Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 451-7 Filed 07/27/20 Page 1 of 11 PageID #: 25359
`
`EXHIBIT 26
`
`Public Version
`
`

`

`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 451-7 Filed 07/27/20 Page 2 of 11 PageID #: 25360
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`____________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`____________
`
`APPLE INC.,
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`MAXELL, LTD.,
`Patent Owner
`____________
`
`IPR2020-00409
`Patent 6,580,999
`____________
`
`DECLARATION OF MICHAEL D. KOTZIN
`
`IPR2020-00409
`Apple EX1003 Page 1
`
`Public Version
`
`

`

`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 451-7 Filed 07/27/20 Page 3 of 11 PageID #: 25361
`
`Table of Contents
`
`I.
`
`Introduction ...................................................................................................... 5
`
`II. Qualifications and Professional Experience .................................................. 7
`
`III. RELEVANT LEGAL STANDARDS ........................................................... 12
`
`A. Obviousness ...................................................................................................................... 12
`
`B. Claim Construction ........................................................................................................... 17
`
`IV. OPINION ........................................................................................................ 18
`
`A. Level of Skill of a Person Having Ordinary Skill in the Art ............................................ 18
`
`B. Overview of the Challenged Patents ................................................................................. 19
`
`C. Background of the Technology ......................................................................................... 21
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`iii.
`
`Portable Navigation System Position Detection ....................................................... 22
`
`Navigation to a Desired Destination ......................................................................... 25
`
`Display in Navigation Devices ................................................................................. 27
`
`D. Hayashida in View of the Knowledge of a PHOSITA ..................................................... 31
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`Overview of Hayashida........................................................................................... 31
`
`Hayashida’s Position Determination ..................................................................... 33
`
`Limitations [1(a)] and [10(a)] of the ’317 Patent; limitations [1(a)], [5(a)], and [10(a)]
`a.
`of the ’498 Patent; and limitations [1(a)], [5(a)], and [6(a)] of the ’999 Patent: “a device for
`getting location information…” ........................................................................................ 33
`
`Limitations [1(b)] and [10(b)] of the ’317 Patent, limitations [1(b)], [5(b)], and [10(b)]
`b.
`of the ’498 Patent and limitations [1(b)], [5(b)], and [6(b)] of the ’999 Patent: “a device for
`getting direction information…” ....................................................................................... 35
`
`c. Claims 3 and 7 of the ’498 Patent: getting orientation of a display of said portable
`terminal ............................................................................................................................. 36
`
`Hayashida’s Navigation to a Destination—limitations [1(c)], [15(a)] and [18(a)]
`iii.
`and claim 17 of the ’317 Patent; and claim 8 of the ’498 Patent .................................... 38
`
`Limitation [15(a)], [18(a)] and claim 17 of the ’317 Patent: “a device for retrieving a
`a.
`route…” ............................................................................................................................. 38
`
`b. Claim 8 of the ’498 Patent: Retrieving Neighborhood Guidance Information ......... 40
`
`iv.
`
`Hayashida’s Display ............................................................................................... 41
`
`IPR2020-00409
`Apple EX1003 Page 2
`
`Public Version
`
`

