Case 6:20-cv-00272-ADA Document 65-15 Filed 03/14/22 Page 1 of 9
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`Exhibit 13
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`

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`Case 6:20-cv-00272-ADA Document 65-15 Filed 03/14/22 Page 2 of 9
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`

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`FED-STD-1037C
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`FED-STD-1037C
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`FOREWORD
`
`This standard is issued by the General Services Administration pursuant to the Federal Property and
`Administrative Services Act of 1949, as amended.
`
`This document provides Federal departments and agencies a comprehensive source of definitions
`of terms used in telecommunications and directly related fields by international and U.S.
`Government telecommunications specialists.
`
`The Paperwork Reduction Reauthorization Act of 1986, Public Law 99-500 [44 U.S.C. 3502(13)],
`expanded the definition of "automatic data processing equipment (ADPE)" to include . . . any
`equipment or interconnected systems or subsystems or equipment that is used in the automatic
`acquisition, storage, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange,
`transmission or reception of data or information." This expansion in the scope of ADPE is
`implemented in the Federal Information Resources Management Regulation (FIRMR), 41 CFR. To
`minimize confusion between the statutory definition of ADP and the popular meaning of that term,
`GSA has established the term "Federal information processing (FIP) resources" to replace the term
`ADPE, as defined in Public Law 99-500.
`
`The existence of multiple definitions for the same term in this standard reflects, in most instances,
`differences in meaning commonly assigned to these terms by practitioners in telecommunications
`and other, related disciplines. In some instances, however, the differences are not the result of
`interdisciplinary distinctions, but rather reflect variances in American and international usage or a
`need for further work in the various Government, national, and international standards-development
`groups to reach agreement on a common definition, or as a result of legislation. Source citations for
`some definitions (see the Legend pages) reflect the tracking of specialized glossaries for consistency.
`
`The use of this standard by all Federal departments and agencies is mandatory.
`
`Neither this nor any other glossary covering terms in an advanced-technology field such as
`telecommunications can be considered as complete and ageless. Periodic revisions will be made as
`required. The recommendations of Federal departments and agencies on improving the content or
`relevance of this document should be forwarded to the Office of the Manager, National
`Communications System, whose address is given in Section 5 of this standard.
`
`

