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`Case 6:12—cv—00799—JRG Document 148-2 Filed 04/18/14 Page 1 of 7 Page|D #: 4396
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`EXHIBIT A
`
`EXHIBIT A
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`

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`Designed for
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`DLA Pipe
`Sari D ego L bra y
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`Case 6:12-cv-00799-JRG Document 148-2 Filed 04/18/14 Page 2 of 7 PageID #: 4397
`ERENCE
`
`1 1 1 1 1 1 11 (cid:9)
`1
`3 3000 00005 6441
`
`Microsoft'
`Windows NT'
`Windows'98
`
`CD-ROM
`Included
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`Microsoft,'
`
`ntpelr: o7,
`
`Microsoft
`
`Over
`8,000
`Entries
`
`with online updates
`available quarterly
`
`Microsoft puler
`-cgionary
`°Pd Rio n
`
`• Three new appendixes, file extensions,
`and Internet domains
`• Searchable text on CD-ROM
`4ioi • Extensive coverage of hardware, software, the
`Internet, and more!
`• Detailed illustrations and diagrams for easy reference
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`Case 6:12-cv-00799-JRG Document 148-2 Filed 04/18/14 Page 3 of 7 PageID #: 4398
`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1999 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary. -- 4th ed.
`p. cm.
`Previous eds. published under title: Microsoft Press computer
`dictionary
`ISBN 0-7356-0615-3
`1. Computers Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers Dictionaries.
`I. Microsoft Press computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.M538 1999
`004'.03--dc21 (cid:9)
`
`99-20168
`CIP
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`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
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`3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MLML 4 3 2 1 0
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`Distributed in Canada by Penguin Books Canada Limited.
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`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further information
`about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press
`International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at mspress.microsoft.com.
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`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of Apple Computer,
`Inc. Kodak is a registered trademark of the Eastman Kodak Company. Intel is a registered trademark and Indeo
`is a trademark of Intel Corporation. Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, Active Platform, ActiveX,
`Authenticode, BackOffice, DirectInput, DirectX, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, MSN, NetMeeting,
`NetShow, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J++, WebTV, WebTV Network, Win32, Win32s, Windows,
`Windows NT, and XENIX are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the
`United States and/or other countries. PANTONE is a registered trademark of Pantone, Inc. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
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`The example companies, organizations, products, people, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No associa-
`tion with any real company, organization, product, person, or event is intended or should be inferred.
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`Acquisitions Editor: Christey Bahn
`Project Editor: Kim Fryer
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`Case 6:12-cv-00799-JRG Document 148-2 Filed 04/18/14 Page 4 of 7 PageID #: 4399
`module
`moderator (cid:9)
`
`moderator n. In some Internet newsgroups and mail-
`ing lists, a person through whom all messages are
`filtered before they are distributed to the members of
`the newsgroup or list. The moderator discards or ed-
`its any messages that are not considered appropriate.
`See also mailing list, newsgroup.
`modified frequency modulation encoding n. Abbre-
`viated MFM encoding. An older method of storing
`data on disks. MFM encoding is based on an earlier
`technique called frequency modulation encoding but
`improves on its efficiency by reducing the need for
`synchronizing information and by basing the mag-
`netic coding of each bit on the status of the previ-
`ously recorded bit. MFM encoding stores more
`information on a disk than does frequency modula-
`tion encoding. It is not, however, as efficient a space
`saver as the technique known as run-length limited
`encoding, or RLL. Compare frequency modulation
`encoding, run-length limited encoding.
`modifier key n. A key on the keyboard that, when
`held down while another key is pressed, changes the
`meaning of the keystroke. See also Alt key, Com-
`mand key, Control key, Shift key.
`modify structure n. An operator available in some
`database management systems that permits fields
`(columns) to be added or deleted without the need to
`rebuild the entire database.
`MO disk n. See magneto-optic disc.
`MO disk drive n. See magneto-optic disc.
`Modula-2 \moj'a-la-t•M', mo'dya-le-\ n. A modular
`high-level language designed in 1980 by Niklaus
`Wirth. Derived from Pascal, Modula-2 is noted for its
`emphasis on modular programming, its early support
`for data abstraction, and its lack of standard functions
`and procedures. See also modular programming.
`modular design n. An approach to designing hard-
`ware or software. In modular design, a project is bro-
`ken into smaller units, or modules, each of which can
`be developed, tested, and finished independently be-
`fore being combined with the others in the final
`product. Each unit is designed to perform a particular
`task or function and can thus become part of a "li-
`brary" of modules that can often be reused in other
`products having similar requirements. In program-
`ming, for example, one module might consist of in-
`structions for moving the cursor in a window on the
`screen. Because it is deliberately designed as a stand-
`
`alone unit that can work with other sections of the
`program, the same module might be able to perform
`the same task in another program as well, thus saving
`time in development and testing.