`

`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 451-7 Filed 07/27/20 Page 4 of 11 PageID #: 25362
`
`a. Hayashida’s Display in a Pedestrian Navigation Device—limitations [1(e)(iii)],
`[10(e)(iii)], [15(b)], and [18(b)] and claims 2, 3, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, of the ’317 Patent;
`limitations [1(d)(ii)], [5(d)(ii)], and [6(d)(ii)] and Claims 2, 3, and 4, of the ’999 Patent;
`and limitations [1(c)(ii)], [5(c)(ii)], and [10(e)(ii)] of the ’498 Patent ............................. 41
`
`b. Hayashida’s Route Display—limitations [1(c)(i)], [5(c)(i)], and [10(e)(i)] of the ’498
`Patent; limitations [1(e)(i)] and [10(e)(i)], and claims 2, 5, 11, 14, and 17 of the ’317 Patent;
`and limitations [1(d)(i)], [5(d)(i)], and [6(d)(i)] of the ’999 Patent .................................. 43
`
`c. Hayashida’s Symbol Display—limitations [1(e)(i)], [10(e)(i)], [15(b)], and [18(b)]
`and claims 12 and 17 of the ’317 Patent; limitations [1(d)(i)], [5(d)(i)], and [6(d)(i)], and
`claim 3 of the ’999 Patent; and limitations [1(c)(i)] and [10(e)(i)] of the ’498 Patent ..... 45
`
`d. Claims 3 and 13 of the ’317 Patent; and Claim 2 of the ’999 Patent: Denoting Distance
`with a Number ................................................................................................................... 48
`
`e. Hayashida Displays Routes as Arrows—limitations [15(b)] and [18(b)] of the ’317
`Patent; claim 4 of the ’999 Patent; and limitations [1(c)(i)] and [10(e)(i)] of the ’498 Patent
`
`49
`
`f. Hayashida’s Head Up Display—limitations [1(e)(i)] and [10(e)(i)] and claims 2 and
`11 of the ’317 Patent; claim 2 of the ’999 Patent; and limitation [1(c)(i)] of the ’498 Patent
`
`50
`
`g. Modifying Hayashida’s Route Display—limitation [1(c)(i)] of the ’498 Patent; and
`claims 5 and 14 of the ’317 Patent .................................................................................... 52
`
`h. Hayashida’s Simple Figure Display—limitations [1(e)(i)] and [10(e)(i)] of the ’317
`Patent; claim 4 of the ’999 Patent; and limitations [1(c)(i)] and [10(e)(i)] of the ’498 Patent
`
`53
`
`E. Hayashida in View of Ikeda ............................................................................................. 54
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`Overview of Ikeda ................................................................................................... 54
`
`Hayashida in View of Ikeda—claims 3 and 7 of the ’498 Patent ........................ 55
`
`F. Hayashida in View of Abowd ........................................................................................... 56
`
`i.
`
`ii.
`
`iii.
`
`Overview of Abowd................................................................................................. 56
`
`Reasons to Combine Hayashida and Abowd ........................................................ 58
`
`Position Determination in Hayashida as modified by Abowd ............................ 60
`
`Limitations [1(e)(i)] and [10(e)(i)] of the ’317 Patent; limitations [1(c)(i)], [5(c)(i)],
`a.
`and [10(e)(i)] of the ’498 Patent; and limitations [1(d)(i)], [5(d)(i)], and [6(d)(i)] of the ’999
`Patent: “a device for getting location information…” ...................................................... 60
`
`Limitations [1(e)(i)] and [10(e)(i)] of the ’317 Patent; limitations [1(c)(i)], [5(c)(i)],
`b.
`and [10(e)(i)] of the ’498 Patent; and limitations [1(d)(i)], [5(d)(i)], and [6(d)(i)] of the ’999
`Patent: “a device for getting direction information…” ..................................................... 62
`
`c. Claims 3, 7, 11, and 13 of the ’498 Patent: getting portable terminal display orientation
`or getting information in a direction pointed by the tip of said portable terminal ............ 64
`
`Limitations [4(a)], [9(a)], and [10(c)] of the ’498 Patent: Determining User’s Location
`d.
`According to Location Information and Direction Information ....................................... 66
`
`IPR2020-00409
`Apple EX1003 Page 3
`
`Public Version
`
`

`

`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 451-7 Filed 07/27/20 Page 5 of 11 PageID #: 25363
`
`iv.
`
`Navigation to Desired Destination in Hayashida as modified by Abowd .......... 66
`
`Limitations [10(c)] of the ’317 Patent; limitations [1(c)], [5(c)], and [6(c)] of the ’999
`a.
`Patent; and limitations [4(b)], [9(b)], and [10(d)] of the ’498 Patent: Navigation to Another
`Portable Terminal .............................................................................................................. 66
`
`b.
`
`
`Limitations [15(a)] and [18(a)] of the ’317 Patent: “a device for retrieving a route…”
`68
`
`c. Claim 8 of the ’498 Patent: Retrieving Neighborhood Guidance Information ......... 70
`
`Displaying Navigation Information in Hayashida as modified by Abowd—
`v.
`limitations [1(e)(i)], [1(e)(ii)], [1(e)(ii)], [10(e)(i)], [10(e)(ii)], and [10(e)(iii), and claims 2,
`3, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, [15(b)], 17, and [18(b)] of the ’317 Patent; limitations [1(c)(i)], [1(c)(ii)],
`[5(c)(i)], [5(c)(ii)], [10(e)(i)], [10(e)(ii)] of the ’498 Patent; and claims [1(d)(i)], [1(d)(ii)],
`[5(d)(i)], [5(d)(ii)], [6(d)(i)], [6(d)(ii)], and claims 2 and 4 of the ’999 Patent .................... 71
`
`G. Hayashida in View of Abowd in further view of Ikeda—claims 3, 7, 11, and 13 of the ’498
`Patent ......................................................................................................................................... 75
`
`V. Opinions Concerning Claim Constructions ................................................ 78
`
`VI. Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 79
`
`IPR2020-00409
`Apple EX1003 Page 4
`
`Public Version
`
`

