Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 1 of 9
`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 1 of 9
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`EXHIBIT 22
`EXHIBIT 22
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`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 2 of 9
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`Principles and
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`WLAOLOR
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`PeOenTeT
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`_MAJUMDA
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`_
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`eGV=_—O~O
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`

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`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 3 of 9
`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 3 of 9
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`PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
`Principles and Maintenance
`
`S R Majumdar
`
`Director of Training
`Central Staff Training and
`ResearchInstitute (CSTARI)
`Calcutta
`
`McGraw-Hill
`
`New York SanFrancisco Washington,D.C. Auckland Bogota
`Caracas Lisbon London Madrid MexicoCity Milan
`Montreal New Delhi SanJuan Singapore
`Sydney Tokyo Toronto
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`

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`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 4 of 9
`Page 4 of 9
`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21
`im
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`x2
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`McGraw-Hill
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`First published © 1995, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited
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`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 5 of 9
`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 5 of 9
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`>
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`Pneumatic Cylinders and
`Air Motors
`
`SYNOPSIS
`
`Pneumatic cylinders offer a straight rectilinear motion to mechanical
`elements. Cylinders are classified as light, medium, and heavy duty
`with respect to their application. Selection of materials for cylinder
`component depend greatly on thisfactor. Functionally, cylinders may
`be single acting and double acting. They may befurtherclassified as
`diaphragm cylinder, duplex cylinder, through rod cylinder etc. End
`position cushioning of cylinders at certain times may be of utmost
`importance. However, if the cylinders do not travel up to the end of
`stroke, designers need not go for cushioned cylinders. The piston rod
`of cylinders are given special treatment as it is the highly stressed
`part. For cylinder lubrication, mist lubrication is most common. To
`generate rotary motion, air motors may also be used. Vane type
`motors are more popular. Air motors have certain specific advan-
`tages over electrical motors. Proper maintenance of cylinders, motors,
`and various air operated hand tools enhance their life expectancy to
`a great extent.
`
`5.1 TYPES OF CYLINDERS
`
`The pneumatic power is converted to straight line reciprocating motions by
`pneumatic cylinders. The various industrial applications for which air cylin-
`ders are used can be divided dutywise into three groups—ilight duty, medium
`duty and heavy duty. But according to the operating principle, air cylinders
`can be sub-divided as (i) single acting and (ii) double acting cylinders.
`
`Single Acting Cylinder In4single acting cylinder, the compressed
`air is fed only in one side. Hence, this cylinder can produce workonly in one
`direction. The return movementofthe piston is effected by a built-in spring
`or by application of an external force. The spring is designed to return the
`
`

`

`if
`
`cy
`
`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 6 of 9
`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 6 of 9
`ic Systems: Principles and Maintenance
`86 Pneumat
`ee
`h a sufficiently high speed. A sinole ,
`piston to its initial position wil
`cylinder is illustrated in Fig 5.1(a).
`1.1 Construction of Single Acting Cylinder
`5.1.
`ade ofthe following elements. )t
`inder is m
`srally, a single acting cylin
`clr
`aece (tube),
`(ii) two end covers (one maybe anintegral par; of
`
`
` ZZ)
`
`LLL
`
`
`
`
`
`
`2
`
`
`8
`
`3
`
`(a)
`Fig. 5.1(a) Single acting cylinder: 1. Cylinder body (tube) 2. End cover
`3. Piston 4. Piston rod 5. U-capseal6. O-ring 7. Bush
`8. Spring
`cylinder tube), (iii) a piston, (iv) piston rod, (v) U-cup seal, (vi) O-ring,
`(vii) bush or bearing to guide the piston rod, (viii) built-in spring. The end
`Coversarefitted to the body by four cover screws or tie rods. An exploded
`viewofa single acting cylinder is shown in Fig. 5.1(b).
`In a single acting cylinder with spring, the stroke is limited by the com-
`pressed length ofthe spring.While the Piston moves forward, there is Ppossi-
`bility of the spring to bulge out and Scratch the finely finished piston-rod
`Surface, thereby damagingit. The air has to first overcome the pressure of
`the spring and hence some poweris lost before actual stroke of the piston
`Starts, The spring returns the piston back to its initial position. The size of
`thespring Will depend on the diameter and stroke length ofithe cylinder
`which means, for a biggersize of single acting cylinder, a heavier ee of
`spring Is
`to be used and hence more power js required tO Overcome the
`Stah“ic eee lor a longer spring, the compressed length tie
`times,
`for bigger dicedhgleSoneBaea mene scealoenee”
`above the other maybe used. But consideringthe
`® Concentric springs one
`foundthat using a bigger single acting (SA) cylin
`above points, it has been
`der is quite uneconomical
`
`bigger whic
`
`:
`
`8 Wu!
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`also be
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`-ans
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`

