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`Exhibit 8
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`Case 6:21-cv-00667-ADA Document 37-9 Filed 03/14/22 Page 2 of 9
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`Microsoft·
`
`• Fully updated with the ) atest
`technologies, terms; a_[lc:J.f! cronyms
`• Easy to read, expertly il/ust(? ted
`• Definitive coverage of-hardware,
`software, the Internet, . and morf}!,
`
`

`

`Case 6:21-cv-00667-ADA Document 37-9 Filed 03/14/22 Page 3 of 9
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`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of :Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written pennission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`1. Computers--Dictionaries. 2. :Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267 2002
`004'.03--dc21
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
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`2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT
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`7 6 5 4 3 2
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`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd.
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`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa(cid:173)
`tion about international editions, contact your local :Microsoft Corporation office or contact :Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www .microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
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`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
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`trademarks of :Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
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`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
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`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
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`Body Part No. X0S-41929
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`

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`Case 6:21-cv-00667-ADA Document 37-9 Filed 03/14/22 Page 4 of 9
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`Contributors
`
`Peter Aiken
`
`Bart Arenson
`
`Janice Borzendowski
`
`Jerome Colburn
`
`Duane Hanson
`
`Andrew Himes
`
`Robert Howecton
`
`Annette B. Jackson
`
`Larry S. Jackson
`
`Thomas A. Jackson
`
`Chris Kinata
`
`Ilana Kingsley
`
`Robin Lombard
`
`Thomas A. Long
`
`William G. Madison
`
`Illustrators
`
`Travis Beaven
`
`David Holter
`
`Alton Lawson
`
`Thomas P. Magliery
`
`David Mason
`
`Terrence M. McLaren
`
`Wallace Parker
`
`Charles Petzold
`
`Phil Rose
`
`John Ross
`
`David Rygmyr
`
`Aimee Truchard
`
`Michael Vose
`
`Bruce Webster
`
`Judson D. Weeks
`
`Tom Winn
`
`JoAnne Woodcock
`
`Rob Nance
`
`Joel Pancho\
`
`

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`Case 6:21-cv-00667-ADA Document 37-9 Filed 03/14/22 Page 5 of 9
`Case 6:21-cv-00667-ADA Document 37-9 Filed 03/14/22 Page 5 of 9
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`DEFS-VOIP-2021-CC-00000061
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`

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`Case 6:21-cv-00667-ADA Document 37-9 Filed 03/14/22 Page 6 of 9
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`Contents
`
`Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
`Changes in the Fifth Edition . .. . . . . ..... .. . . ... . ........ . .. .. ... . . . . . .. ... . .. ... . .. . . . .. . .. vii
`Order of Presentation . ... . . .. ...... . . ... . .. . .. ..... .. . ... . . .... . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . .. . . ... . . vii
`Entries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
`Future Printings and Editions . . . . . .... . . . ........ . .. . .. . ... . .... .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .... . . . .. . . ix
`
`Dictionary of Computer Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
`
`Appendix A:
`Common Character Sets . .. .......... . ......................... .. ....... . . 587
`ANSI Character Set. . .. . ... . . .. . ..... ..... ...... . . . . . ..... . . . . . . .... . . . . . .... ... 587
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set ....... . . . .......... . ... . . . .......... . . . ... 593
`IBM Extended Character Set .... . .......... . ..... . . . . .... ... . . . . .. . .... . . . .. .. .. . 597
`EBCDIC Character Set .. ..... ; . . ... . . ... .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .... .. . . . . 599
`Appendix B:
`Common File Extensions .. . .............. . ...... . ........... . ....... . ... . 605
`
`Appendix C:
`Instant Messaging Emoticons and Acronyms .... . ... . ....................... . 613
`
`Appendix D:
`Internet Domains ..... . ..... . .......................... . ........... . ... . 623
`
`Appendix E:
`Numeric Equivalents .. ... .......... . ........... ... ..... .. .. . . . ......... . 631
`
`\/
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`

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`Case 6:21-cv-00667-ADA Document 37-9 Filed 03/14/22 Page 7 of 9
`
`controller
`
`conversational language
`
`IEJ &..;1_1 -----=1___,,,....