`

`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 451-7 Filed 07/27/20 Page 6 of 11 PageID #: 25364
`
`IPR2020-00409 Kotzin Declaration
`U.S. Patent 6,580,999
`
`I, Dr. Michael D. Kotzin, hereby declare the following:
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`My name is Michael D. Kotzin.
`
`I am making this declaration at the request of Apple Inc. in the matter
`
`of the Inter Partes Review of U.S. Patent No. 6,748,317 (the “’317 Patent”), U.S.
`
`No. 6,430,498 (the “’498 Patent”), and U.S. No. 6,580,999 (“’999 Patent”)
`
`(collectively the “Challenged Patents”) each of which issued to Maruyama et al.1
`
`3.
`
`I am being compensated for my work in this matter at the rate of
`
`$300/hour. My compensation in no way depends upon the outcome of this
`
`proceeding.
`
`4.
`
`As part of my work and in forming my opinions in connection with this
`
`proceeding, I have reviewed the following materials, each of which I believe experts
`
`in my field would reasonably rely upon in forming opinions regarding the subject
`
`matter of this proceeding:
`
`• U.S. Patent No. 6,580,999 (the “’999 Patent”) (Ex. 1001)
`• File History for U.S. Patent 6,580,999 (the “’999 Patent File History) (Ex.
`1002)
`• U.S. Patent 6,067,502 to Hayashida et al. (“Hayashida”) (Ex. 1004)
`• Cyberguide: A Mobile Context-Aware Tour Guide by Abowd et al.
`(“Abowd”) (Ex. 1005)
`• JPH09-311625 to Ikeda (Ex. 1006)
`• English Translation of Ikeda (“Ikeda”) (Ex. 1007)
`• CV of Michael D. Kotzin (Ex. 1008)
`
`1 Appendix A of this Declaration includes a roadmap for each patent showing which
`paragraphs discuss each limitation
`
`IPR2020-00409
`Apple EX1003 Page 5
`
`Public Version
`
`

`

`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 451-7 Filed 07/27/20 Page 7 of 11 PageID #: 25365
`
`IPR2020-00409 Kotzin Declaration
`U.S. Patent 6,580,999
`
`have known that it was common for portable navigation devices at the time to
`
`measure orientation in this manner. ¶ 47, supra.
`
`d. Limitations [4(a)], [9(a)], and [10(c)] of the ’498 Patent:
`Determining User’s Location According to Location
`Information and Direction Information
`
`105. Hayashida teaches that a user’s position is determined based on both
`
`location information (i.e., latitude and longitude coordinates) and direction
`
`information (i.e., user orientation). See Hayashida (Ex. 1004), 13:29-33, 13:34-31,
`
`31:45-47. Although Hayashida describes this position determination in the context
`
`of a vehicle embodiment, it would have been obvious to a PHOSITA, when
`
`implementing the portable carrying type navigation device taught by Hayashida, to
`
`determine a user’s position based on both location information and direction
`
`information as required by limitations [4(a)], [9(a)], and [10(c)] of the ’498 Patent.
`
`iv. Navigation to Desired Destination in Hayashida as modified
`by Abowd
`
`a. Limitations [10(c)] of the ’317 Patent; limitations [1(c)],
`[5(c)], and [6(c)] of the ’999 Patent; and limitations
`[4(b)], [9(b)], and [10(d)] of the ’498 Patent: Navigation
`to Another Portable Terminal
`
`106. Both Hayashida and Abowd teach a system to assist users with
`
`navigating to a desired destination. And both Hayashida and Abowd teach that this
`
`destination may be retrieved from a server. Abowd (Ex. 1005), 430 (“[T]here is a
`
`need to have high bandwidth communication to the mobile unit…information should
`
`IPR2020-00409
`Apple EX1003 Page 66
`
`Public Version
`
`

