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`EXHIBIT 32-2
`EXHIBIT 32-2
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`IPR2020-01302
`U.S. Patent No. 7,539,474
`Patent Owner’s Response
`
`
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`____________________________
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`____________________________
`Intel Corporation
`Petitioner
`v.
`ParkerVision, Inc.
`Patent Owner
`U.S. Patent No. 7,539,474
`
`Issue Date: May 26, 2009
`Title: DC OFFSET, RE-RADIATION, AND I/Q SOLUTIONS USING
`UNIVERSAL FREQUENCY TRANSLATION TECHNOLOGY
`__________________________________________________________________
`Inter Partes Review No. IPR2020-01302
`__________________________________________________________________
`PATENT OWNER’S RESPONSE TO PETITION FOR
`INTER PARTES REVIEW OF UNITED STATES PATENT NO. 7,539,474
`
`

`

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`Table of Contents
`
`Page
`
`I.
`
`V.
`
`THE PETITION PURPOSEFULLY OMITS CRITICAL
`INFORMATION. ......................................................................................... 1
`COURTS HAVE CONSTRUED RELEVANT CLAIM TERMS ................. 3
`II.
`III. LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART ........................................... 5
`IV. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY ........................ 5
`A. Wired communications. ...................................................................... 5
`B. Wireless Communications. ................................................................. 6
`C.
`Frequency. .......................................................................................... 7
`D. Up-conversion. ................................................................................... 8
`E.
`Down-conversion. ............................................................................... 9
`IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATED TO WIRELESS
`TECHNOLOGY ......................................................................................... 10
`A.
`Basic circuit concepts. ...................................................................... 10
`B.
`Circuit diagrams................................................................................ 12
`1.
`Transistors. ............................................................................. 13
`2.
`Capacitors. .............................................................................. 15
`3.
`Resistor. .................................................................................. 15
`4.
`Inductor. ................................................................................. 16
`5.
`Transformer. ........................................................................... 16
`6.
`Low-pass filter. ....................................................................... 17
`Electrical load, high impedance loads and low impedance loads. ...... 17
`Baseband signals, carrier signals, modulation, up-conversion. .......... 18
`
`C.
`D.
`
`
`
`i
`
`

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`Down-conversion. ............................................................................. 19
`E.
`VI. NON-LINEAR MIXING V. ENERGY SAMPLING .................................. 20
`A. Mixing. ............................................................................................. 21
`B.
`Energy sampling (energy transfer). ................................................... 22
`VII. OPERATION OF FETS ............................................................................. 24
`A. Overview. ......................................................................................... 24
`B.
`Local oscillator and its effects on FETs. ........................................... 25
`C.
`Different uses of FETs. ..................................................................... 26
`1.
`FETs used in a sampling system. ............................................ 27
`2.
`FETs used in a non-linear mixer. ............................................ 27
`D. Key take-aways. ................................................................................ 29
`VIII. THE ’474 PATENT .................................................................................... 29
`A. Overview .......................................................................................... 29
`B.
`The patent discloses two fundamentally different and competing
`systems for down-conversion. ........................................................... 38
`1.
`Energy transfer (energy sampling). ......................................... 40
`2.
`Sample and hold (voltage sampling). ...................................... 45
`Prosecution history. .......................................................................... 49
`C.
`IX. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................ 51
`A.
`The Texas District Court’s constructions. ......................................... 52
`B.
`Intel failed to provide a construction for “switch” and “storage
`element.”........................................................................................... 52
`A “switch” opens and closes a circuit as dictated by an independent
`control input. ..................................................................................... 53
`
`C.
`
`
`
`ii
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`