`modular jack n. See phone connector.
`modular programming n. An approach to program-
`ming in which the program is broken into several
`independently compiled modules. Each module ex-
`ports specified elements (constants, data types, vari-
`ables, functions, procedures); all other elements
`remain private to the module. Other modules can use
`only the exported elements. Modules clarify and
`regularize the interfaces among the major parts of a
`program. Thus, they facilitate group programming
`efforts and promote reliable programming practices.
`Modular programming is a precursor of object-
`oriented programming. See also module (definition
`1), object-oriented programming.
`modular software n. A program created from mul-
`tiple standalone software components. Modular com-
`ponents can work together to perform the work for
`which the larger program is designed while still re-
`maining individually usable—and reusable—in other
`programs. Modular software is, in effect, made up of
`recyclable parts. Because each component is func-
`tionally autonomous and self-contained, other com-
`ponents can call on its services without having to
`"know" how it works. Thus, a programmer can
`change or modify the way one component performs
`its work without adversely affecting other compo-
`nents in the same program. See also component soft-
`ware, modular design, integrated software.
`modulate vb. To change some aspect of a signal in-
`tentionally, usually for the purpose of transmitting
`information.
`modulation n. 1. The process of changing or regulat-
`ing the characteristics of a carrier wave vibrating at a
`certain amplitude (height) and frequency (timing) so
`that the variations represent meaningful information.
`2. In computer communications, the means by
`which a modem converts digital information sent
`by a computer to the audio form that it sends over
`a telephone line.
`module n. 1. In programming, a collection of routines
`and data structures that performs a particular task or
`implements a particular abstract data type. Modules
`usually consist of two parts: an interface, which lists
`the constants, data types, variables, and routines that
`
`295
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`

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`Case 6:12-cv-00799-JRG Document 148-2 Filed 04/18/14 Page 5 of 7 PageID #: 4400
`monospace font
`modulo (cid:9)
`
`can be accessed by other modules or routines, and an
`implementation, which is private (accessible only to
`the module) and which contains the source code that
`actually implements the routines in the module. See
`also abstract data type, information hiding, Modula-
`2, modular programming 2 In hardware, a self-
`contained component that can provide a complete
`function to a system and can be interchanged with
`other modules that provide similar functions. See
`also memory card, SIMM.
`modulo \moj'a-lo, mod'yo-16\ n. An arithmetic op-
`eration whose result is the remainder of a division
`operation. For example, 17 modulo 3 = 2 because 17
`divided by 3 yields a remainder of 2. Modulo opera-
`tions are used in programming.
`moire \mwar-a1 n. A visible wavy distortion or flick-
`ering in an image that is displayed or printed with an
`inappropriate resolution. Several parameters affect
`moire patterns, including the size and resolution of
`the image, resolution of the output device, and half-
`tone screen angle.
`molecular beam epitaxy n. A process used in the
`fabrication of semiconductor devices, such as inte-
`grated circuits. A device employing molecular beam
`epitaxy creates thin layers of semiconducting mate-
`rial by vaporizing the material and then directing a
`beam of molecules at the substrate on which the
`layer is to be formed. This technique allows very
`precise and very thin layers to be created.
`MOM n. Acronym for messaging-oriented middle-
`ware. A class of programs that translates data and
`messages between applications that use one format
`and communications services (such as NetBIOS and
`TCP/IP) that expect a different format.
`monadic adj. See unary.
`monitor n. The device on which images generated by
`the computer's video adapter are displayed. The term
`monitor usually refers to a video display and its
`housing. The monitor is attached to the video adapter
`by a cable. See also CRT.
`monitoring software n. A program or set of programs
`used to oversee computer-based systems and net-
`works for the purpose of tracking usage or identify-
`ing, reporting on, and solving problems at the earliest
`possible stage. Monitoring software is used in a vari-
`ety of areas ranging from hardware platforms and
`their components to operating systems, databases,
`
`Internet/intranet access, and business applications.
`Typically, different tools are used to monitor indi-
`vidual system components, though the individual
`monitors might feed information to a higher-level
`monitor in order to encompass an entire computing
`environment.
`monitor port n. See display port.
`monochrome adj. Of, pertaining to, or being a moni-
`tor that displays images in only one color—black on
`white (as on early monochrome Macintosh screens)
`or amber or green on black (as on early IBM and
`other monochrome monitors). The term is also ap-
`plied to a monitor that displays only variable levels
`of a single color, such as a gray-scale monitor.
`monochrome adapter n. A video adapter capable of
`generating a video signal for one foreground color or
`sometimes for a range of intensities in a single color,
`as for a gray-scale monitor.