`
`I
`
`Control
`
`Control key.
`controller n. A device that other devices rely on for
`access to a computer subsystem. A disk controller, for
`example, controls access to one or more disk drives, man(cid:173)
`aging physical and logical access to the drive or drives.
`control loglc n. The electronic circuitry that generates,
`interprets, and uses control data.
`control panel n. In Windows and Macintosh systems, a
`utility that allows the user to control aspects of the operat(cid:173)
`ing system or hardware, such as system time and date,
`keyboard characteristics, and networking parameters.
`control panel device n. See cdev.
`control sequence n. See control code.
`control slgnal n. An electronic signal used to control
`internal or external devices or processes.
`
`control statement n. A statement that affects the flow of
`execution through a program. Control statements include
`conditional statements (CASE, IF-THEN-ELSE), iterative
`statements (DO, FOR, REPEAT, WHILE), and transfer
`statements (GOTO). See also conditional statement, itera(cid:173)
`tive statement, statement, transfer statement.
`control strip n. 1. An equipment calibration tool used to
`determine the corrections needed to restore accuracy by
`comparing recorded data against known values. 2. A util(cid:173)
`ity that groups shortcuts to commonly used items or infor(cid:173)
`mation, such as time, battery power level, desktop items,
`and programs, in an easily accessible place. See also
`shortcut.
`control structure n. A portion of a program defined by
`the relationship between the statements, used in structured
`programming. There are three basic control structures:
`sequence, where one statement simply follows another;
`selection, where program flow depends on which criteria
`are met; and iteration, where an action is repeated until
`some condition occurs.
`control unit n. A device or circuit that performs an arbi(cid:173)
`trating or regulating function. For example, a memory
`
`controller chip controls access to a computer's memory
`and is the control unit for that memory.
`control varlable n. In programming, the variable in a
`control statement that dictates the flow of execution, For
`example, the index variable in a FOR loop controls the
`number of times a group of statements are executed. See
`also control statement.
`
`convenience adapter n. See port replicator.
`convention n. Any standard that is used more or less uni(cid:173)
`versally in a given situation. Many conventions are applied
`to microcomputers. In programming, for example, a lan(cid:173)
`guage such as C relies on frumally accepted symbols and
`abbreviations that must be used in programs. Less frumally,
`programmers usually adopt the convention of indenting
`subordinate instructions in a routine so that the structure of
`the program is more easily visualized. National and inter(cid:173)
`national committees often discuss and arbitrate conventions
`for programming languages, data structures, communica(cid:173)
`tion standards, and device characteristics. See also CCITT,
`ISO, NTSC, standard ( definition 1 ),
`conventional memory n. T he amount of RAM address(cid:173)
`able by an IBM PC or compatible machine operating in
`real mode. This is typically 640 kilobytes (KB). Without
`the use of special techniques, conventional memory is the
`only kind of RAM accessible to MS-DOS programs. See
`also protected mode, real mode. Compare expanded mem(cid:173)
`ory, extended memory.
`convergence n. A coming together. Convergence can
`occur between different disciplines and technologies, as
`when telephone communications and computing converge
`in the field of telecommunications. It can also occur within
`a program, such as a spreadsheet, when a circular set of
`formulas are repeatedly recalculated(iterated), with the
`results of each iteration coming closer to a true solution.
`conversational aLij. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of
`the mode of operation, typical of microcomputers, in which
`the computer user and the system engage in a dialogue of
`commands and system responses. See also interactive.
`conversational Interaction n. Interaction in which two
`or more parties alternately transmit and receive messages
`from each other. See also interactive processing.
`conversational language n. Any progranuning lan(cid:173)
`guage that allows the programmer to instruct the computer
`in a conversational mode, as opposed to more formal,
`structured languages. For example, in a COBOL program,
`in order to execute a procedure called CHECK 10 times, a
`
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`E
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`Case 6:21-cv-00667-ADA Document 37-9 Filed 03/14/22 Page 8 of 9
`
`_game tree
`
`gatored
`
`game tree n. A tree structure representing contingencies
`in a game and used by game developers for design pur(cid:173)
`poses. Each node in a game tree represents a possible posi(cid:173)
`tion (for example, the configuration of pieces on a
`chessboard) in the game, and each branching represents a
`possible move. See also computer game.