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`
`D.
`
`E.
`F.
`
`The Texas District Court rejected Intel’s construction of “storage
`element.”........................................................................................... 55
`A “storage element” is an element of an “energy transfer system.” ... 55
`Intel has taken inconsistent position of “combining module” in the
`Petition and District Court case; Intel’s construction is wrong. ......... 60
`X. OVERVIEW OF THE ALLEGED PRIOR ART ........................................ 61
`A.
`RF and Microwave Circuit Design for Wireless Communications,”
`by Lawrence E. Larson (“Larson”). .................................................. 61
`U.S. Patent No. 4,603,436 (“Butler”). ............................................... 69
`B.
`INTEL HAS NOT SHOWN THAT CLAIMS 1, 3, 4, 7, AND 9-11 OF
`THE ’474 PATENT ARE UNPATENTABLE. ........................................... 71
`A. GROUND I: Claims 1, 3, 4, and 9-11 in view of Larson. .................. 71
`1.
`Larson does not disclose a “switch.” ....................................... 71
`2.
`Larson does not disclose a “storage element.” ......................... 72
`3.
`Larson does not anticipate claim 11. ....................................... 75
`GROUND II: Claims 1, 3, 4, 7 and 9-11 in view of Larson and
`Butler. ............................................................................................... 76
`1.
`Butler does not disclose a “switch” or a “storage element.” .... 76
`2.
`Larson and Butler do not render claim 7 obvious. ................... 77
`3.
`Larson and Butler do not render claim 11 obvious. ................. 77
`4.
`There is no motivation to combine Butler and Larson. ............ 78
`XII. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 78
`
`
`
`XI.
`
`B.
`
`
`
`iii
`
`

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`
`Table of Authorities
`
` Page(s)
`
`Cases
`Apple Inc. v. Andrea Elecs. Corp.,
`949 F.3d 697 (Fed. Cir. 2020) .......................................................................... 55
`Baran v. Med. Device Techs., Inc.,
`616 F.3d 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2010) ........................................................................ 56
`Statutes
`35 U.S.C. §112, ¶ 6 ............................................................................................... 60
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`iv
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`

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`
`Exhibit No.
`2001
`
`2002
`
`2003
`
`2004
`
`2005
`
`2006
`
`2007
`
`2008
`
`2009
`
`2010
`2011
`2012
`2013
`
`2014
`
`2015
`
`2016
`
`PATENT OWNER’S EXHIBIT LIST
`Description
`Complaint, ParkerVision, Inc. v. Intel Corp.,
`No. 6:20-cv-00108-ADA
`Complaint, ParkerVision, Inc. v. Intel Corp.,
`No. 6:20-cv-00562-ADA
`Amended Scheduling Order, ParkerVision, Inc. v. Intel
`Corp., No. 6:20-cv-00108-ADA
`Published Interview of Judge Albright, IAM (Apr. 7,
`2020)
`Docket Order, Kerr Machine Co. d/b/a Kerr Pumps v.
`Vulcan Industrial Holdings, LLC, No. 6:20-cv-00200
`(W.D. Tex. Aug. 2, 2020)
`Relevant Excerpts of Defendant’s Preliminary
`Invalidity Contentions, filed in ParkerVision, Inc. v.
`Intel Corp., No. 6:20-cv-00108-ADA
`Docket Order, Kerr Machine Co. d/b/a Kerr Pumps v.
`Vulcan Industrial Holdings, LLC, No. 6:20-cv-00200
`(W.D. Tex. Aug. 2, 2020)
`Scheduling Order, ParkerVision, Inc. v. Intel Corp.,
`No. 6:20-cv-00108-ADA
`“Transistor,” The American Heritage College
`Dictionary (3rd ed. 1997)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,969,474
`U.S. Patent No. 6,531,931
`U.S. Patent No. 5,614,855
`Rudolf Graf, Modern Dictionary of Electronics (7th ed.
`1999)
`J. Crols, “A 1.5 GHz Highly Linear CMOS
`Downconversion Mixer, IEEE J. SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS,
`Vol. 30, No.7, pp. 736-742, July 1995
`A. Rofougaran, J. Chang, M. Rofougaran, and A. Abidi,
`“A 1 GHz CMOS RF Front-End IC for a Direct-
`Conversion Wireless Receiver,” IEEE J. Solid-State
`Circuits, Vol. 31, No. 7, pp. 880-889, July 1996
`B. Razavi, “Challenges in Portable RF Transceiver
`Design,” IEEE Circuits and Devices, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp.
`12-25, Sept. 1996
`
`
`
`v
`
`