`monochrome display n. 1. A video display capable of
`rendering only one color. The color displayed depends
`on the phosphor of the display (often green or amber).
`2. A display capable of rendering a range of intensities
`in only one color, as in a gray-scale monitor.
`Monochrome Display Adapter n. See MDA.
`monochrome graphics adapter n. See HGC.
`monochrome monitor n. See monochrome display.
`monographics adapter n. Any video adapter that can
`display only monochrome text and graphics; any
`video adapter functionally compatible with the Her-
`cules Graphics Card (HGC). See also HGC.
`monospace font n. A font (set of characters in a par-
`ticular style and size), similar to that used on a type-
`writer, in which each character occupies the same
`amount of horizontal space regardless of its width—
`an i, for example, taking as much room as an m. See
`the illustration. Also called fixed-width font. See also
`monospacing. Compare proportional font.
`
`Monospace
`P oportiona
`
`Monospace font. Monospace font vs. proportional font.
`
`296
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`Case 6:12-cv-00799-JRG Document 148-2 Filed 04/18/14 Page 6 of 7 PageID #: 4401
`program counter
`procedure call (cid:9)
`
`types, and variables, that usually performs a single
`task. A procedure can usually be called (executed) by
`other procedures, as well as by the main body of the
`program. Some languages distinguish between a pro-
`cedure and a function, with the latter (the function)
`returning a value. See also function, parameter, pro-
`cedural language, routine, subroutine.
`procedure call n. In programming, an instruction that
`causes a procedure to be executed. A procedure call
`can be located in another procedure or in the main
`body of the program. See also procedure.
`process' n. A program or part of a program; a coher-
`ent sequence of steps undertaken by a program.
`process' vb. To manipulate data with a program.
`process-bound adj. Limited in performance by pro-
`cessing requirements. See also computation-bound.
`process color n. A method of handling color in a
`document in which each block of color is separated
`into its subtractive primary color components for
`printing: cyan, magenta, and yellow (as well as
`black). All other colors are created by blending lay-
`ers of various sizes of halftone spots printed in cyan,
`magenta, and yellow to create the image. See also
`color model, color separation (definition 1). Compare
`spot color.
`processing n. The manipulation of data within a com-
`puter system. Processing is the vital step between
`receiving data (input) and producing results (out-
`put)—the task for which computers are designed.
`processor n. See central processing unit, micropro-
`cessor.
`Processor Direct Slot n. See PDS (definition 1).
`Processor Input/Output n. See PIO.
`Prodigy Information Service n. An online informa-
`tion service founded by IBM and Sears. Like its
`competitors America Online and CompuServe,
`Prodigy offers access to databases and file libraries,
`online chat, special interest groups, e-mail, and
`Internet connectivity. Also called Prodigy.
`product n. 1. An operator in the relational algebra
`used in database management that, when applied to
`two existing relations (tables), results in the creation
`of a new table containing all possible ordered concat-
`enations (combinations) of tuples (rows) from the
`first relation with tuples from the second. The num-
`ber of rows in the resulting relation is the product of
`the number of rows in the two source relations. Also
`
`called Cartesian product. Compare inner join. 2. In
`mathematics, the result of multiplying two or more
`numbers. 3. In the most general sense, an entity con-
`ceived and developed for the purpose of competing
`in a commercial market. Although computers are
`products, the term is more commonly applied to soft-
`ware, peripherals, and accessories in the computing
`arena.
`production system n. In expert systems, an approach
`to problem solving based on an "IF this, THEN that"
`approach that uses a set of rules, a database of infor-
`mation, and a "rule interpreter" to match premises
`with facts and form a conclusion. Production systems
`are also known as rule-based systems or inference
`systems. See also expert system.
`Professional Graphics Adapter n. A video adapter
`introduced by IBM, primarily for CAD applications.
`The Professional Graphics Adapter is capable of dis-
`playing 256 colors, with a horizontal resolution of
`640 pixels and a vertical resolution of 480 pixels.
`Acronym: PGA.
`Professional Graphics Display n. An analog display
`introduced by IBM, intended for use with their Pro-
`fessional Graphics Adapter. See also Professional
`Graphics Adapter.
`profile' n. See user profile.
`profile' vb. To analyze a program to determine how
`much time is spent in different parts of the program
`during execution.
`Profiles for Open Systems Internetworking
`Technology n. See POSIT.
`program' n. A sequence of instructions that can be
`executed by a computer. The term can refer to the
`original source code or to the executable (machine
`language) version. Also called software. See also
`program creation, routine, statement.
`program' vb. To create a computer program, a set of
`instructions that a computer or other device executes
`to perform a series of actions or a particular type of
`work.
`program card n. See PC Card, ROM card.
