water, soil and air. In
`marine species it mainly comes onits organic [80-99%] non-toxic form. Arsenic inorganic form is
`found in an amount of less than 0,01 ppm As/Kg wet weight while fish have 1-10ppm of As/kg wet
`weight. The EU regulation states 10ppm total Arsenic content for feeding stuffs from fish or other
`marine animals. In whole krill, Arsenic level reaches 3 ppm As/Kg (Deheyn, D. et al, 2000).
`
`Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) comefrom volcanic activity and human contamination through
`wastewater, fertilizers and air pollution. Lead comes from industrial contaminants (batteries, solder,
`and alloys). Both metals have a low accumulation rate in fish’s flesh. (Norwegian Agricultural
`Inspection Service, Amended proposal, December 2000). Data for brown and white fishmeals and
`krill meals show that Cadmium and Leadlevels fall within EU’s Directive 2002/32/EC.
`
`Cadmium and Leadlevels
`Antarctic Krill Meal and Fish Meal
`
`
`
`Antarctic krill meal {Norwegian fish meal|Feed Material
`
`Mean(ppm) n=4
`
`Mean(ppm) n=15
`
`EU Regulation
`
`Upper Limit
`
`
`
`(*) Regular brown & white fishmeals have a Lead average contentof 3,72ppm (IFFO
`1976)
`
`Mercury (Hg) is widely distributed in nature, found in water, soil, and air and in several organisms. In
`marine species, organic mercury (methyl mercury) is considered a toxic compound, thoroughly
`concentrated throughout the food chain.
`Inorganic less-toxic mercury is accumulated at lower
`concentrations. Methyl mercury found in fish feeds is accumulatedin fish’s flesh andit is slowly
`eliminated. Tuna, halibut, sharks, and other predatory species accumulate higher mercury
`concentrations (0.5 — 1 ppm wet weight). The opposite is valid for species found at the beginning of
`the food chain, such as Antarctic krill that fed from plankton. It accumulates mercury at less than 0.1
`ppm (wet weight).
`
`Mercury in Antarctic krill Meal
`
`Krill Meal
`Mean(ppm)
`
`Complete Fish Feeds
`Mean(ppm
`(ppm)
`
`n=54
`
`{EU upperlevelfor feed
`material
`i
`Mean(ppm)
`
`EU limit for
`complete feeds
`Pp
`
`Mean(ppm)
`
`(*) Regular brown & white fishmeals have a Mercury average content of 0,15ppm (IFFO 1976)
`
`Krill meal mercury levels easily falls within EU regulations and are a suitable and safe feed
`ingredient.
`
`Regarding Krill meal Fluorine content (F), the latest European Directive [Directive 2002/32/EC] of
`the Parliament and of the Council dated May 7" 2002 on Undesirable Substancesin animal feed, it
`set a maximum Fluorine content in feeding stuffs of animal origin of 500ppm [dry basis], which
`included red meals in general andkrill meals in particular. Fortunately the said commission
`amendedsuchlevel to higher fluorine content. If this directive would have gone through, it could
`have stopped all European red meals imports since South Antarctic krill meal has an average F
`content of 1750ppm [dry basis]. This data (Dimitri Sclabos & Raul Toro unpublished data 1995-
`2003) relates to krill meal’s raw material.
`
`While whole krill has average moisture content is 79% (trip May-June 2002), Fluorine equivalent
`dry basis content reaches 1,495ppm. In frozen de-shelled krill tail meat for example, with an
`average moisture content of 76% and 21ppm F, its equivalent F content reaches 88ppm (dry basis).
`
`http://www.aquafeed.com/read-article.php?id=439
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`7/19/2018
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`Natural Foods through marine Krill Meal
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`Page 4 of 5
`
`On 12% moisture and 60% protein content krill meal, lipids reaches 14% while F content jumps to
`2,036ppm. This pattern is similar to whatit is shown on other crustacean meals such as North
`European Prawn meals, South East Asian shrimp shell meals and South American shrimp &
`langoustine meals.
`
`Fortunately, thanks to personal work (Dimitri Sclabos & Raul Toro Aquafeed July 2003, Intrafish
`July 2003) and European EFAPIT & IFFO, the EU Commission on Undesirable Substances decided
`to amend the 500ppm limit andrise it to a 2000ppm level. (Still to be confirmed by the commission)
`Dioxins
`
`Dioxins are a group of 210 polychlorinated substances spontaneously created from industrial
`contamination and wastewater - mainly from cellulose plants. From these, 17 are considered toxic
`and these are targeted in lab analysis.