`gamut n. The complete range of colors a display or
`printer is capable of producing. If a color falls outside the
`gamut of a device, it cannot be accurately displayed or
`printed from that device.
`gamut alarm n. A feamre in graphics programs that
`alerts the user if a chosen color will fall outside the cur(cid:173)
`rently selected gamut. See also gamut.
`Gantt chart n. A bar chart that shows individual parts of
`a project as bars against a horizontal time scale. Gantt
`charts are used as a project-planning tool for developing
`schedules. Most project-planning software can produce
`Gantt charts.
`gap n. See intercrecord gap.
`garbage n. 1. Incorrect or corrupted data. 2. Gibberish
`displayed on screen, either due to faulty hardware or soft(cid:173)
`ware or because a program is unable to display a file's
`content. For example, an executable file is not meant to be
`displayed by a text editor and so is indecipherable on
`screen.
`garbage collectlon n. A process for automatic recovery
`of heap memory. Blocks of memory that had been allo(cid:173)
`cated but are no longer in use are freed, and blocks of
`memory still in use may be moved to consolidate the free
`memory into larger blocks. Some programming languages
`require the programmer to hanclle garbage collection. Oth(cid:173)
`ers, such as Java, perform this task for the programmer.
`See also heap (definition 1).
`garbage In, garbage out n. A computing axiom mean(cid:173)
`ing that if the data put into a process is incorrect, the data
`output by the process will also be incorrect. Acronym:
`GJGO.
`gas-discharge dlsplay ti. A type of flat-panel display,
`used on some portable computers, containing neon
`between a horizontal and a vertical set of electrodes.
`When one electrode in each set is charged, tbe neon glows
`(as in a neon lamp) where the two electrodes intersect,
`representing a pixel. Also called: gas-p lasma display. See
`also flat-panel display, pixel.
`
`gas-plasma display n. See gas-discharge display.
`gate n. 1. An electronic switch that is the e lementary
`component of a digital circuit. It produces an electrical
`output signal that represents a binary 1 or O and is related
`to the states of one or more input signals by an operation
`of Boolean logic, such as AND, OR, or NOT. Also
`called: logic gate. See also gate array. 2. The input termi(cid:173)
`nal of a field-effect transistor (FET). Also called: gate
`electrode. See also drain (definition 1 ), FET, MOSFET,
`source (definition 2), 3. A data structure used by 80386
`and higher microprocessors to control access to privileged
`functions, to change data segments, or to switch tasks.
`gate array n. A special type of chip that starts out as a
`nonspecific collection of logic gates. Late in the manufac(cid:173)
`turing process, a layer is added to connect the gates for a
`specific function. By changing the pattern of connections,
`tbe manufacturer can make the chip suitable for many
`needs. This process is very popular because it saves both
`design and manuf:wturing time. The drawback is that much
`of the chip goes unused. Also called: application-specific
`integrated circuit, logic array.
`gated adj. 1. Transmitted through a gate to a subsequent
`electronic logic e1ement. 2. Transmitted through a gate(cid:173)
`way to a subsequent network or service. For example, a
`mailing list on BITNET may be gated to a newsgroup on
`the Internet.
`gate electrode n. See gate ( definition 2).
`gateway n. A device that connects networks using differ(cid:173)
`ent communications protocols so that information can be
`passed from one to the other. A gateway both transfers
`information and converts it to a form compatible with the
`protocols used by the receiving network. Compare bridge,
`gateway page n. See doorway page.
`gating circuit n. An electronic switch whose output is
`either on or off, depending on the state of two or more
`inputs. For example, a gating circuit may be used to pass
`or not pass an input signal, depending on the states of one
`or more control signals, A gating circuit can be con(cid:173)
`structed from one or more logic gates. See also gate (defi(cid:173)
`nition 1).
