Case 1:20-cv-00765-DAE Document 55-4 Filed 03/29/23 Page 1 of 5
`Case 1:20-cv-00765-DAE Document 55-4 Filed 03/29/23 Page 1of5
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`EXHIBIT D
`EXHIBIT D
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`Webster
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`More than 200,000 clear, concise definitions
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`The newest words in science, technology, and more
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`ndreds ofsynonyms, usage notes, and word histories
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`The right choicefor home, school, or office
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`Webster’s II new college dictionary.
`p-
`cm.
`ISBN 0-395-70869-9 (alk. paper]
`1. English language - Dictionaries.
`University dictionary
`PE1628.W55164
`423-dc20
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`Words are included in this Dictionary on the basis of their usage.
`Words that are known to have current trademark registrations are
`shown with an initial capital and are also identified as trademarks. No
`investigation has been made of common-law tradematk.rights in any
`word, because such investigation is impracticable. The inclusion of
`any wordin this Dictionary is not, however, an expression of the
`Publisher’s opinion as to whether or notit is subject to proprietary
`rights. Indeed, no definition in this Dictionary is to be regarded as
`affecting the validity of any trademark.
`Copyright © 2001, 1999, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All
`rights reserved.
`Nopart of this work may be reproducedor transmitted in any form or
`by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
`recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without
`the prior written permission of Houghton Mifflin Company unless such
`copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Address
`inquiries to Reference Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company, 222
`Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116.
`Illustrations azimuthal equidistant projection and sinusoidal projection
`© 1986 by The American Congress on Surveying and Mapping.
`
`ISBN 0-395-96214-5 .
`ISBN 0-618-16903-2 (paper-over-boards binding]
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
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`1995
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`1. Webster’s II new Riverside
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`95-5833
`CIP
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`For information aboutthis arid other Houghton Mifflin trade and refer-
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`

`ir pier
`
`2. A broken piece of earthenware.
`used for the teaching of children, and it was a
`the head of alphabets
`crock? (krok) n. (Orig, unknown.] Chiefly Brit. Regional. 1. Soot.
`figure used in place of a signature byilliterate persons. In the 19th
`Coloring matter that rubs off from poorly dyed cloth. —v. crocked
`century the religious association was lost and crisscross was applied to
`crock.-ing, crocks. — vt. To soil with or as if with crock. —vi,
`any pattern of crossed lines.
`give off soot or color.
`erisesum (kris’ am) n., pl. cris-sa (kris!) [NLat. < Lat. crissare, to
`crock: (krdk) [ME crok, prob. of Scand. orig.] Chiefly Brit. —n. On
`movethe buttocks during intercourse.] Zool. The feathers or area sur-
`that is worn-out, decrepit, or impaired. — vi. crocked, crock-ing
`roundinga bird’s cloacal opening. — cris! sal (-al) adj.
`erocks. To become weak ordisabled.
`criseta (kris/ta) n., pl. -tae (-té) [NLat., crest.] Biol. 1. A crest or
`crocked (krdkt) adj. [Poss. < crock3,] Slang. Intoxicated.
`ridge, 2. An inward projection of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
`crockeersy (krék!a-ré) n. Crocks as a whole : EARTHENWARE.
`cris-tate (kris! tit’) also cris-tateed (-ta’ tid) adj. [Lat. cristatus
`crockeet (krok/it) n. [ME croket < ONFr. croquet, var. of OFr. orc
`< crista, tuft.] Having or forming a crest.
`chet, hook. —see crocueT.] A decoration, usu. in the form ofa cuf
`cri-te-rieon (ki-tir!é-an) n., pl, -teeriea (-tir/é-a) or -te-ri-ons.
`ing leaf or cusp, placed along outer angles of gables and pinnacles.
`(Gk. kritérion < krités, judge < krinein, to separate.| A standard on
`Crock-Pot (krik’ pat’). A trademark for an electric cooking pot.