`
`Dioxins are a serious toxic material and active at very low dosage; they accumulate in fatty tissue
`and are not easily eliminated, either in marine species or humans. The EU directive is set at a
`maximum level for fishmeals of 1.25 ng-WHO-TEQ/kg product.
`Dioxin content in South Antarctic Krill Meals
`
`Expressed as ng-WHO-TEQ/kg
`
`Orkney Island
`Jan.26-Feb.28 ‘02
`
`! Orkney Island
`{Mar.15-Apr.18 ‘02
`
`South Georgia’s
`{Jun.22-Jul.31°02.
`
`EU maxlevel for
`fish
`meal
`| O'S
`
`Fat 12,9%
`
`0,2657 (*)
`
`Fat 13,0%
`
`0
`
`3259 (*)
`
`Fat 13,9%
`
`(*) Average value
`
`0
`
`2054 (*)
`
`Since Antarctic krill meals are well within EU establishedlimits, it gives the fish feed manufacturer a
`greater safety margin, particularly if some of the other fish meals and oil feed ingredients used are
`closerto the limit.
`
`References
`
`Allahpichay, |. and Shimizu, C. (1985). Separation of growth promoting factors from non-muscle krill
`meal of Euphausia superba. Bull. Japanese Soc. Sci. Fish. 51, 945-951.
`
`Berkman, P.A. (1992). The Antarctic Marine Ecosystem and humankind. Reviews in Aquatic
`Sciences 6, 295-333.
`
`Christiansen, R. .Lie, O. J. Torrissen (1994). Effect of astaxanthin and Vitamin A on growth and
`survival during first feeding of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L Aquaculture and Fisheries
`Management 1994, 25, 903-914.
`
`|. (2000). Characterization of metals contamination
`Deheyn D., Gendrau P. , Baldwin R.J. , Latz M.
`in the marine ecosystem of Deception Island, Antarctica. In Marine Biology Research Division,
`Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Ca, USA.
`
`Canadian FoodInspection Agency (2002). Summary Report of Contaminant Results in Fish Feeds,
`Fish Meal and FishOil.
`
`Finne, G. (1992). Non-protein nitrogen compoundsin fish and shellfish. Advances in Sea Food
`Biochemistry. 393. Hemre & Sandnes (1999)Sa/mo salar. Aquaculture Nutrition (1), 9-16
`
`Knox, G.A. (1970). Antarctic Marine Ecosystem. Antarctic Ecology Academic Press, London, pp 69
`- 96.
`
`Lellis, W. and Barrows, F. (1997). Aquaculture 156 : 229-240.
`
`Norwegian Agricultural Inspection Service (2001). Amended proposal for a Directive on undesirable
`substances and products in animal nutrition. COM (2000) 861 final.
`
`Ogle and Beaugz (1991). Food preferente of P. Vannamei. Gulf Research Reports 8 : 291-294.
`
`Shimidzu N., Goto M., Miki W. (1996). Carotenoids as singlet oxygen quenchers in marine
`organisms. Fish. Sci.; 62:134-137
`
`http://www.aquafeed.com/read-article.php?id=439
`
`7/19/2018
`
`

`

`Natural Foods through marine Krill Meal
`
`Page 5 of 5
`
`Shimizu, C., Ibrahim, A., Toroko, T. and Shirakawa, Y. (1990). Feeding stimulation in sea bream,
`Pagrus major, fed diets supplemented with Antarctic krill meals. Aquaculture 89, 43-53. Siwiki, A.,
`Anderson, P., Rumsey, G. (1994). Dietary intake of immunostimulant by rainbow trout effects non-
`specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. Veterinary immunology and
`immunopathology. 41: 125-139.
`
`Storebakken, T. (1988). krill as a potential feed source for salmonids. Aquaculture. 70, 193-205.
`
`Storebakken T. Foss P. Schiedt K. Austreng E. Liaaen-Jensen S. Manz U. (1987). Carotenoidsin
`Diets for Salmonids IV Pigmentation of Atlantic Salmon with Astaxantin, Astaxantin Dipalmitate and
`Canthaxantin, Aquaculture 65: 279-292
`
`Torrissen O. J. Pigmentation of salmonids: effect of carotenoids in eggs and start-feeding diet on
`survival and growth rate. Aquaculture 1984; 43: 185-193
`
`Torrissen O. J. Pigmentation of salmonids: interactions of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin on
`pigment deposition in rainbow trout. Aquaculture 1989; 79: 363-374
`
`For more information contact the authors at: dimitri@sclabos.com
`(mailto:dimitri@sclabos.com) or visit: www .sclabos.com (http:/Awww.sclabos.com/)
`
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`http://www.aquafeed.com/read-article.php?id=439
`
`7/19/2018
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