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`Exhibit 5
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`Case 6:20-cv-00636-ADA Document 48-8 Filed 02/16/21 Page 2 of 8
`Case 6:20-cv-00636-ADA Document 48-8 Filed 02/16/21 Page 2 of 8
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`The New Oxford
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`Wégsrican Dietiellary
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`EDITED BY
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`Elizabeth]. Jewell
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`Frank Abate
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`OXFORD
`UNIVERSITY PRESS
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`20.1
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`DEMINTOOOO3509
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`Case 6:20-cv-00636-ADA Document 48-8 Filed 02/16/21 Page 3 of 8
`Case 6:20-cv-00636-ADA Document 48-8 Filed 02/16/21 Page 3 of 8
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`OXFORD
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`NewYork Oxford
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`Dictionary ofEngh‘sh, published in the United Kingdom in 1993.
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`Case 6:20-cv-00636-ADA Document 48-8 Filed 02/16/21 Page 4 of 8
`Case 6:20-cv-00636-ADA Document 48-8 Filed 02/16/21 Page 4 of 8
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`1137
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`nasal
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`Nara
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`m0“), + «n on the pattern of words 51115055112311;
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`fan.
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`84-3 l'na’ral a City in central Japan) on the ,
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`"Hamil“; pop. 349,900. It was the first capitalti‘afigfif
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`(710—784) and an important center ofJammy, Bud,
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`dhism.
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`"rm—yen ina'fianl. R- K; (19064001), Indian “W,
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`ails! and short—story writer; full name Ratlpumm
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`mum Meyer!» Many of his novel. are sat in
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`MEIBl-‘di: an imaginary small Indian town. Notable
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`work: Swarm and Fmdl {1935), 17m Man-Eater of
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`Maggud; (1961), and The Painter ofSr’gm (1977).
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`Nagoya-nan laa'rlananl, K. R (1920. 3, Indian
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`statesman: president 1997— ifull name Kurherfi Ra-
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`m Ngrayanan.‘A member of the Gang-€55 party,
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`Nmyanan was Vice presxdent 1992-97.
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`Ma-rawan-ganl
`ina‘réyameanil a river port in
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`Bangladesh, on the Ganges delta Southeast of Dhaka;
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`pop. 405,000.
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`“an; [nil-kl (also hark) )n. infomal a federal agent or
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`police olficer who enforces the laws regarding illicit
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`sale or use of drugs and narcotics.
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`-oRle 19605: abbreviation of NARcanc,
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`novels-slam l 'narsa.sizaml m, excessive or- erode in—
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`[crest in oneself and one’s physical appearance.
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`I mythology extreme selfishness, with a grandiose view
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`of one‘s own talents and a craving for admiration, as
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`characterizing a personality type. I Psychoanalysis 5:11;
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`centeredness arising from failure to distinguish the
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`self from external objects, either in very young ba-
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`bies or as a feature ofmental disorder.
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`-DERIVATIVES mnelssslst l'nfiirsosostl n_; mtg.
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`slsdle l,n§rs:’si5tikl adi-l narcis-sIs-tlncalwly Lasts;
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`neuronal adv
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`-ORIGIN early 19th cent: via Latin from the Greek
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`name Marketa: {see NAHCISSUS} + «sat.
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`Novels-sue lnfir‘sisasl Greek Mythomgy a beautiful
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`youth who reiected the nymph Echo and fell in love
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`with his own reflection in a pool. He pined away and
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`was changed into the flower that bears his name.
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`narcis'sus lnéir‘sisasl
`tn. (pl same, namlssi [-.sl;
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`-.sel, or narcissuses} a bulbous Eurasian plant of a
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`genus that includes the dafiodil, esp. (in gardening)
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`one with flowers that have white or pale outer petals
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`and a shallow orange or yellow cup in the center.
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`-Genus Narcissus, family Liliaceae (or Amnryllidaeeae):
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`many species and varieties, in parfindarN.W.
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`-DRIGINVia Infinfi-omGreeknarkioormerhapsfmm
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`Hark? ‘numbness,’ with reference to its narcotic ef-
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`fern.
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`nal-co l‘nfirkol m.
`(pl. 03) tribunal short for NAH-
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`ODTIC.
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`la dealer in drugs. I a narcotics oficer.
