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`Case 6:21-cv-00569-ADA Document 25-3 Filed 12/16/21 Page 1 of 7
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`EXHIBIT B
`EXHIBIT B
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`Dictionary of
`Computer and
`Internet Terms
`
`Tenth Edition
`
`Douglas A. Downing, Ph.D.
`School of Business and Economics
`Seattle Pacific University
`
`Michael A. Covington, Ph.D.
`Artificial Intelligence Center
`The University of Georgia
`
`Melody Mauldin Covington
`Covington Innovations
`Athens, Georgia
`
`Catherine Anne Covington
`Covington Innovations
`Athens, Georgia
`
`With the assistance of
`
`Sharon Covington
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`N@
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`BARRON'S
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`Document 25-3 Filed 12/16/21 Page 3 of 7
`ABOUTTHE AUTHORS
`
`the School of
`Douglas Downing teaches economics and quantitative methods at
`Business and Economics at Seattle Pacific University. He is the author of several
`
`books in both Barron’s Easy Way and Business Reviewseries. He is also the author
`
`
`of Java Programming the
`Easy Way and Dictionaryof Mathematics Terms, published
`by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. He holds the Ph.D. degree in economics from
`Yale University.
`Michael Covingtonis Associate Director ofthe Artificial Intelligence Institute at
`the University of Georgia, He is the authorof several books and over 250 magazine
`
`articles. He holds the Ph.D. degree in linguistics from Yale University.
`Melody Mauldin Covington is a graphic designerliving in Athens, Georgia. She
`is the author of Dictionary of Desktop Publishing (published by Barron's),
`Catherine Anne Covington is a student at
`the Lamar Dodd School of Art
`(University of Georgia).
`
`Sharon Covingtonis
`
`student at Emory University.
`
`©Copyright 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1998, 1996, 1995, 1992, 1989,
`and 1986 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.
`
`All rights reserved.
`No part of this book maybe reproduced or distributedin
`any form or by any means without the written permission
`ofthe copyright owner,
`
`All inquiries should be addressed to:
`Barron's Educational Series,Inc.
`250 Wireless Boulevard
`Hauppauge, NY 11788
`www.barronseduc.com
`ISBN-13: 978-0-7641-4105-8
`ISBN-10: 0-7641-4105-8
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 2008044365
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Downing, Douglas.
`Dictionary of computer and Internet terms / Douglas A, Downing,
`Michael A. Covington, Melody Mauldin Covington. — 10th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 978-0-7641-4105-8
`I, Covington,
`1, Computers—Dictionaries. 2. Internet—Dictionaries,
`Michael A., 1957— I. Covington, Melody Mauldin.
`III. Title.
`
`QA76.15.D667 2009
`004.03—de22
`
`PRINTED IN CHINA
`987654321
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`2008044365
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`Internet
`
`256
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`
`
`Internet a cooperative message-forwarding system linking computer net-
`works all over the world. Users ofthe Internet can view information on
`the World Wide Web, exchange electronic mail, participate in electronic
`discussion forums (newsgroups), send files from any computer to any
`other via FTP, or HTTP, and evenuse each other’s computers directlyif
`
`they have appropriate passwords. See ELECTRONIC MAIL: FINGER, FTP,
`HTTP; NEWSGROUP; RLOGIN; TELNET; TLD; URL; WORLD WIDE WEB.
`Every machine on the Internet has an address. For example,
`address
`beetle.ai.uga.edu
`means:
`
`the
`
`beetle machine (“beetle”)
`
`ai
`subnetwork (Artificial Intelligence Lab)
`uga
`site (University of Georgia)
`edu
`type ofsite (U.S. educational)
`Here beetle.ai.uga.edu is a domain address that gets translated into a
`numeric IP address, such as 128.192.12.9, by the network itself. See IP
`ADDRESS; TCP/IP.
`The cost ofrunning the Internetis paid largely by thesites that receive
`messages, and the sites that pass them along, not by the sites that send
`messages out. This has important
`legal and ethical
`implications.
`Unsolicited advertising via e-mail or in newsgroups is almost always
`unwelcome,as is any self-serving misuse ofelectronic communications,
`
`because the senderofthe material is not paying the cost ofdistributing
`it. For further ethical guidelines see COMPUTER ETHICS; SPAM; USENET,
`The Internet grewout of the ARPAnet (a U.S. Defense Department
`experimental network) as well as BITNET, Usenet, and other wide area
`networks. See USENET; WIDE-AREA NETWORK, Contrast INTRANET.