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`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 7 of 9
`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 7 of 9
`SEE
`Seeee
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`Pneumatic Cylinders and Air Motors 87
`
`Fig. 5.1 (b) Single acting cylinder-exploded view: 1 . Tie-rod nut 2. Tie
`rods 3. End covers 4. Tube 5. Nutto join piston and rod
`6. O-ring 7. Cup seal 8. Piston 9. Spring 10. Piston rod
`11. Threaded end ofpiston rod 12. Bush 13. Bushretainer
`
`I
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`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 8 of 9
`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 8 of 9
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`qY[
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`88 Pneumatic Systems: Principles and Maintenance
`hould not be used for a stroke length
`and, therefore, such a cylinder s
`;
`ie |
`than 100 mm in general.
`In somecases, a single acting cylinderis designed in such a way 7
`forward movementis imparted by the spring and the return movemen ;
`air—application of which may be found in braking action—aj, brake
`trucks, rail-coaches etc. Figure 5.2 (i) shows the symbolof a Single ne :
`cylinder where piston is inside at initial position whereasFig. 5.2 (i
`in
`Shows
`the svmbolof a single acting cylinder with piston outside atinitia] po
`Sition,
`PA)=Sal
`
`Ote
`
`e
`
`(ii) Piston outside at
`initial position
`
`(i) Piston inside at
`initial position
`Fig. 5.2 Two types ofsingle acting cylinders
`Sealing is done by means ofa flexible material that may sometimespe
`embedded in a metalorplastic piston. During motion, the sealing edgeslides
`over the cylinder bearing surface and prevents leakage of compressedair.
`
`5.1.2 Types of Single Acting Cylinders
`There are various types ofsingle acting cylinders. But the following are the
`most common:
`In a diaphragm cylinder, there is a built-in dia-
`(1) Diaphragmcylinder
`phragm, madeof rubber, plastic, or even metal, which replaces the piston.
`The piston rodis attached to the centre of the diaphragm.There is no Sliding
`seal. Only friction due to the stretching of the material occurs. These types
`of cylinders are used for clamping. They are also applied in the manufacture
`of tools and fixtures and also in embossing, rivetting etc. A symbol ofthe
`same is shown in Fig. 5.3 (a).
`(2) Rolling diaphragmcylinder Figure 5.3 (b) symbol of another type of
`diaphragm cylinder is shown. This is called a rolling diaphragm cylinder.
`The construction of this is similar to the ordinary diaphragm cylinder. When
`compressed air is admitted, the diaphragm rolls along the inner wall ofthe
`
`G (
`
`(b)
`a)
`Fig. 5.3 (a) Symbolic representation of diaphragm cylinder
`(b) Rolling diaphragmcylinder
`
`

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`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 9 of 9
`Case 6:20-cv-01216-ADA Document 41-22 Filed 10/06/21 Page 9 of 9
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`Pneumatic Cylinders and Air Motors 89
`cylinder and movesthe piston rod outwards. A considerably larger stroke is
`possible (50-80 mm) than with the diaphragm cylinder. Furthermore,
`the
`friction is conderably less in this design.
`
`5.2 DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER
`
`A double acting cylinder is shownin Fig. 5.4.
`The force exerted by the compressed air moves the piston in two direc-
`
`
`
`
`
`WAMRea isLoaChe
`
`
`
` \
`WYFG”Yh(TTT.TRYiY
`
`
`
`2
`
`Fig. 5.4 Double acting cylinder: 1. Tube 2. Piston 3. Piston rod
`4. Double O-ring packing on piston 5. O-ring for
`piston rod 6. End cover 7. Bush 8. Cushion assembly
`
`tions in a double acting cylinder. They are used particularly when the piston
`is required to perform work not only on the advance movementbut also on
`the return.
`In principle, the stroke length is unlimited, although buckling and
`bending must be considered before we select a particular size of piston
`diameter, rod length and stroke length.
`
`5.2.1 Construction
`
`In Fig. 5.5 (a), a different design of double acting cylinder (DA) is shown.
`A DA cylinder consists of (i) cylinder tube, (ii) piston unit, (iii) piston rod,
`(iv) double cup packing on piston, rod packing of ‘O’ rings, (vi) end covers,
`(vii) bronze rod guide, (viii) port connection, (ix) cushion-assembly (in the
`case of cushion cylinder) and (x) tie rods. The construction of DA cylinder
`is quite simple and varies according to the use andapplication of the cylin-
`der. The materials used for the various parts will differ for different types
`of cylinders depending on application.
`
`5.3 OTHER PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS
`
`According to operational principle, double acting pneumatic cylinders may
`be dividedinto the following types. Someofthese cylinders are symbolically
`represented in Fig. 5.5(b).
`
`