`program cartridge n. See ROM cartridge.
`program counter n. A register (small, high-speed
`memory circuit within a microprocessor) that con-
`tains the address (location) of the instruction to be
`executed next in the program sequence.
`
`359
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`Case 6:12-cv-00799-JRG Document 148-2 Filed 04/18/14 Page 7 of 7 PageID #: 4402
`microspace justification
`microform (cid:9)
`
`and encased in a rigid plastic shell equipped with a
`sliding metal cover. On the Macintosh, a single-sided
`microfloppy disk can hold 400 kilobytes (KB); a
`double-sided (standard) disk can hold 800 KB; and a
`double-sided high-density disk can hold 1.44 mega-
`bytes (MB). On IBM and compatible machines, a
`microfloppy can hold either 720 KB or 1.44 MB of
`information. See also floppy disk.
`microform n. The medium, such as microfilm or mi-
`crofiche, on which a photographically reduced im-
`age, called a microimage, is stored. A microimage
`usually represents text, such as archived documents.
`See also microfiche, microfilm.
`micrographics n. The techniques and methods for
`recording data on microfilm See also microform.
`microimage n. A photographically reduced image,
`usually stored on microfilm or microfiche, that is too
`small to be read without magnification. See also mi-
`croform, micrographics.
`microinstruction n. An instruction that is part of the
`microcode. See also microcode.
`microjustification n. See microspace justification.
`microkernel n. 1. In programming, the strictly
`hardware-dependent part of an operating system that
`is intended to be portable from one type of computer
`to another. The microkernel provides a hardware-
`independent interface to the rest of the operating sys-
`tem, so only the microkernel needs to be rewritten to
`port the operating system to a different platform. See
`also kernel, operating system. 2. A kernel that has
`been designed with only the basic features and typi-
`cally in a modular fashion.
`micrologic n. A set of instructions, stored in binary
`form, or a set of electronic logic circuits that defines
`and governs the operation within a microprocessor.
`microminiature n. An extremely small circuit or
`other electronic component, especially one that is a
`refinement of an already miniaturized element.
`microphone n. 1. A device that converts sound waves
`into analog electrical signals. Additional hardware
`can convert the microphone's output into digital data
`that a computer can process; for example, to record
`multimedia documents or analyze the sound signal.
`2. A communications program that runs on the
`Macintosh computer.
`microprocessor n. A central processing unit (CPU)
`on a single chip. A modern microprocessor can have
`
`several million transistors in an integrated-circuit
`package that can easily fit into the palm of one's
`hand. Microprocessors are at the heart of all personal
`computers. When memory and power are added to a
`microprocessor, all the pieces, excluding peripherals,
`required for a computer are present. The most popu-
`lar lines of microprocessors today are the 680x0 fam-
`ily from Motorola, which powers the Apple Macintosh
`line, and the 80x86 family from Intel, which is at the
`core of all IBM PC—compatible computers. See also
`6502, 65816, 6800, 68000, 68020, 68030, 68040,
`80286, 80386DX, 80386SX, 8080, 8086, 8088,
`88000, DECchip 21064, i486DX, i486DX2, i486SL,
`i486SX, Pentium, PowerPC, SPARC, Z80.
`microprogramming n. The writing of microcode for
`a processor. Some systems, chiefly minicomputers
`and mainframes, allow modification of microcode for
`an installed processor. See also microcode.
`microsecond n. Abbreviated ps. One millionth (10-6)
`of a second.
`Microsoft DOS n. See MS-DOS.
`Microsoft Foundation Classes n. A C++ class library
`developed by Microsoft. The Microsoft Foundation
`Class library, or MFC, provides the framework and
`classes that make it easier and faster for program-
`mers to build Windows applications. MFC supports
`ActiveX and is bundled with several C++ compilers,
`including Microsoft Visual C++, Borland C++, and
`Symantec C++. Acronym: MFC. See also ActiveX,
`C++. Compare Application Foundation Classes.
`Microsoft Internet Explorer n. See Internet Explorer.
`Microsoft Network n. See MSN.
`Microsoft Windows n. See Windows.
`Microsoft Windows 2000 n. See Windows 2000.
`Microsoft Windows 95 n. See Windows 95.
`Microsoft Windows 98 n. See Windows 98.
`Microsoft Windows CE n. See Windows CE.
`Microsoft Windows NT n. See Windows NT.
`microspace justification n. The addition of thin
`spaces between characters within words to fill out a
`line for justification, instead of relying only on add-
`ing space between words. Good microspace justifica-
`tion gives justified text a more polished, professional
`look; excessive microspace justification causes words
`to lose visual coherence. Also called microjustifica-
`tion. See also justify (definition 2), microspacing.
`
`290