`which a judgmentis based. usage: Criteria is a plural form and
`croc-o-dile (krék/9-dil’) n. [ME cocodril < OF. < Med.Lat. coca
`should not be substituted for the singular form criterion. —criste!-
`drillus < Lat. crocodillus < Gk. krokodilos : kroké, pebble + drilo
`rical (-al) adj.
`worm] 1. A large tropical aquatic reptile of the genus Crocodylus
`criteic (krit/ik) n. (Lat. criticus < Gk. kritikos, able to discern < kri-
`related genera, with thick armorlike skin and long tapering jaws. 2,
`nein, to separate.] 1. One whoforms and expresses judgments of the
`crocodilian reptile, as an alligator, caiman, or gavial. 3. Leather mad
`merits, faults, etc., of a matter. 2. One whojudges the quality of lit-
`from crocodile skin.
`eraryor artistic works, esp. as a profession. 3. One who finds fault.
`crocodile bird n. A black and white African bird, Pluvianus a
`criteiecal (krit/i-kal) adj. 1. Tending to judge harshly and adversely.
`gyptius, feeding on insects that infest crocodiles.
`2. Marked bycareful and exact judgment and evaluation <acritical
`crocodile tears pl.n. [From the belief that crocodiles weep aft
`study of the poems> 3. Of, relating to, or typical ofcriticsor criticism.
`eating their victims.] An insincere show of grief.
`4. Forming or having the nature ofa crisis : CRUCIAL <a critical bat-
`croc:0-dileieam (krdk’-dil/é-an,-dil! yan) n. [< NLat. Crocodyli
`tle> 5. Designating materials and products essential to a condition or
`order name< Lat. crocodilus, crocodile.] Any of variousreptilesof ¢
`project but in short supply. 6. Med. Oforrelatingtoa crisis. 7. Math.
`order Crocodylia, including the Alligators, crocodiles and gavial
`Ofor relating to a point at which a curve has a maximum, minimum,
`—adj. 1. Of or relating to a crocodile. 2. Belonging to the order Cr
`or pointof inflection. 8. Chem. @ Physics. Of or relating to a condi-
`codylia.
`tion causing an abrupt change in a quality, property, or phenomenon.
`croc-oiesite (krék! we-zit’) n.
`[G. Krokoisit < Fr. crocoise <
`9. Of sufficient mass to sustain a nuclear chain reaction. —erit’ie
`krokoeis, saffron-colored < krokos, saffron.] Crocoite.
`cal-ly adv. —crit/i-cal-ness n.
`croc-o-ite (krdk/6-it’, kra/k6-) n.
`[G. Krokoit, alteration
`*& SYNS: CRITICAL, ACUTE, CLIMACTERIC, CRUCIAL, DESPERATE, DIRE
`Krokoisit, crocoisite.] A rare orange to reddish mineralof lead chr
`adj. core meaning : so seriousas to be at the pointof crisis <a critical
`mate, PbCrO,, found in oxidized lead deposits.
`shortage of fuel> amt: NONCRITICAL
`cro-cus(kro/kas) n., pl. -ceus-es or -ci(-si’) [Lat. < Gk.krokos,
`critical angle n. 1. The smallest angle of incidence at which a light
`Semiticorig.] 1. A plantof the genus Crocus, widely cultivatedin g
`ray can betotally reflected from the boundary between two media. 2.
`dens and bearing variously colored flowers and grasslike leaves. 2.
`The angle of attack of an airfoil at which airflow abruptly changes,
`grayish to light reddish purple. 3. A red variety of iron oxide, Fe,O
`causing changesin thelift and drag of an aircraft.
`used in the form of an abrasive powderfor polishing.
`critical mass n. The smallest mass of a fissionable material that
`will sustain a nuclear chain reaction.
`croft (kroft, kraft) n.
`[ME < OE.] Chiefly Brit. & Scot. 1, A sm
`enclosed field near a house. 2. A small farm, esp. a tenant farm.
`critical point n. 1. Physics. The condition in which theliquid and
`crofteer (krof! tar, krof!-) n. Chiefly Brit. & Scot. One who ren
`vapor phases of a pure stable substance have the same density. 2.