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`nareo- vcotnhlorm relating to a state of inscusibility:
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`narcolepsy
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`um.
`'{flafing to narcotic drugs or their use: promoter-norh
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`“ORIGIN fiom Greek mule? ‘numbness?
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`flame-leprosy l‘nfirko,leps€]
`en. Woe a condition
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`characterized by an extreme tendency to fall asleep
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`whenever in relaxing surroundings.
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`-DBRIVATIVES namlep-tlc l,n§rkz‘lcpfikl Sal-M
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`'DRIGIN late 19th cent: firom Greek minke” ‘numb-
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`HESS” on the pattern of epilepsy.
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`“Fen-sis lnir‘kosisl en. Medtcine a state of stupor,
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`drowsiness, or unconsciousness produced by drugs-
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`See also NITROGEN "moons.
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`-0RIGIN late 17th cent: from Greek narkéiw, from
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`m ‘tnaloe numb.’
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`“Wflsm l,n§.rko'ten.rizaml m. terrorism
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`associated with trade in illicit drugs.
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`~DERIVATIVES merrier-rapist n.
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`«axiom 19805: from uneco- ‘relafiug to illegal 1181’
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`ngrenm‘itmGee remnant) m “him“ of
`"3"“ I: nir‘kfi ’ ma
`oro ers
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`{“533 muted or gkelltaviordfi sold for nonmedlcal
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`Purposes, es .an in
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`.mcine a dgug mafigliwes pain and induces deS‘l-
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`nmism r or insensihili
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`Nltl]. mango}, denoting nicofics or their cfi'ccm 01'
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`“‘51 the substance has a mild neurotic 81%“-
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`“DERIVATIVES Wkly l—tikli’ml 3"“ ”a"
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`Mun l‘nirlrn,tizoml n.
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`”from Old I‘m-9W1J ”am"
`‘QRIemlm Middle
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`“Wea via medieval Latin from Greek Walla-f; from
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`NEW" ‘make numb.’
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`W rostrum] .v. [m] stupefv With °’ “5 ‘f
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`a drug
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`"nah (something) have a soporific E" MPG elf-
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`f'mfizwcmafappleblarsam thf‘am In
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`~DER;VATIVES nWonfillnad"? ”saw ‘
`nfird yuthel-Iimalayans ' one: .
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`‘Olauom lite on English, via {grin fmm 9“” ”m“
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`“be? related to Sanskrit malaria, w.
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`I [inllans] (ofa person’s eyes) almost close‘so as to fo-
`net-es l‘neréz; arisl Lplllrlll n. (sing. rial-ls) Arulamy 8: 2o
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`cus on something or someone, or to indicate angers
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`ology the naso'ils.
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`suspicion, or other emotion: jnkc’: ever had nar-
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`~DERIVATIV es nar-l-al [—rEall act.
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`rowed to pinpoints. I Blane} (of a person) cause
`—ORIGIN late 17th cent: plural ofLatin mm} ‘nostnl,
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`nose.’
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`(one’s eyes) to do this: she narrowed her eye: at in»:
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`ner-ghl-le l’nargalel (also narglleh) >n. an oriental
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`2 become or make more limited or restricted In ext-rm
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`tobacco pipe with a long tube that draws the smoke
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`through water; a hookah.
`or scope: Enamel their nude rut-plus nurrowed‘éto 1‘70
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`~0RlGlN mid 18th cent: Eton-l Persian nit-gr! ‘coco—
`million in jammy l [trans] New England had unnamed
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`Denuzr’rkadfimn Epox’rm'm'l.
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`nut, hookah; from Sanskrit min'keta ‘coconut.’
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`m. (narrows) a narrow channel connecting two larger
`nor-ls | 'nerisl singular form of wanes.
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`areas of water: a basaltic fang n‘n’ngfiom the rim-row: of
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`hark lniirkl informal H1. 1 variant spelling of NARC.
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`the UpperMirsour-i.
`2 chiefly Bill. a police informer.
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`—PHRASES narrow circumstance: poverty.
`3 AustralJ'NZ an annoying person or thing.
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`marrow something down reduce the number ofpass:-
`w. {trans} (usu. be marked) chiefly Brit. annoy or exasper-
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`hilio'es or options of something the some; hm nor.
`ate: 1 was naked at being pushed around.