`
`gatored vb. To have been the victim of a hijackware pro(cid:173)
`gram that seiz.ed control of an Internet shopping or surfing
`experience and caused the victim's browser to display ads
`and Web sites chosen by the program. Users may be
`
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`Case 6:21-cv-00667-ADA Document 37-9 Filed 03/14/22 Page 9 of 9
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`serial port adapter
`
`Server Message Block
`
`serlal port adapter n. An interface card or device that
`either provides a serial port or converts a serial port to
`another use. See also adapter, se.rial port.
`serlal printer· n. A printer connected to the computer via
`a serial interface ( commonly RS-232-C or compatible).
`Connectors for this type of printer vary widely, which is
`one reason they are less popular than parallel printers
`among those who use IBM and IBM-compatible PCs.
`Serial printers are standard for Apple computers. See also
`DB connector, seriaL serial transmission. Compare paral(cid:173)
`lel printer.
`serlal processing n. See sequential processing (defini(cid:173)
`tion 2).
`Serlal Storage Architecture n. See SSA.
`serlal transmission n. The transfer of discrete signals
`one after another. In communications and data transfer,
`serial transmission involves sending inf=ation over a
`single line one bit at a time, as in modem-to-modem con(cid:173)
`nections. Compare parallel transmission.
`series circuit n. A circuit in which two or more compo(cid:173)
`nents are linked in series. All the current passes through
`each component in a series circuit, but the voltage is
`divided among the components. See the illustration. Com(cid:173)
`pare parallel circuit.
`
`Series circuit
`
`serlf1 adj. Marked by the use of serifs. For example,
`Goudy is a serif typeface, whereas Helvetica is a sans serif
`typeface. See the illustration. See also serif. Compare
`
`sans serif. ABC
`IE
`ABC
`
`V
`Serifs
`
`Serif . . 4 serif typeface (top) and a sans serif typeface (bottom).
`
`serlf2 n. Any of the short lines or ornaments at the ends of
`the strokes that f= a typeface character.
`
`server n. 1. On a local area network (LAN), a computer
`running administrative software that controls access to the
`network-and its resources, ·such -as printers and disk drives,
`and provides resources to computers functioning as work(cid:173)
`stations on the network. 2. On the Internet or other net(cid:173)
`work, a computer or program that responds to commands
`from a client. For example, a file server may contain an
`archive of data or program files; when a client submits a
`reque st for a file, the server transfers a copy of the file to
`the client. See also application server (definitions 1 and 2),
`client/server architecture. Compare client (definition 3).
`server appllance n. A device designed to deliver one or
`more specific network services in a single turnkey pack(cid:173)
`age that includes both hardware and software, All neces(cid:173)
`smy programs are preinstalled on a server appliance,
`which has minimal, simplified options and controls.
`Server appliances can be used to complement or replace
`traditional servers on a network and can provide such ser(cid:173)
`vices as file and printer sharing and Internet connectivity.
`Also called: appliance. See also inf=ation appliance.
`server-based appllcatlon n. A program that is shared
`over a network. The program is stored on the network
`server and can be used at more than one client machine at
`a time.
`
`server cluster n. A group of independent computer sys(cid:173)
`tems, known as nodes, working together as a single system
`to ensure that mission-critical applications and resources
`remain available to clients. A server cluster is the type of
`cluster that Cluster service implements. See also cluster.
`server control n. See ASP.NET server control.
`server error n. A failure to complete a request for infor(cid:173)
`mation through HTTP that results from an error at the
`server rather than an error by the client or the user. Server
`errors are indicated by HTTP status codes beginning with
`5. See also HTTP, HTTP status codes.
`server farm n. A centralized grouping of network servers
`maintained by an enterprise or, often, an Internet service
`provider (ISP). A server farm provides a network with
`load balancing, scalability, and fault tolerance. Individual
`servers may be connected in such a way that they appear
`to represent a single resource.
`
`serverlet n. See servlet.
`Server Message Block n. See SMB.
`
`474
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