`and cultivates a croft.
`Math. a. A maximum, minimum,or pointof inflection. b. A point at
`[After Burril Bernard Croh
`Crohn’s disease (kronz) n.
`whichthe derivative of a function is zero or infinite.
`(1884-1983, American physician.) An inflammatory bowel disea
`critical pressure n. Theleast applied pressure required atthe crit-
`most commonly affecting the small intestine and characterized by4
`ical temperature to liquefy a gas.
`critical state n. criticaL Point1.
`dominal pain, ulceration, and fibrous tissue buildup.
`crois-sant(krwi-sin’) n. [Fr., crescent < OFr. creissant. — see CR
`critical temperature n. The temperature above which a gas can-
`cENT.] A rich crescent-shapedroll of puff pastry or leavened doug
`not be liquefied, regardless of the pressure applied.
`Croix de Guerre (krwa’ do gar’) n.
`[Fr.
`: croix, cross + de, of
`criteiceas-ter (kit! i-kis’ tar) n. [critic + Lat. -aster, pejorative
`guerre, war.] A French military decoration for bravery.
`suffix.] A petty critic.
`Cro-Mag-non (kré-mag/ nan, -man/ yon) n. An early form of ma
`criteiecism (krit/i-siz’am) n. 1. The actofcriticizing, esp. adverse-
`ern human, Homosapiens, marked by a robust physique and knoy
`ly. 2. A critical commentor judgment.3. a. Theart, skill, or profession
`from skeletal parts found in the Cro-Magnon cave in southern Frani
`of making discriminating judgments,esp. of literary or artistic works.
`—Cro-Mag/ non adj.
`b. An article expressing such judgment. 4. Detailed investigation of
`cromelech (krém/lék') n. [Welsh : crom, fem. of crwn, arched
`the origin andhistory ofliterary documents.
`llech, stone.] 1. A prehistoric monument of monoliths surrounding
`crit+iecize (krit'i-siz’) v. -cized, -ciz-ing, -ciz-es. —vt. 1. To
`mound, 2. A dolmen.
`analyze and evaluate. 2. To judge harshly. —vi. To act asacritic.
`crone (krén) n. [ME < ONFr. carogne, carrion < VLat. *caronia
`—crit!i-ciz’asble adj. —crit/i-ciz’er n.
`Lat. caro, flesh.] A witchlike old woman.
`eri-tique(kii-ték’) n.
`[Fr. < Gk. kritiké, the art of criticism < kri-
`Cronus(krd/nas) . [Gk. Kronos.] Gk. Myth. A Titan who
`tikos, critical < krinein, to separate.] 1. A critical review or commen-
`the universe until being dethroned by his son Zeus.
`tary, esp. one dealing with a literary or artistic work. 2. A critical
`cro-ny (krd/né) n., pl. -mies. [Poss. < Gk. khronios,long-lasting
`discussion ofa specified topic. 3. The art ofcriticism. — vi. -tiqued,
`khronos, time.] A close friend.
`-tiqu-ing, -tiques. Tocriticize.
`cro-eny-ism (kro/né-iz’am) n. Favoritism shown to cronies rega
`terit-ter (krit/ar) n. [Alteration of creaTuRE.] Regional. 1. A do-
`less of their qualifications, as in filling political positions.
`mestic animal, esp. a steer or horse. 2. A living creature.
`crook (kréok) n. [ME crok < ON krokr, hook.] 1. A bent or c
`croak (krék) n. [< ME croken, to croak.] A low, hoarse sound, as that
`object : HOOK. 2. A tool or implement, as a bishop's crosier or a shi
`made by frogs. —v. croaked, croak-ing, croaks. — vt. To utter
`herd’sstaff, with a curved or bentpart. 3. A curve or bend : TURN:
`by croaking. —vi. 1, To utter a croak. 2. To speak with a low, hoarse
`Informal. One wholives by dishonest means. — vt. & vi. crooke
`voice. 3. To mutter discontentedly : GRUMBLE. 4. Slang. To die.