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`weddawnlhecandidamfarthejbbwm
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`~PH RA 5 e s chiefly Brit hark ltl stop that!
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`-0Rmm mid 19th cent: from Romany mile ‘nose.’
`«DERIVATIVES narrow-lob eel; namneas‘n.
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`~DRIGIN Old English mm, of Germanic origin; rc-
`Nafimavda [nar‘madal a river that rises in Madhya
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`luted to Dutch mt ‘dismal, unpleasant’ and German
`Pradesh, central India, and flows west for 778 miles
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`Narbe ‘scar.’ Early senses in English included ‘con—
`(1,245 km) to the Gull" of Cox-obey. Hindus consider it
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`su-icted’ and ‘miserly.’
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`a sacred river.
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`narrow-banal l'nztb.bfl!ndl red]. ofor involving sig~
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`Mama-gamer: [,nm'gmsitl (also Narraganset)
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`nals over a narrow range offrequencies.
`un. (pl. same or Mmgansetts) 1 a member of an
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`narrow-boat l’naerfihorl m. Bill. a canal boat less
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`American Indian people originally of Rhode Island.
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`than 7 feet (2.1 tn) wide with a maximumlength of70
`They came into conflict with the New England
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`feet (21.3 to) and steered with a filler rather than a
`colonists in the 17th century, and few now remain.
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`wheel.
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`2 the Algonquin language of this people.
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`narrow-cast l'nacro,kzstl w. (m and peanut nar-
`—0RIGIN the name in Narragansett, literally ‘people of
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`the promontory.’
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`rowcast or narrowoasted} [hunts] transmit a telew—
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`sion program, esp. by cable, or othemise disseminate
`Narragansett Bay l ,naan'gnmsit; .ner—l an inlet of
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`information, to a comparatively small audimce den
`the Atlantic Ocean in southern and central Rhode
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`Island.
`fined by special interest or geographical location: the
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`channdfilinmzdmmrmmcaflmbmnmdmmficm»
`narrate [’nnzratl W. [trans] (often be narrated) give a
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`[as n.] (Hamming) one jawmal has swirled
`lent
`spoken or written account of: the magenfem‘vin‘es, and
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`themrmmastingflmmmsmmiawmmanymm‘n-
`intrigue: are narrated with unflagging glob: l
`the tough-
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`but-senn‘u‘te former bouncer narrates much of the story.
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`m. transmission or dissemination in this way Cobruda
`I provide a spoken commentary to accompany (a
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`women’s volleyball narrmucasul [as still] Wipe-
`movie, broadcast, piece of music, etc.).
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`akllzy channels.
`-DERIVATIVES humus-hie ad“ name-flan Ina:
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`mnzntwl'rtvesMW n.
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`‘rasnanl n.
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`-0RIGIN 19305: back-romance fromW,
`--0 atom mid 17th cent: from Latin parrot» ‘related,
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`on the pattern of broadcasting.
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`told,’ from the verb murmur (from gnarl/r ‘knowing’J.
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`narra'llve l’nserativl M1. a spoken or written account
`narrow gauge on. a railroad gauge that is narrower
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`than the standard gauge of 56.5 inches (143.5 an).
`of connected events; a story: the hero :3th modes: narh
`move.
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`newly l‘nerolel may. '1 by only a small margin;
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`barely: he numb defeatedAndm-m to win a 12:]: (em
`I the narrated purl: or parts of a literary work, as dis-
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`in ofi‘iw.
`u'net from dialogue. I the practice or art of narra—
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`2 closelyorcarefiallgn hemloakingathzrmnvwb.
`n'on: uaditiom oforal narrative.
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`a in a limited orrestrietedway: narrowly defivzadtarkr.
`bad]. in the form of or concerned with narration: a nar-
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`rau‘ue poem l narrative manque.
`narrow-minded pad}. not willing”‘
`to listen to «xi-toler-
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`~DERIVATI'VES Wire-Iv adv.
`ate other people’s views; pmiudiced.
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`-0RIGIN late Middle English (as an adjective): from
`-DERIVAT1VE s nar-mmlnd-ed-ly ado; mar-mur-
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`mlnt‘l'ed‘ness n.
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`French narrate], Joe, from late Latin nmutium ‘telling
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`oar-row momev )n. Economics moneyinfonnstharcan
`a story,’ from the “arbitration: (see NARRATE).