`

`
`
`Case 6:20-cv-00108-ADA Document 117-2 Filed 03/21/22 Page 8 of 89Case 6:21-cv-00520-ADA Document 37-3 Filed 03/30/22 Page 9 of 90
`
`Mehmet Ozgur, “MMIC Mixers” (1996) (Bilkent
`University)
`Sedra/Smith, Microelectronic Circuits (4th ed. Oxford
`University Press 1998)
`S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, (2nd ed.
`John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1981).
`U.S. Patent No. 6,061,551
`Claim Construction Order, ParkerVision, Inc. v. Intel
`Corp., No. 6:20-cv-108-ADA (W.D. Tex.)
`B. Razavi, “CMOS RF receiver design for wireless
`LAN applications,” IEEE Radio and Wireless
`Conference, pp. 275-280, Aug. 1999
`Qualcomm Email dated Aug. 11, 1998
`Qualcomm Email dated Feb. 2, 1999
`Qualcomm Email dated Oct. 7, 1998
`Qualcomm Email dated Feb. 4, 1999
`Declaration of Dr. Michael Steer
`Claim Construction Order, ParkerVision, Inc. v.
`Qualcomm Inc. et al., No. 6:14-cv-687 (M.D. Fla. Apr.
`29, 2020)
`
`2017
`
`2018
`
`2019
`
`2020
`2021
`
`2022
`
`2023
`2024
`2025
`2026
`2027
`2028
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`vi
`
`

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`Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 42.120, ParkerVision, Inc. (“ParkerVision”) hereby
`
`submits this Patent Owner Response to the Petition for Inter Partes Review of U.S.
`
`Patent No. 7,539,474 (“the ’474 patent”) filed by Intel Corporation (“Intel”). For at
`
`least the reasons set forth herein, the challenged claims 1, 3, 4, 7, and 9-11 are
`
`patentable.1
`
`I.
`
`THE PETITION PURPOSEFULLY OMITS CRITICAL
`INFORMATION.
`This case relates to how wireless devices (e.g., cell phones) process radio
`
`signals and, in particular, how electrical circuits operate to process those signals.
`
`In circuits, the type of control signal received by a circuit element can change
`
`the behavior of that element and how it is used in a circuit. In other words, the same
`
`circuit element can behave and be used in different ways (and function as completely
`
`different devices) depending on the type of control signal that it receives. This
`
`concept is key to understanding why Intel’s prior art references do not invalidate the
`
`challenged claims of the ’474 patent.
`
`
`1 The Petition challenges claims 1, 3, 4, 7, and 9-12 of the ’474 patent. ParkerVision
`
`intends to disclaim claim 12 of the ’474 patent in order to focus the dispute in the
`
`Petition on critical distinguishing features over the prior art, which are found in claim
`
`1 (“switch” and “storage element”), claim 7 (“pulse”) and claim 11 (“low pass
`
`filter”).
`
`
`
`1
`
`

`

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`First, the ’474 patent pertains to a technique called sampling, which involves
`
`the use of a “switch.” Indeed, a switch (and its ability to open and close) is critical
`
`and necessary to the operation of a sampling system. As such, all of the challenged
`
`claims recite a “switch.” In the patent, the type of control signal (a pulse train) sent
`
`to a circuit element called a transistor causes the transistor to open and close a circuit.
`
`As such, the transistor operates as a switch as recited in the claims.
`
`While, in the parties related litigation, Intel has agreed that a switch is an
`
`electronic device for opening and closing a circuit, Intel’s prior art references –
`
`Larson and Butler – do not disclose a switch. Instead, the transistors in Intel’s prior
`
`art references receive a different type of control signal (sinusoidal wave), which
`
`causes the transistor to operate as a continuous time-varying resistor. Unlike a
`
`switch, a continuous time-varying resistor does not open and close a circuit. Intel
`
`purposefully omits this critical distinction from the Petition (and Intel’s expert
`
`declaration) because it presents a significant problem for Larson and Butler.
`
`Second, all of the challenged claims are directed to a sampling system and, in
`
`particular, an energy sampling system (also known as an energy transfer system). In
`
`the claims, this is captured by the use of the term “storage element” – a term that the
`
`’474 patent specifically reserved to refer to an element of an energy transfer (energy
`
`sampling) system. Indeed, in the parties related litigation, the district court held that
`
`a “storage element” is “an element of an energy transfer system.”
`
`
`
`2
`
`