`Usage note: Many people confuse the Internet with the World Wide
`Web, which is only one of several forms of communication that take
`place onthe Internet.
`Internet 2 a consortium ofuniversities working with business and govern-
`ment to create a high-performance successor to the original INTERNET.
`For more information see www.internet2.org.
`Internet cafe a small business selling Internet and computer use by the
`minute or hour, Most Internet cafes also offer other services including
`everything from foodto live musical performances.
`Internet casino see GAMBLING.
`
`Internet Content Rating Association see ICRA.
`Internet Explorer the World Wide Web prowserincluded in Microsoft
`Windows:a derivative of MOSAIC. Compare FIREFOX; OPERA.
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`IP address, IP number
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`260
`
`IP address, IP number(Internet Protocol address) the numeric address of
`a machine, in the format usedon the Internet (IPv4 or IPv6). For exam-
`ple, the IPv4 address ofone ofthe University of Georgia's computers is
`128.192.76.80. Convert each of the four numbers into binary, and you
`get the true 32-bit binary address, which canalso be written as an 8-digit
`hexadecimal number.
`Three blocks of IPv4 addresses are reservedforprivate networks and
`will never be officially assigned. Therefore,
`if you must make up an
`unofficial IP address, you should choose it from one ofthese blocks.
`They are 10.0,0.0-10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0-172.16.255.255, and
`192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255. The address 127.0.0.1 on any machine
`connects it back toitself.
`IPv6, a newer version of the protocol, uses |28-bit instead of 32-bit
`addresses, so that a much larger numberofaddresses is available. The
`packet format is different in a numberof ways that make rouling more
`efficient.
`Contrast DOMAIN ADDRESS; MAC ADDRESS. See also DYNAMIC IP
`ADDRESS; INTERNET; STATICIP ADDRESS.
`
`IP spoofing see SPOOFING.
`
`IP telephonysee INTERNET TELEPHONY.
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`iPhone popular portable phone, web browser, and music and videoplayer
`from APPLE.
`
`IPO (Initial Public Offering) the first sale of a corporation's stock to the
`public. Innovative computer companies have often begun as privately
`held corporations, motivating employees by offering stock options that
`become valuable after
`the IPO if
`the market price rises, Outside
`investors who buy stock soon after the [PO will profit from further
`increases in the stock price. However, this type of investment
`is very
`risky because there is no guarantee the stock price will rise.
`iPod aportable audio and videoplayerintroduced byAPPLE in 2001; one of
`the many brands of portable music player. The iPod plays MP3 and
`many otherfile formats, including videos. The iPod Touch specifically
`can download applications suchas calendars or even games, andis inte-
`grated with Apple’s iTunes store. See ITUNES, MP3 PLAYER.
`IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) a system for transmitting television
`signals on request. Unlike traditional broadcast signals, which send all
`channels to all customers, an IPTV system conserves bandwidth by only
`sending signals for channels that customers have requested. However,
`traditional Internet transmission sends a separate signal for eachuser, so
`broadcast television signals would consume excessive bandwidthifthey
`were sent this way. Instead, IPTV signals for multiple users are com-
`bined into a multicast signal, which contains one copy of the broadcast
`signal as well as the addresses ofthose users to whomthe signalis to be
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`505
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`URL
`
`uplevel pertaining to a later version of a product. For example, many
`Windows 3.1 programs are compatible with uplevel versions of
`Windows, such as Windows Vista. Contrast DOWNLEVEL.
`
`uplink
`1. a connection through whichsignals can be transmitted to a satellite.
`Compare UPLOAD.
`2. a connection from one hub to another hub, See HUB.
`upload totransmitafile to a central computer from a smaller computeror
`a computerat a remote location. See FTP; KERMIT. Contrast DOWNLOAD.
`UPnP(Universal Plug and Play) technologyfor standardizing connections
`between different devices. For information see the UPnP forum at
`WW. MpAp.org.
`uppercasecapitalletters, such as A, B, C, as opposed toa, b, ¢ (lowercase)
`or A.B, ¢ (small caps). The term “ uppercase” goes backtothe early days
`of letterpress printing. The metal type was kept in divided drawers called
`cases; the capital letters were traditionally kept in the upper case, and the
`small letters in the lower.