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`narra'tlv'l'ly Intra’u’vatel m. the quality or condim
`be used as a medium of exchange, generally bank»
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`firm of presenting a narrative: music has developed a
`notes, coins, and certom’ balances held. by bank.
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`narrau'm‘nr that lead: it the charging of language.
`Narrows l 'narrozl (the Narrows) a strait about 2 mi-
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`~onlom 1970:: from French narraziu‘té.
`les (3.2 km) long connecting upper and lower New
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`nar-ra‘tiv-lze l‘ntentiytzl w. [trans] present or inter-
`York Bay, between Staten Island and Brooklyn.
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`pret (something such as experience or theory) in the
`net-the): l'nfimleksl Ml. an antechamber, porch, or
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`form of a story or narrative.
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`nonmetal-0393’ inzn'tilajel m. the branch ofltnowl~
`Christian churches, separated cfi'by a ramu‘' g and used
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`edge or literary criticism that deals with the Structure
`by catechumcns, penitence, etc.
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`and fimefion ofnarrative and its themes, conventions,
`I an antechember or large porch in a modern church.
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`~oRlGIN late 17th cent: via Latin from Greek Hamli-
`and symbols.
`9x.
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`—DER1 VATIVES nam'to-log-kcal ],natnp‘lfiiilr:l|
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`all; namchorglst Him 11.
`namhal l'nfirwall m. a small Arctic whole, the male
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`Himmler l narrator] m. a person who narrates some—
`of which has a long forward-pointing spirally twisted
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`thing, cap. a character who recounts the events of a
`rush developed from one ofits teeth. See WHALEI.
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`novel or narrative poem.
`'Manadlm monomer, {unity Monodontidae.
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`43?.th mid 17th cent: from Dutch name}, Danish
`I a person who delivers a commentary accompanying
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`a movie, broadcast, piece of music, etc.
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`narhual, based on Old Norse :m'r ‘corpse,’ with refer-
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`ence to skin color.
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`-DERIVATIVES nomad-float homework” adj.
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`new [‘nerel no}. informal or dialect form of not:
`narrow l‘nterol pad]. (narrower, narrowest) 1 (cap.
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`of something that is considerably longer or higher
`nary a murmur or complaint.
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`than it is wide) of small width: he made his any down
`«311“;le mid 18th cent: from the phrase ne’er a.
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`the narrow mad.
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`NAS rabbr. (in the UK) Noise Abutment Society.
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`2 limited in extent, amount, or scope; restricted: his
`NASA l'nresel babbf. National Aeronautics and Space
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`Administration.
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`ability to get good result: within narrow camnuinrs of
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`money and manpower:
`om] l'nazall no]. 1 of, for, or relating to the nose:
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`I (of a person’s attitude or beliefs) limited in range
`the nasalpassages; a nasal rpm
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`and lacking willingness or ability to appreciate alter-
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`2 (at a speech, sound) pronounced by the voice res-
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`native views: rompam‘erfail thmugh their narrow vim.-
`onating in the nose, e.g., m, 1:, ng. Compare with anal.
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`aj what contributes 1:0 profit I precise or strict in
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`meaning: tome affine narrowerdefinition: afdemoa'aqy.
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`l (of the voice or speech) produced or, characterized
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`I (of a phonetic transcription) showing fine details
`by resonating in the note as well as the mouth.
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`of accent. I Phonetics denoting a vowel pronounced
`m. 1 a nasal speech sound.
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`with the root of the tongue drawn back so as to nar—
`2 historical a nosepiecc on a helmet.
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`row the pharynx.
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`3 (esp. of a victory, defect, or escape) with only a small
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`-D:RIVATIVES meal-My inaugural n.; na-eel-Iy
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`margin; barely achieved.
`-o RlolN Middle English (sense 2 ofthe mm): from
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`pr. 1 become or make less wide: [imam] the mud nar-
`medlcval Latin mama‘s, from Iatin mum ‘nose.’
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`rowed M Wind 0" aid 15113;“ l [INN] the mbankmem
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`«was bw‘x't to narrow the river:
`See page mviii for the Key to Pronunciation
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`DEMINT00003512
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`subsidize
`II [annh] (of a com
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`"Ed by a holdmg or
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`"" (9" 493) a company controlled
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`byaholdlngcgm an ‘
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`IE3;tfiomgsomfmgofli?scr ' Nuance then b3: ray-
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`‘38:;{WATWES aub'dd'l-anl-ly l~.side‘en1e[ HOV.