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`FED-STD-1037C
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`Case 6:20-cv-00272-ADA Document 65-15 Filed 03/14/22 Page 6 of 9
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`CONTENTS
`
`FOREWORD
`
`1.
`
`SCOPE
`
`1.1 Applicability
`1.2 Purpose
`
`2.
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`6.
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`REQUIREMENTS AND APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS
`
`USE
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`EFFECTIVE DATE
`
`CHANGES
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`DEVELOPMENT OF THE STANDARD
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`LEGEND FOR LABELS
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`TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
`
`LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
`
`ABBREVIATED INDEX
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`Page
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`vii
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`vii
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`vii
`vii
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`vii
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`viii
`
`x
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`x
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`xi
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`xii
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`A-1 to Z-2
`
`Appendix A
`
`Appendix B
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`FED-STD-1037C
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`Case 6:20-cv-00272-ADA Document 65-15 Filed 03/14/22 Page 8 of 9
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`gain: The ratio of output current,
`voltage, or power to input current,
`voltage, or power, respectively.
`(188) Note 1: Gain is usually
`expressed in dB. Note 2: If the
`ratio is less than unity, the gain,
`expressed in dB, will be negative, in which case
`there is a loss between input and output.
`
`gain hit: See hit.
`
`gain medium: An active medium, device, or system
`in which amplification of input occurs with or
`without feedback. Note: Gain media include
`amplifiers,
`lasers, and avalanche photodiodes
`(APDs).
`
`gain of an antenna: Synonym antenna gain.
`
`galactic radio noise: Synonym cosmic noise.
`
`gap loss: 1. The power loss that occurs when an
`optical signal is transferred from one fiber to another
`that is axially aligned with it, but longitudinally
`separated from it. Note: The gap allows light from
`the “transmitting” fiber to spread out as it leaves the
`fiber endface. When it strikes the “receiving” fiber,
`some of the light will enter the cladding, where it is
`quickly lost. [After FAA] 2. An analogous form of
`coupling loss that occurs between an optical source,
`e.g., an LED, and an optical fiber. Note: Gap loss is
`not usually significant at the optical detector,
`because the sensitive area of the detector is normally
`somewhat larger than the cross section of the fiber
`core. Unless the separation is substantial, all light
`emerging from the fiber, even though it diverges,
`will still strike the detector. Synonym longitudinal
`offset loss. [FAA]
`
`gap loss
`
`$ 
`
`FED-STD-1037C
`
`gap-loss attenuator: An optical attenuator that
`exploits the principle of gap loss to reduce the
`optical power level when inserted in-line in the fiber
`path; e.g., to prevent saturation of the receiver.
`Note: Gap-loss attenuators should be used in-line
`near the optical transmitter. [After FAA]
`
`garble: 1. An error in transmission, reception,
`encryption, or decryption that changes the text of a
`message or any portion thereof in such a manner that
`it is incorrect or undecryptable. [JP1] 2. In a
`telephone circuit or channel, readily audible but
`unintelligible interference from another circuit or
`channel. Note: Garble may, for example, take place
`in an FDM telephone carrier system in which an
`interfering signal from another channel or system is
`demodulated in such a fashion that it has an
`objectionable audio power level but is nonetheless
`unintelligible.
`
`gate: 1. A device having one output channel and one
`or more input channels, such that the output channel
`state is completely determined by the input channel
`states, except during switching transients. 2. One of
`many types of combinational logic elements having
`at least two inputs; e.g., AND, OR, NAND, and
`NOR. (188)
`
`gateway: 1. In a communications network, a network
`node equipped for interfacing with another network
`that uses different protocols. (188) Note 1: A
`gateway may contain devices such as protocol
`translators,
`impedance matching devices, rate
`converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as
`necessary to provide system interoperability. It also
`requires that mutually acceptable administrative
`procedures be established between the two networks.
`Note 2: A protocol translation/mapping gateway
`interconnects networks with different network
`protocol technologies by performing the required
`protocol conversions. 2. Loosely, a computer
`configured to perform the tasks of a gateway.
`
`gating: 1. The process of selecting only those
`portions of a wave between specified time intervals
`or between specified amplitude limits. 2. The
`controlling of signals by means of combinational
`logic elements. (188) 3. A process in which a
`predetermined set of conditions, when established,
`permits a second process to occur. (188)
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`Case 6:20-cv-00272-ADA Document 65-15 Filed 03/14/22 Page 9 of 9
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`FED-STD-1037C
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`signal at an appropriate power level (see Note 5) at
`the input port of a circuit and measuring the power
`delivered at the output port. The net gain in dB is
`calculated by taking 10 times the logarithm of the
`ratio of the output power to the input power. Note 2:
`The net gain expressed in dB may be positive or
`negative. Note 3: If the net gain expressed in dB is
`negative, it is also called the “net loss.” Note 4: If the
`net gain is expressed as a ratio, and the ratio is less
`than unity, a net loss is indicated. Note 5: The test
`signal must be chosen so that its power level is within
`the usual operating range of the circuit being tested.
`
`net loss: The overall loss of a transmission circuit.
`(188)
`
`net loss variation: The maximum change in net loss
`occurring in a specified portion of a communication
`system during a specified period. (188)
`
`net operation: The operation of an organization of
`stations capable of direct communication on a
`common channel or frequency. Note: Net operations
`(a) allow participants to conduct ordered conferences
`among participants who usually have common
`information needs or related functions to perform, (b)
`are characterized by adherence to standard formats
`and procedures, and (c) are responsive to a common
`supervisory station, called the “net control station,”
`which permits access to the net and maintains net
`operational discipline.
`
`net radio interface (NRI): An interface between a
`single-channel radio station (usually in a radio net)
`and switched communications systems. (188)
`
`network: 1. An interconnection of three or more
`communicating entities. 2. An interconnection of
`usually passive electronic components that performs
`a specific function (which is usually limited in scope),
`e.g., to simulate a transmission line or to perform a
`mathematical function such as
`integration or
`differentiation. Note: A network may be part of a
`larger circuit. (188)
`
`network administration: A group of network
`management functions that (a) provide support
`services, (b) ensure that the network is used
`efficiently, and (c) ensure prescribed service-quality
`objectives are met.
`(188)
` Note: Network
`administration may include activities such as network
`
` 
`
`address assignment, assignment of routing protocols
`and routing table configuration, and directory service
`configuration.
`
`network architecture: 1. The design principles,
`physical configuration, functional organization,
`operational procedures, and data formats used as the
`bases for the design, construction, modification, and
`operation of a communications network. (188) 2. The
`structure of an existing communications network,
`including
`the physical configuration, facilities,
`operational structure, operational procedures, and the
`data formats in use. (188)
`
`network busy hour (NBH): See busy hour.
`
`network connectivity: The topological description of
`a network
`that specifies,
`in
`terms of circuit
`termination locations and quantities, the inter-
`connection of the transmission nodes. (188)
`
`network control program (NCP): In a switch or
`network node, software designed to store and forward
`frames between nodes. Note: An NCP may be used in
`local area networks or larger networks.
`
`network element (NE): In integrated services digital
`networks, a piece of telecommunications equipment
`that provides support or services to the user. (188)
`
`network engineering: 1. In telephony, the discipline
`concerned with (a) determining internetworking
`service requirements for switched networks, and (b)
`developing and implementing hardware and software
`to meet them. 2. In computer science, the discipline
`of hardware and software engineering to accomplish
`the design goals of a computer network. 3. In radio
`communications, the discipline concerned with
`developing network topologies.
`
`Network File System: See NFS.
`
`network interface: 1. The point of interconnection
`between a user terminal and a private or public
`network. 2. The point of interconnection between the
`public switched network and a privately owned
`terminal. (188) Note: Code of Federal Regulations,
`Title 47, part 68, stipulates the interface parameters.
`3. The point of interconnection between one network
`and another network. (188)
`
`