`UPS
`1. See UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY.
`2. (United Parcel Service) a major American carrier of packages for
`mail-order and e-tail businesses. (See E-TAIL.) Their web address is
`Whey, “ups.com y
`upstream (describing data transmission) in a direction fromthe client to
`the server, or from the peripheral
`to the main computer. Compare
`UPLOAD. Contrast DOWNSTREAM.
`
`upward compatibilitythe situation in which a computer programor acces-
`sory works not only on the machine for which it was designed but also
`on newer models. For instance, programs written for the IBM PC in
`1981 will
`still
`run (considerably faster) on present-day Pentium
`machines. Thus we say that the Pentium is upward compatible with the
`processorin the PC, Contrast DOWNWARD COMPATIBILITY,
`urbanlegend astory thatis told by highly educated people as if it were
`true, but cannot be confirmed. Typically, it happened to a “friend ofa
`friend” (i.c., a person whois almost, but not quite, identifiable), and it
`involves some improbable but highly amusing misadventure. The term
`was coined by Jan Harold Brunvand, who has written several books on
`the subject. The Internet is one of many means by which urban legends
`circulate. See also HOAX.
`
`URL(Uniform Resource Locator, Universal Resource Locator) a way of
`specifying the location ofpublicly available information on the Internet,
`in the form
`
`protocol://machine:port number/filename
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`506
`
`Otten the port number and/orthe filename is unnecessary, For example,
`http://csam.uga.edu:80
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`means connect to port 80 of csam.uga.edu using Hypertext Transfer
`Protocol,
`and
`ftp://ai.uga.edu/pub/natural. language/Contents
`means to downloada particular file from ai .uga.edu by File Transfer
`Protocol. A user name and password canbe includedthus:
`ftp: //username: password@ww. somewhere. com/di rectoryname/filename
`This is a handy way to access your web site on its server from your
`browser, See also FTP,
`The URL for a World Wide Web site often includes ww, as in
`
`http://ww.spu.edu. Other possible protocols
`include gopher and
`telnet. See ABSOLUTE URL; BROWSER; GOPHER; HTML: HTTP;
`INTERNET:
`PROTOCOL; RELATIVE URL; TELNET; TILDE; TLD; WORLD WIDE WEB.
`
`sus suffix indicating that an e-mail or web address is registered in the
`United States, Although available to all
`types of organizations,
`.us
`addresses are used mostly by local governments. See TLD.
`
`U.S.legal the size of paper used for legal documents in the United States,
`8'4 x 14 inches, Contrast EXECUTIVE SIZE; U.S. LETTER. See also PAPER
`sizes; illustration at Figure 151 on page 281.
`
`U.S, letter the size of paper used for business letters in the United States,
`82 x IL inches. Elsewhere,
`ISO size A4 is the nearest equivalent.
`Contrast EXECUTIVE SIZE; U.S. LEGAL, See also PAPER SIZES: illustration at
`Figure 151 on page 281.
`
`USB (Universal Serial Bus) a standard way of connecting peripherals to
`computers, designed to replace serial, parallel, SCSI, andother kinds of
`ports. USB 1.0 provides a datarate of 12 million bits per second (Mbps),
`slowerthanits rival, Firewire (IEEE 1394), but cheaperto implement.
`USB 2.0 (“Hi-Speed USB") achieves 480 Mbps andis fully compatible
`with the previous version, The maximum cable length is 5 meters (16
`feet). Any USB port can be expanded into manyports by using a USB
`hub, and long cable runs can be achieved by inserting a hub every 5
`meters (5.5 yards).
`Unlike parallel, serial, and SCSI ports, USB ports allowdevices to be
`plugged in and unplugged while the computer is running, Also, USB
`ports provide a limited amount ofelectric power to external devices, so
`that in manycases the peripherals do not need their own power connec-
`tors. USB ports are even usedto power lights and speakers.
`Figure 284 shows the USB “trident” logo, whichrepresents a branch-
`ing cable; the USB type A connector, whichplugs into the computer; and
`the type B connector, which plugs into a peripheral device (although
`manyperipherals use type A connectors instead).
`USB was developed by Intel and other companies starting in 1997,
`For more information see www.usb.org.
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