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`Larson and Butler, however, disclose a different technology known as a
`
`mixing system, which does not use “storage elements.” The difference between
`
`energy transfer/sampling and mixing systems is significant. Indeed, energy
`
`transfer/sampling and mixing systems are fundamentally different and competing
`
`technologies. Yet again, Intel purposefully omits this critical distinction from the
`
`Petition (and Intel’s expert declaration) because it presents a significant problem for
`
`Larson and Butler.
`
`For at least the foregoing reasons, Intel’s Petition fails to make out a prima
`
`facie case of anticipation or obviousness for the challenged claims of the ’474
`
`patent.2 ParkerVision respectfully requests a Final Written Decision affirming the
`
`validity of the ’474 patent.
`
`II. COURTS HAVE CONSTRUED RELEVANT CLAIM TERMS
`On February 11, 2020, ParkerVision filed suit against Intel for infringement
`
`of the ’474 patent in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas (“Texas
`
`District Court”). From October through December 2020, the parties each filed three
`
`claim construction briefs. Intel filed a Markman tutorial. On January 24, 2021, the
`
`
`2 As discussed in Sections XI.A.3, XI.B.2 and XI.B.3 below, the claims recite
`
`additional elements that are missing from Larson and Butler – the use of pulses
`
`(claim 7) and a low pass filter (claim 11).
`
`
`
`3
`
`

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`Texas District Court issued its preliminary claim constructions. On January 26,
`
`2021, the Texas District Court held a Markman hearing. On January 28, 2021, the
`
`Texas District Court issued its final claim construction Order.
`
`The Texas District Court construed “switch” and “storage element,” which
`
`are found in all challenged claims of the ’474 patent.
`
`Term
`“switch”
`
`“storage element”
`
`
`Ex. 2021 at 5, 6.
`
`Texas District’s Court’s construction
`“an electronic device for opening and closing a
`circuit as dictated by an independent control
`input”3
`“an element of an energy transfer system that stores
`non-negligible amounts of energy from an input
`electromagnetic signal”
`
`Notably, in another ParkerVision litigation against Qualcomm, the U.S.
`
`District Court for the Middle District of Florida (Orlando) (“Orlando District Court”)
`
`also construed the term “switch” from a ParkerVision patent disclosing the same
`
`type of technology as set forth in the ’474 patent. See Ex. 2028 at 24-32. Consistent
`
`with the Texas District Court, the Orlando District Court construed “switch” to be a
`
`“device with an input and output that can take two states, open and closed, as
`
`dictated by an independent control input.” Id. at 32.
`
`
`3 Unless otherwise notes, all emphasis has been added.
`
`
`
`4
`
`

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`While this Board is not bound by the Texas District Court’s constructions,
`
`ParkerVision submits that the Board should adopt the Texas District Court’s
`
`constructions.
`
`III. LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART
`A person of ordinary skill in the art (“POSITA”) at the time of the invention
`
`of the ’474 patent would have: (a) a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical or
`
`computer engineering (or a related academic field), and at least two (2) additional
`
`years of work experience in the design and development of radio frequency circuits
`
`and/or systems, or (b) at least five (5) years of work experience and training in the
`
`design and development of radio frequency circuits and/or systems. Ex. 2027 ¶26.
`
`IV. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
`The ’474 patent relates to wireless communication and, more particularly, to
`
`frequency up-conversion and down-conversion of electromagnetic (EM) signals.
`
`Ex. 2027 ¶28.
`
`A. Wired communications.
`Traditional wired communications networks transmit audio signals over wire
`
`lines by converting audio signals to electrical signals and back to audio signals. Ex.
`
`2027 ¶29.
`
`
`
`5
`
`