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`-0 RIGIN mid 16th cent. (in the s
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`ense ‘serving to help
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`from tubnlii-
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`or supplunent’): from Latin subsidiarim,
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`um support, assistance” (see suasmv).
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`subsidize l'sebsa.dlzl w.
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`moon oractm'ty) financially: it we:beyond [Stapawl-it;
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`a state In submitter a Imam.
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`(someth‘
`I pay part of the cast ofprodu ‘
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`dune prices for the buyer: mmnmemmxggsigizr:
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`swift“ ‘2‘”:“MW“.WW’ ”d W"
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`sad: maul
`11.; summit-er n.
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`sumshdy l'sabsidel tn. (pl. due) 1 a sum of money
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`granted by the government or a public: body to assist
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`an industry or business so that the price of a commod-
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`ity or service may remain low or competitive: 4 arm
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`subsidy [ they disdain government subsidy.
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`to another for the preservation ofneutmlity, the mo.
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`motion ofwsr, or to repay military aid. I a grant or
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`contribution ofmoney.
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`2 mammal a parliamentary grant to the sovereign 1'
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`state needs.
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`Case 6:20-cv-00636-ADA Document 48-8 Filed 02/16/21 Page 5 of 8
`Case 6:20-cv-00636-ADA Document 48-8 Filed 02/16/21 Page 5 of 8
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`subsumeM
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`2 a subordinate Stauon
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`subst. bahbr. I substantive. Isubstmu'veiy- Isub‘d'
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`meat.
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`11 post office, for example one situated within
`tute.
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`la smn
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`Sub‘l
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`“3.3552??in stclarl ml]. Astronomy relating to or
`fixedlggtealhsfiesgmgae of a compom'fgsm“
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`afiggnpgé: lfii‘ififififififim kind ofmat’
`denouns a body ““3“" smaller than a ty-ptcal Star
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`whose mass is not great enough to support mam se-
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`tar with uniform properties: a me! tube water! will a
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`h dro en bumm'g.
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`waxy whammy.
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`sfi‘higilt-g-eng lsab‘stim-Iawantl on. Chemistry an atom
`I an intoxicating, stimulating, or narcotic chemxcal or
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`or group of atoms taking the place of another atom or
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`lone.
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`2 the reallphysicalgthntter of which a person or dung
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`group or occupying a specified postuonwm a molecule.
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`consists and which has a tmgible, solid presence: pm-
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`.0 run he late 19th cent; from Latm rubmmem.
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`‘standing in place of,’ from the verb rubmmm (see
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`m‘nr compose much of the arm! mbmnce of the body.
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`SUESHT‘UTE).
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`I the quality of having a solid basis in realm or fact:
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`the claim has no substanre. I the quality of being dc-
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`nub-stldute l’sabsti,t(y)aot| bu. a person or dung act-
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`ing or serving in place of another: my milk 1: used a: a
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`pcnduble or stable: some were finished to knock hrrfar
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`substitute: for dairy milk.
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`herlack of substance.
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`I a sports player nominated as ehgtblc to replace an.
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`other after a game has begun. I
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`he had»: to accomplish anyrhbtg ofsubsfianct.
`y
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`thing that becomes the obiect of love or other mo-
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`I the mutt important or essential part of somethmg;
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`tion deprived of its natural outlet: a father :ubm'mre.
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`the real or Essential meaning: the :ubuam 0! the
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`w. [tram] use or add in place of: dried mummy can be
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`may. I the subject matter of a text, speech, or work
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`Of an, Hp. as contrasted with the form or style In
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`subsflmtedfar thefrerh herb.
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`I [tntrmsJ act or serve as a subsnmte: [found surname
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`Which i‘ is Presented. Iwealth and possessions: a
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`ta subsfimte for me. I replace (someone or some-
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`woman of substance. IPhilosophy the essential nature
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`“landfills phenomena, which is subject to changes
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`thing) with another: custom 0M aubatx'fieted 2kg
`and accidents.