`

`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 451-7 Filed 07/27/20 Page 8 of 11 PageID #: 25366
`
`IPR2020-00409 Kotzin Declaration
`U.S. Patent 6,580,999
`
`be provided on demand and relative to the position/orientation of the tourist.”).
`
`Abowd further teaches that in some cases, it is desirable for a user to know the
`
`location of another user. Id. at 423-24. Abowd explains that this would be
`
`accomplished by allowing users to upload their location information to a central
`
`server. See id. A PHOSITA would have been motivated to include such a
`
`functionality in order to increase the versatility of the navigation device, allowing
`
`the device to suggest places of potential interest to users based on the location of
`
`other users. Id. at 431. It would have been obvious to a PHOSITA that the location
`
`information of another portable device obtained from this server would then serve
`
`as a destination for the user to navigate to and would denote said direction in the
`
`same manner.
`
`107.
`
`It would have been obvious to a PHOSITA to modify Hayashida to
`
`include a device for getting the location information of another portable terminal, as
`
`taught by Abowd and as required by limitation [10(c)] of the ’317 Patent; limitations
`
`[1(c)], [5(c)], and [6(c)] of the ’999 Patent; and limitations [4(b)], [9(b)], and [10(d)]
`
`of the ’498 Patent. Specifically, a PHOSITA would have modified data transmitter
`
`receiver 27, using a cellular connection taught by Hayashida to upload the position
`
`information, including location and direction information, of a user to a central
`
`server and to retrieve the position information of another user to a central server, as
`
`taught by Abowd. Hayashida (Ex. 1004), 8:10-21; Abowd (Ex. 1005), 423-24. A
`
`IPR2020-00409
`Apple EX1003 Page 67
`
`Public Version
`
`

`

`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 451-7 Filed 07/27/20 Page 9 of 11 PageID #: 25367
`
`IPR2020-00409 Kotzin Declaration
`U.S. Patent 6,580,999
`
`PHOSITA would recognize that this modification would result in the location of
`
`another user being determined according to at least location information (i.e.,
`
`latitude and longitude) as required by limitations [4(b)], [9(b)], and [10(d)] of the
`
`’498 Patent.
`
`108. And because Hayashida already uses data transmitter receiver 27 to
`
`exchange this information with the VICS server and uses such information to
`
`generate figures for map display, such a modification would have been a simple and
`
`straightforward change. Hayashida (Ex. 1004), 8:10-21. And due to the modular
`
`nature of Abowd such a modification would not require undue experimentation and
`
`would yield predictable results. Abowd (Ex. 1005), 424. It would have been obvious
`
`to a PHOSITA to make such a modification in light of the express teachings of
`
`Abowd and because a PHOSITA would have recognized that other portable
`
`navigation devices commonly included this feature. ¶ 49, supra.
`
`b. Limitations [15(a)] and [18(a)] of the ’317 Patent: “a
`device for retrieving a route…”
`
`109.
`
`It also would have been obvious to a PHOSITA, in light of the teachings
`
`of Abowd, to include a device for route retrieval in the portable pedestrian
`
`embodiment taught by Hayashida. As discussed above, Hayashida teaches a device
`
`for retrieving a route. ¶¶ 66-68, 70.
`
`110. Abowd expressly teaches that “[t]he personal guide could also assist in
`
`route planning and providing directions” and that similar functions provided by
`
`IPR2020-00409
`Apple EX1003 Page 68
`
`Public Version
`
`

`

`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 451-7 Filed 07/27/20 Page 10 of 11 PageID #: 25368
`
`IPR2020-00409 Kotzin Declaration
`U.S. Patent 6,580,999
`
`information, specifically to a walking user. See ’317 Patent (Ex. 1001), 1:16-18.
`
`Although satellite positioning technology such as GPS was well-established for
`
`determining a location outdoors, it was known at the time of the alleged invention
`
`of the Challenged Patents that these technologies were not suitable for determining
`
`a location when indoors. ¶¶ 43-45, supra. A PHOSITA would have further known
`
`at the time of the alleged invention of the Challenged Patents that infrared beacon
`
`systems were a solution to provide location information indoors. Id. at ¶ 45.
`
`VI. CONCLUSION
`
`129.
`
`I declare that all statements made herein of my knowledge are true, and
`
`that all statements made on information and belief are believed to be true, and that
`
`these statements were made with the knowledge that willful false statements and the
`
`like so made are punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both, under Section 1001 of
`
`Title 18 of the United States Code.
`
`IPR2020-00409
`Apple EX1003 Page 79
`
`Public Version
`
`

`

`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 451-7 Filed 07/27/20 Page 11 of 11 PageID #: 25369
`
`034&’&#&&5&,D1>@B;=D/98<7?7@;>=D
`6$5$D37@9=@D)"(+&",,,
`
`2;8:79<D/%D1>@B;=
`
`IPR2020-00409
`Apple EX1003 Page 80
`
`Public Version
`
`