`crookeing, crooks. To curve or become curved : BEND.
`—croak/isly adv. —croak’y adj.
`pphase (krd0k’bak’) n. A hunchback. —crook!backel
`croak-er (krd’kor) n. 1. a. A croaking animal. b. A habitual com-
`adj.
`plainer or doomsayer. 2. Any of various chiefly marine fishes of the
`erookeed (kro0k’ id) adj. 1. Having or marked by bends, curves,
`family Sciaenidae that make croaking or grunting sounds.
`angles, 2. Informal. Dishonest <a crooked lawyer> —crook’ed
`Crocat (krd/ at’, krot) n. [NLat. Croata < Serbo-Croatian Hrvat.] 1. A
`adv. —crook/ed-ness n.
`native or inhabitant of Croatia. 2. Serbo-Croatian as used in Croatia.
`
`—Cro-a! tian (kr6-4! shan) n. & adj.
`hw which
`1!
`4 father
`ar care
`cro-ce+in (krd/sé-in) n. (Lat. croceus, saffron-colored (< crocus, saf-
`a pay
`épet
`ébe
`4 pat
`fron). + -1n.] A red or orange acid azo dye.
`6 toe
`oi noise
`60 td
`i tie
`6 pot
`6 paw, for
`ero-chet (kro-sha’) v. -cheted (-shad’), -chet-«img (-sha/ing),
`
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`reea-lign (ré’a-lin’) vt. -ligned,-lign+ing, -ligns. 1. To put back
`
`cessfully coping with modern life. Yet this attitude is only a recent
`recan,] —vt. 1. To stretch out or ptig forth (a bodily part) : ExTEND
`<reach out a hand> 2, To touchor grasp by stretching out or extend-
`one, as the history of the word read shows. The basic meaningof Old
`ing <couldn’t reach the top branch> 3. To arrive at : arTain <reach
`English r@dan, the ancestor of read, was “to advise, counsel.” The
`a decision> 4. a. To succeed in communicating with <You can reach
`sense still exists as an archaism, although in this use the word is
`me by telephone.> b. To succeed in having an effect on <Parents can’t
`spelled rede. Behind this meaningis the notion of achieving control
`always reach their children.> 5. a. To extend as far as <The road
`over the uncertain or the unknown, and other senses of rédan contain
`reached the coast.> b. To carry as far as <The news reached every
`this idea. The Old English verb also meant “to interpret,” especially to
`town.> 6. To aggregate or amount to <The population reached two
`interpret dreams and signs; the interpretation of marks representing
`million.> 7. Informal. To give or hand over to someone <Reach me
`Fabric
`words is just an extension of this sense. The notion of interpretation”
`the butter.> 8. To score (a hit), as with a weapon. —vi. 1. To extend
`is still very much alive in riddle, a nownrelated to read.
`am Or
`or thrust out something. 2. To try to touch or grasp something <zeach
`read-a-ble (ré/ do-bal) adj. 1. Capable of being read easily : LEGIBLE.
`for a pen> 3. a. To have coextension in time or space. b. To be ex-
`hic or
`2..Pleasurable or interesting to read. ~read’a-bil/i-ty, read’ a-
`tensive in effect or influence. 4. Naut. To sail with the wind abeam.
`ble-ness n. —read/a-bly adv.
`<a ray
`ucture:
`—n. 1. The act or powerof stretching or thrusting out. 2. The dis-
`read-er(1é/dar) n. 1. One who reads. 2. A professionalreciter of lit-
`tance or extent something can reach. 3. a. The range of one’s under-
`5. Bot.
`erary works. 3. A minor cleric or layperson who recites lessons or
`mem-
`standing : COMPREHENSION <an explanation within my reach> b. The
`prayers in church services. 4. One employed by a publisherto read and
`out as
`yange or scope of influence or effect. 4, An unbroken expanse <a reach
`evaluate manuscripts. 5. A corrector of printers’ prools. 6. A teaching
`of open water> 5. A shaft connecting the rear axle of a vehicle with
`ays on.