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`drugs with another submmce 1 flux was :ubrntmd (y
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`a new clause, I replace (a sports player) With a sub-
`-I>HRAss s In substance essentially: ban“: fight: 11“
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`stitute during a contest: he was subrtitutea‘far Nichol;
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`equivalent in substance to human “gm.
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`v-onrom Middle English (denoting the essential na—
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`in the fifth inning. I Chemistry replace (an atom or
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`ture ofsomething): from Old French, from Latin 511b-
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`group in a molecule, esp. a hydrogengatom) math an-
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`other. I [as 5611] (substituted) Grammy (of a com-
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`rtanu‘a ‘being, menu; from mamm- ‘stnndi‘ng firm;
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`Earn the verb :ubstam
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`pound) in which one or more hydrogen atoms have
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`been replaced by other atoms or groups: a mbmm.
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`substance misuse m. overindulgcnce in or depend-
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`ed alkaloid.
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`ence on m addictive substance, esp, alcohol or drugs.
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`-D ERIVATIVES sub-stifluha-blH-ly Lsabsta‘fiymo-
`substance P >0. mm a compound thought to
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`n.; sub-stMuI-wble adi; sub'sIMu-uve
`p‘biljtel
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`be involved in the synaptic transmission of pain and
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`other nerve impulses. It is a polypeptide with eleven
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`amino-add residues.
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`le,t(y)a5;ivl adj.
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`-omom late Middle Enghsh (dcnouttg a deputy or
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`sub-sternum Isab‘statndartll bed}. 1 below the usual
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`delegate): from Latin, mbnituw ‘put in place of; past
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`or required standard; sub-Standard housing.
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`participle ofrubm‘mere, based on storm: ‘set up..
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`2 another term for Housrmmao.
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`heme: 'Ii-a’ditinr’iallyg the verb sunbeam is for:
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`Bub-starnlal Isab‘suzncu-tall old). 1 of considerable
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`lowed by for and means ‘put (someone or somethmg)‘_
`importance, size or Worth: a mbnandnl amount afresh
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`I strongly built or made: a now ofsubstantial warian
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`in place of another; as in she subafiuuea‘ rite fake
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`«wefar the real one. From the late I‘ltlt’cenmry sub’-’3
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`“Hm: I (of a meal) large and filling. I important in
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`mnterial or social terms; wealthy: a ”dumb! Devan
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`ffitutehssalso beeuused withwithorbymmeaq
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`family
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`replete (somcmm'g) with sometbmg‘ else, as in 5116
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`2 concerning the essentials ofsomething: thmwar rub-
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`mutated the real me with :hefake m.This can
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`staun‘alW on changingpolicies.
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`be confusing, since the two sentenoes shown above
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`mean E113 “file thing, yet the obiect of the verb and
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`3 real and tangible rather than imaginary: spirit: m
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`shadowy, human biting: rubxtantiai.
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`the obiect of the preposition heme swapped positions.
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`rt.
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`-DERIVATIVBS sub-etamtloal‘ivly lfiSlmnGl-[E‘flmfll
`Despite the potential confision, the second, newer
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`use is well established and, although still disapproved
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`—DRIGINMiddlC English: from Old French substantial
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`of by tradiu‘bmlists, is now generally regarded as part
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`or Christian Iatin mbnanu’alir, [mm subtler-Ida 'being,
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`essence” (see suasmucs).
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`suited-lumen l,3:bsfi‘t{y)mnn[ en. the action of
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`sub-stanvllal-lam lseb'stzncuehzaml m. Philosophy
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`the doctrine that behind phenomena there are sub-
`rep acmg someone or somedzm“g with summer person
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`stantial realities.
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`or thing: the substitution ofpediazrinbmm grand-
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`motkm inguflingbaéycm l amu‘ralmbsmm
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`-uumvxrxvus “Mun-fluids! It! ate.
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`~DERIVATIVES sub-stMquLmoal [small Bill; Sub-
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`[trans-.1 give
`sub-stamtlalflze lub’stanmafizl w.
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`stl‘tu-tlon'al'y hum! ad.
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`(something) substance or actuu existence: the unite":
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`sub-storm l 'sab.storml m. a localized disturbance of
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`once to God.
`harm‘s: ajabxum mtlumwmnnbbradby MW
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`the earth’s magnetic field in high latitudes, typically
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`mamfested as an aurora.