`

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`When Bob speaks into a phone, Bob’s phone converts his voice (low
`
`frequency audio signals) into electrical signals. Electrical signals are transmitted
`
`over wires to Alice’s phone, which converts the electrical signals back into audio
`
`signals so that Alice can hear Bob’s voice. Ex. 2027 ¶30.
`
`B. Wireless Communications.
`Similar to wired communications, in wireless communications, low frequency
`
`audio signals are converted into electrical signals. But instead of travelling through
`
`wires, the signals are transmitted through air as radio waves (electromagnetic (EM)
`
`waves). Ex. 2027 ¶31.
`
`As shown above, wireless devices use high radio frequency (RF) signals (e.g.,
`
`above 300 MHz (red)) because high frequency signals can carry more information
`
`6
`
`

`

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`and because high frequency antennas can physically fit within small devices such as
`
`cellular phones. Ex. 2027 ¶32.
`
`In a wireless communication, when Bob speaks into his cell phone, Bob’s cell
`
`phone converts his voice (low frequency audio signals) into a high frequency RF
`
`signal. The RF signal is transmitted over the air to Alice’s cell phone. Alice’s cell
`
`phone then converts the RF signal back into a low frequency audio signal and Alice
`
`can hear Bob’s voice. Ex. 2021 ¶33.
`
`Frequency.
`C.
`Frequency is the number of cycles of a wave per unit time (second). Ex. 2027
`
`¶34.
`
`7
`
`

`

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`As shown above, a high frequency signal has more cycles of a wave per
`
`second than a low frequency signal. Notably, the frequency of an audio wave can be
`
`one thousand cycles per second whereas the frequency of a radio wave can be one
`
`billion cycles per second. Ex. 2027 ¶35.
`
`Up-conversion.
`D.
`In order to transmit an audio signal over air, a wireless device must transform
`
`the audio signal to an RF signal. Since the RF signal is used to carry the information
`
`in the audio signal, the RF signal is referred to as a “carrier signal.” And since audio
`
`waves are at a low frequency, they are referred to as “baseband,” a “baseband signal”
`
`or at a “baseband frequency.” Ex. 2027 ¶36.
`
`In order to transport the baseband (audio) signal, the transmitting wireless
`
`device (e.g., Bob’s cell phone) modifies the carrier (RF) signal. As shown above, the
`
`baseband signal is impressed upon the carrier signal (above left), thereby
`
`modulating/changing the shape of the carrier signal to approximate the shape of the
`
`8
`
`

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`baseband (audio) signal (above right).4 The modified signal is referred to as a
`
`“modulated carrier signal.” The process is referred to as “up-conversion” because
`
`the low frequency signal is being up-converted to a high frequency signal. Ex. 2027
`
`¶37.
`
`Down-conversion.
`E.
`In order for the receiving wireless device (e.g., Alice’s cell phone) to recover
`
`the baseband (audio) signal from the modulated carrier signal, the receiving wireless
`
`device must transform the modulated carrier signal back to an audio signal. This
`
`process is referred to as “down-conversion” because a high frequency signal is being
`
`down-converted to a low frequency signal. Ex. 2027 ¶38.
`
`4 This type of modification is referred to as amplitude modulation. But other types
`
`of modulation can be used, which involve modifying other properties of the carrier
`
`signal, such as frequency or phase. Ex. 2027 ¶37 n.1.
`
`9
`
`