`assistant who reads and grades examination papers. 7. Chiefly Brit. A
`the front. 6. Naut. The tack of a sailing vessel with the wind abeam.
`university lecturer. 8. a. A textbook of reading exercises. b. An an-
`7. The stretch of water visible between bends inariver or channel.
`marine
`thology, esp. a literary anthology.
`~—xeach/ern.
`Pinus
`readver-ship (ré/dor-ship’) m. 1. The readers of a publication. 2.
`resact (ré-4kt") vi. -act«ed, -act-ing, -acts. 1. To act in response
`Chiefly Brit. The office of a reader.
`tda stimulus <react to the encouraging news> 2. To act in opposition
`round
`readeiely (réd/a-1é) adv. 1. Promptly. 2. Willingly. 3. Easily.
`to a force or condition <reacted against the influenceof television> 3.
`reading (ré/ ding) n. 1. The act or practice of reading. 2. Written or
`Chem. To undergo chemical change.
`printed matter, 3. An oral rendition: or recital of a written work <a
`reeac-tance(ré-ik! tans) m. Opposition to altemating electric cur-
`poetry reading> 4. An official or public recitation of written material
`tent flow caused by inductance and capacitance in a circuit.
`<the reading of a verdict> 5. An interpretation from a specified point
`veeac-tant (ré-ak/ tant) n. A substance involved in a chemical reac-
`of view <a personal reading of events> 6. The specific form or vari-
`tion, esp. a directly reacting substance present at the initiation of the
`ation of a passage or text. 7. The information indicated by a gauge or
`reaction.
`graduated instrument.
`re-acetion (ré-ak/shon) n. 1. a. Response to a stimulus. b. The state
`reead-just (1é'a-jlist’) vt. -just-ed, -just-ing, -justs. To adjust
`resulting from such a response. 2. A contrary or opposing action.3. a.
`or arrange again. —re’ad-just/er n. —re’ad-just/ment n.
`A tendency to revert to an earlier state. b. Opposition to progress or
`read-only memory (réd/6n/1é) x. Computer Sci. A small mem-
`liberalism. 4. A chemical transformation in which a substance decom-
`ory that allows fast retrieval of permanently stored data.
`poses, combines with other substances, or interchanges constituents
`read-out also read-out (réd/out’) n. Presentation of computer
`‘with other substances, 5. Physics. A nuclear reaction.
`data, usu. in digital form, from calculations or storage.
`re-ac-tionearsy (ré-ak sha-nér'é) adj. Marked by reaction, esp. op-
`read+y (réd/é) adj. -iser, -ieest. [ME redy < OE rede.] 1. Prepared
`posing progress or liberalism. —reeac/tion-ar’y n.
`or available for service or action. 2. Mentally disposed : wILLING
`reaction engine n. An engine that develops thrust by the focused
`<ready to compromise> 3. Liable or about to do something <ripe
`expulsion of matter, esp. ignited fuel gases.
`fruit ready to fall> 4, Prompt in apprehendingor reacting <a ready
`yeaction time n. The time interval between application of a stim-
`intelligence> 5. Available <ready cash> —vt. read-ied, read-y+
`ulus and detection of a response.
`ing, readies. To cause to be ready. —read/ieness n.
`re-aceti-vate (ré-Ak/ to-vat’) vt. -vat-ed, -vat-ing, -vates. 1.
`xvead+y-made(rd’é-mad’) adj. 1. Already made, prepared, or avail-
`To make active again. 2. To restore the effectiveness or functioning of.
`able <ready-made pie crust> <ready-made suits> 2. Conceived in
`~re-ac’ti-va'tion n.
`advance <a ready-made excuse>
`reeac-tive (ré-ak/ tiv) adj, 1. Tending to react in response to a stim-
`re-af.firm (ré'a-firm’) vt. -firmed, -firm-ing, -firmis. To af-
`ulus. 2. Marked by reaction. 3. Chem. #& Physics. Tending to partic-
`firm or assert again. —re’af.firema!tiom (ré’ if-ar-ma/ shan) n.