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`sub-stamlal'ly lsab‘stsr’nmalel um. 1 to a great or
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`substrate i'sebetratl m. a substance or layer that
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`significant extent: pmflugrm mbsmntrblly I [as amou-
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`il‘lsr] mbsmnnthr higher emgr.
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`underlies something, or on which some process 00-
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`curs, to particular:
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`2 for the most part; essentially: thing: win "main .mb.
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`:mnubfly the some over the next 1013mm:
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`I the sulfate or material on or burn which an orgasm
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`mm lures, grows, or obtains its nourishment. like
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`sub-staMl-ale ls:b‘stzncur,atl w. [m] provide
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`substance on which an enzyme acts. no material
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`evidence to support or prove the truth of: they had
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`finmd nothing to substantiate the allegations.
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`that provides the surface on which something is cle~
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`—DERIVATIVES
`sub-etan-fl-u-tlun
`l -,staucue
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`pouted or inscribed, for example the sih'con wafer
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`'asuanl n.
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`used to manufacture integrated circuits.
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`—onmm early 19th cent: Anglicizcd form of sua-
`STRATuu.
`~onmm mid 17th cent; from medieval Iau'n rub-
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`rtang‘at- ‘gim substance; from the verb submnn‘m.
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`sub-stratum [‘sablstrammgv‘strm-l n. (pl. substrate
`sub-stamlve l 'sebsranrivl pad). 1 having a firm basis
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`[-59 l 1 an underlying layer or substance, in particulars
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`in reality and therefore important, meaningful, or
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`layer ofrock or soil beneath the surface ofthe ground.
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`considerable: there it no mbsmufiw evidence fitr the (,5?-
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`I a foundation or basis of something: there is a bmdd
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`cacy ofthese drugs.
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`subs-tram grow; in it.
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`2 having a separate and independent existence.
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`neuter past
`I (ofs dye) not needing a mordant.
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`noun) of Latin subsm, from
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`3 (oflaw) defining rights and duties as opposed to giv-
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`ing the rules by which such things are mahlished.
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`rub- below’ + sterner; ‘stxew.’ Compare with STRATUM-
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`M1. Grammar, a noun.
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`subestruc‘ture Fasten-skews; m. an underlying or
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`supporting structure.
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`—D1=.Rtvn'rivusau
`-DERIVATIVES sub-sundae”! l‘sabsten’uvall adi;
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`sub-ulnn-tlve-ly adv.
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`Intros-tuna! l.sab‘strakcx-I(a)r=1l
`ad;
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`~01“le late Middle Engl‘uh (in the sense ‘having an
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`[Vane] (often be sub-
`subssume lsab‘sooml w.
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`independent odstence’): from Old French autumn};
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`Joe or late Ruin mbrtamivur, fi'om mbmnuh ‘essence’
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`sumed) mclude or absorb (something) in something
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`(see SUBSTANCE).
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`the: most ufzhera phenomena can be subsumed "Rd"
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`two broad asunder.
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`sub-startle!!! l ‘sabpmwl m. I a set of equipment
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`reducing the high voltage ofelectrical power transmis—
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`~Dumvn was subsum-a-ble ad}; sub-sump'flofl
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`l~‘sam(p)sn=nl n.
`sion to that suitable for supply to consumers.
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`-ORIGIN mid 16th cent. (in the tense *subioin, HM):
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`«
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`1696
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`DEMINTOOOO3513
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`I [translatable provide sustenance for: the problem of
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`Mummgthepmriaamdofhzgk bmdpnm‘
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`Zeldeflylawrmain in being, force, oreffect,
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`"(3058M in) be attributable to: the 468cc of gm”;-
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`may subl‘irt in cbmmoronmt mutation.
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`—m=.utvn~rtvas subsist-em [cant] adj.
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`4111151}: mid 16th cent. (in the sense ‘confinue to ex.
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`ist’): fiom Lmin mbn‘sren ‘stand firm,’ from Jub- ‘lErom
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`'bclow’ + sister: ‘set, stand}
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`sub'slst‘ence [sab'sisnnsl m. 1 the action or her of
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`maintaining or supporting oneselfat a minimum level:
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`the minunum income neededfar momma.
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`Ithe means of doing this: the garden pm‘ded not only
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`subu'smxcebuwlixdemhemp l the‘agn‘culmmlmrk—
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