`

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`As shown above, “down-conversion” is the process by which the baseband
`
`(audio) signal is recovered from the carrier signal. Down-conversion is the subject
`
`of claims 1, 3, 4, 7, and 9-11 of the ’474 patent.5 Ex. 2027 ¶39.
`
`V.
`
`IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATED TO WIRELESS
`TECHNOLOGY
`ParkerVision’s expert, Dr. Michael Steer, provides a detailed discussion of
`
`wireless technology in his expert declaration. See Ex. 2027 ¶¶40-195. For the
`
`Board’s convenience, ParkerVision includes portions of Dr. Steer’s discussion
`
`below to highlight some key concepts related to wireless technology.
`
`A. Basic circuit concepts.
`RF signals are created using electronic circuits. To understand circuits, it is
`
`important to understand the concepts of charge, voltage, current, energy, power,
`
`resistance, impedance, and inductance. Ex. 2027 ¶45.
`
`
`5 While Section IV provides an overview of the technology in connection with
`
`voice/audio signals, it should be understood that this is for illustrative purposes only.
`
`The technology of the ’474 patent can be used to up-convert or down-convert any
`
`type of electromagnetic signal that carries information, such as video, web, and other
`
`types of data. Ex. 2027 ¶39 n.2.
`
`
`
`10
`
`