`ipate in reactions.
`reeasgent (ré-4/jant) mn. A substance used in a chemical reaction to
`reeacstor (ré-ak/tar) on. 1. One that reacts. 2. Elect. A circuit ele-
`detect, examine, measure, or produce other substances.
`ment, such as a coil, used to introduce reactance. 3. Physics. A nuclear
`reactor.
`reeasgin (ré-4/jin) n. [REAG(ENT) + -IN.] 1. An antibody found in the
`blood of individuals having a genetic predisposition to allergies such as
`read (réd) v. read (réd), read-ing, reads. [ME reden < OE r@dan,
`asthma and hay fever. 2. A substance present in the blood of individ-
`to advise,] —-vt. 1. To examine and grasp the meaningof (written or
`uals who have a positive serological test for syphilis. —re’a-gin ‘ic
`printed characters, words, or sentences). 2. To utter or express aloud
`(r8'a-jin tk) adj. —re'a-gin/i-cal-ly adv.
`7
`(written or printed material) <zead an essay to the class> 3. To in-
`reeal! (ré/,l, rél) adj.
`[ME, of property or things < AN <“Med.Lat.
`terpret the meaning or nature of through close examination or obser-
`realis < LLat., real < Lat. res, thing.] 1. Not imaginary, fictional, or
`vation <read the tracks in the snow> 4. To determine the intent,
`pretended : acTUAL. 2. Genuine or authentic <real gold> 3. Essential
`mood, or thoughts of <read someone’s mind> 5.a. To attribute (a
`: basic <The real culprit is greed.> 4. Being no less than whatis stated
`particular meaning) to something read, heard, or considered <read a
`: TRUE <a real threat> <a real friend 5. Not to be taken lightly : sz-
`different motive into their actions> b. To interpret (something writ-
`Rous <in real trouble> 6. Philos. Existing actually and objectively. 7.
`ten, said, or done) as having a particular meaning or significance
`Of, relating to, or designating an image formed by hght rays that con-
`<zead the statementas a peaceoffering> 6. To predictor foretell (the
`verge in space. 8. Math. Of, relating to, or designating the nonimagi-
`future). 7. To receive or comprehend (e.g., a radio message). 8. To
`nary part of a complex quantity. 9. Law. Ofor relating to fixed or
`Study or make a study of <read philosophy> 9. To learn or get knowl-
`stationary property, as buildings or land. — adv. Informal. Very <real
`edge of from something written or printed <read that the election was
`upset> —real!ness n.
`adead heat> 10. To proofread. 11. To have or use as a preferred read-
`+ SYDS: REAL, SUBSTANTIAL, SUBSTANTIVE, TANGIBLE adj. core
`Ing in a particular passage <For “flavour” read “flavor,”> 12. To in-
`meaning : having reality <real evidence> <real, not imagined pain>
`dicate, register, or show <The speedometer reads 60.> 13. Computer
`reveal? (ra-41’) n., pl. -als or -alees (-d/ las) [Sp. < real, royal < Lat.
`_ Sci. To obtain (information) from a storage medium, such as a mag-
`regalis < rex, king.] An obsolete Spanish silver monetary unit.
`‘hetic disk. — vi. 1. To.read printed or written characters, as of words
`reeal} (ri-al’) n., pl. reals or reais (ra-i’és) [Port < real, royal <
`or music, 2. To speak aloud the words that one is reading <read to the
`Lat. regalis < rex, king.] —See table at CURRENCY.
`Students every week> 3. To learn by reading <read about dinosaurs>
`real estate n. Land owned as property, along with natural resources
`4. To study. 5. To have a particular wording <How doesthetitle
`and permanent buildings on it.
`réad!> 6, To contain a specific meaning <As the law reads, I’m in-
`reeal-gar(ré-dl/ gir’, -gar) n. [ME < Med..Lat. < Catalan < Ar. rajh
`alghdr, powderof the mine.] A soft orange-red arsenic ore, As)S,, used
`in tanning, pyrotechnics, and as a pigment.
`
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