`

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`Charge: In a circuit, there are two physical types of charge – positive charge
`
`and negative charge. Protons have a positive charge (+) and electrons have a negative
`
`charge (–). Ex. 2027 ¶46.
`
`Circuits operate based on the movement of electrons and the movement of
`
`charge transfers energy. Charge may build up to establish a voltage signal. Here, a
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`voltage signal refers to information that is almost entirely conveyed as a voltage.
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`Alternatively, the movement of charge, the rate of which is current, may itself be the
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`signal. Most circuits convey information, i.e., present signals, as a voltage or as a
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`current. Ex. 2027 ¶49.
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`Voltage: Voltage is the difference in an electron’s potential energy, per unit
`
`charge, between two points. In other words, voltage is the amount of potential
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`(electrical) energy available, per unit charge. Negative charges (electrons) are pulled
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`towards higher voltages, while positive charges (protons) are pulled towards lower
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`voltages. Ex. 2027 ¶50.
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`Electric current: An electric current is the movement/flow of charge in a
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`circuit (in a conductor or into, out of, or through an electrical component). Current
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`(the net rate of movement of positive charges) flows from positive voltage to
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`negative voltage. Ex. 2027 ¶51.
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`Electric energy: Electric energy is energy that results from the movement of a
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`charge in a circuit. The faster the charges move and the more charges that move, the
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`more energy they carry. The only way to transfer energy is by transferring charge.
`
`So, movement of a charge indicates movement of energy. Ex. 2027 ¶52.
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`Energy is not the same as voltage. Energy and voltage are used in circuits in
`
`different ways. Ex. 2027 ¶55.
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`Power: Power is the amount of energy transferred per unit time. Power is the
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`average rate at which energy is transferred by charges. Ex. 2027 ¶56.
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`Resistance: Resistance is a measure of the difficulty of passing an electric
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`current through a conductor. Ex. 2027 ¶57.
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`Impedance: Impedance is the measure of the opposition that a circuit presents
`
`to a current when a voltage is applied. Impedance is related to, but not the same as,
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`resistance. Resistance is one component of impedance. In addition, impedance
`
`describes the ability of a circuit element to store and/or return electrical energy
`
`(referred to as reactance). A circuit component with high resistance has high
`
`impedance. Ex. 2027 ¶58.
`
`Inductance. Inductance is the potential of a conductor to create voltage when
`
`an electrical current is flowing through it. Ex. 2027 ¶59.
`
`B. Circuit diagrams.
`Circuit designers/engineers use circuit diagrams to illustrate how circuit
`
`elements are connected together. Ex. 2027 ¶67.
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`The exemplary circuit diagrams above show various circuit elements and how
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`they can be connected together by wires/traces (shown by lines). Transistors,
`
`capacitors, resistors, and inductors shown in the diagrams above are described
`
`below.6 Ex. 2027 ¶68.
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`Each circuit element has a particular effect(s) on voltage, current, charge, and
`
`energy. By combining circuit elements in different numbers and/or ways and using
`
`circuit elements that have certain values, circuit designers/engineers can create
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`circuits that perform a wide variety of different functions. Ex. 2027 ¶69.
`
`Transistors.
`1.
`A transistor is a semiconductor device used to switch, detect, or amplify
`
`6 As shown above, “ground” (shown as an upside-down triangle) is a connection to
`
`a fixed potential which is defined as zero volts and a “node” (shown as a dot) is a
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`location where three or more wires/leads come together. Ex. 2027 ¶68.
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`electronic signals and electrical power. A transistor has at least three terminals for
`
`connection to an external circuit. Key to the functionality of a transistor is that a
`
`controlling voltage or current at one terminal can control a current between two of
`
`the other terminals. Ex. 2027 ¶¶70-71.
`
`Some types of transistors can be used as a switch whereas others can be used
`
`as a continuous time-varying resistor. Transistors, however, can also be used to
`
`provide other functions (e.g., amplification). Whether a transistor is used as a switch,
`
`a continuous time-varying resistor, or performs another function depends on the
`
`signals applied to the terminals of the transistor, and on the circuit in which the
`
`transistor is embedded. Ex. 2027 ¶72.
`
`A field-effect transistor (FET) is one type of transistor. Not all transistors are
`
`FETs. The symbol for one type of FET is shown below. Ex. 2027 ¶¶74-75.
`
`A FET has three terminals: (1) source (S), (2) drain (D), and (3) gate (G). In
`
`a FET, a voltage at the gate (G) controls the current flow between the drain (D) and
`
`source (S). Ex. 2027 ¶76.
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`Capacitors.
`2.
`A capacitor is one type of circuit element used to store (accumulate) energy.
`
`A capacitor stores electric charge in an electric field by separating charges over a
`
`distance. Ex. 2027 ¶77.
`
`
`As shown above left, a capacitor is constructed with two conductive (metal)
`
`plates with a dielectric (or air) separating the plates by a distance d. The dielectric/air
`
`does not allow current to pass. Ex. 2027 ¶80. The symbol for one type of capacitor
`
`is shown above right. Ex. 2027 ¶78.
`
`A capacitor can be used in different ways within a circuit. In particular, the
`
`capacitance of a capacitor and the electric elements connected to a capacitor dictate
`
`how the capacitor operates in a circuit. That a capacitor can be used in different ways
`
`within a circuit is key to understanding why the claimed invention of the ’474 patent
`
`is distinguishable from Intel’s prior art references. Ex. 2027 ¶88.
`
`Resistor.
`3.
`A resistor is a circuit element that introduced resistance into a circuit. The
`
`symbol for one type of resistor is shown below. Ex. 2027 ¶89.
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`Resistors are used, for example, to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
`
`divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines. Ex. 2027 ¶90.
`
`Inductor.
`4.
`An inductor is a passive two-terminal electrical element that stores energy in
`
`a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. The symbol for one type of
`
`inductor is shown below. Ex. 2027 ¶93.
`
`An inductor is a conductor that is wound into a coil. When electricity flows
`
`through the coil, a magnetic field is generated. The electromagnetic field generated
`
`by the current causes a voltage to form, which opposes changes in current through
`
`the inductor. Ex. 2027 ¶94.
`
`Transformer.
`5.
`A transformer is a passive electrical component consisting of two or more
`
`coils of wire. A transformer is used to transfer electric energy from one coil to
`
`another coil by changing a magnetic field (i.e., through electromagnetic induction).
`
`The symbol for one type of transformer is shown below. Ex. 2027 ¶95.
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`Low-pass filter.
`6.
`A low pass filter is an electrical circuit that allows low frequency signals,
`
`including direct current (DC), while blocking high frequency signals. Ex. 2027 ¶97.
`
`Electrical load, high impedance loads and low impedance loads.
`C.
`The concept of a “load” is a key concept to the claimed invention of the ’474
`
`patent. Co