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`Case 5:19-cv-00036—RWS Document 447-7 Filed 07/27/20 Page 1 of 13 PageID #: 24966
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`EXHIBIT 6
`EXHIBIT 6
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-7 Filed 07/27/20 Page 2 of 13 PageID #: 24967
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`APL-MAXELL_00713087
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`Baltzer Journals
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`September  , 
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`Cyberguide: A Mobile Context-Aware Tour Guide
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`Gregory D. Abowd , Christopher G. Atkeson , Jason Hong , Sue Long
`Rob Kooper and Mike Pinkerton
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`;
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` Graphics, Visualization and Usability Centre
`College of Computing
`Georgia Institute of Technology
`Atlanta, GA -
`E-mail: kooper,mpinkert,hong,abowd,cga@cc.gatech.edu
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`Wink Communications, Alameda, CA
`E-mail: sue.long@wink.com
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`Future computing environments will free the user from the constraints of the desk-
`top. Applications for a mobile environment should take advantage of contextual
`information, such as position, to oer greater services to the user. In this paper,
`we present the Cyberguide project, in which we are building prototypes of a mo-
`bile context-aware tour guide. Knowledge of the user’s current location, as well
`as a history of past locations, are used to provide more of the kind of services
`that we come to expect from a real tour guide. We describe the architecture and
`features of a variety of Cyberguide prototypes developed for indoor and outdoor
`use on a number of dierent hand-held platforms. We also discuss the general
`research issues that have emerged in our context-aware applications development
`in a mobile environment.
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`Keywords: Mobile computing, context-awareness, location-dependent applica-
`tions, hand-held devices
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` Introduction
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`Future computing environments promise to free the user from the constraints of station-
`ary desktop computing, yet relatively few researchers are investigating what applications
`maximally benet from mobility. Current use of mobile technology shows a slow evolution
`from our current desktop paradigm of computing, but the history of interaction shows
`that the adoption of new technology usually brings about a radical revolution in the way
`humans use and view technology  . Whereas the eective use of mobile technology
`will give rise to an interaction paradigm shift, it is dicult to predict what that shift
`will be. We follow the advice of Alan Kay, therefore, and choose to predict the future by
`inventing it. Our approach is to think rst about what activities could be best supported
`by mobile technology and then determine how the technology would have to work. This
`applications focus is important to distinguishing our work in mobile computing.
`In April , we formed the Future Computing Environments FCE Group within
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`APL-MAXELL_00713088
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`G. D. Abowd et al. Cyberguide: A Mobile Context-Aware Tour Guide
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`the College of Computing and the Graphics, Visualization and Usability GVU Center at
`Georgia Tech to promote such an applications focus. Our group is committed to the rapid
`prototyping of applications that benet from the use of emerging mobile and ubiquitous
`computing technologies. Quick development of these futuristic applications allows us to
`predict and shape what our everyday lives will be like when today’s novel technology
`becomes commonplace.
`Applications for a mobile environment should take advantage of contextual informa-
`tion, such as position, to oer greater services to the user.
`In this paper, we present
`the Cyberguide project, a series of prototypes of a mobile, hand-held context-aware tour
`guide. Initially, we are concerned with only a small part of the user’s context, specically
`location and orientation. Knowledge of the user’s current location, as well as a history
`of past locations, are used to provide more of the kind of services that we come to ex-
`pect from a real tour guide. We describe the architecture and features of a variety of
`Cyberguide prototypes developed for indoor and outdoor use on a number of dierent
`hand-held platforms. We also discuss the general research issues that have emerged in
`our experience of developing context-aware applications in a mobile environment. Some
`of these research issues overlap with those that we have considered in applying other
`applications of ubiquitous computing technology.
`The general application domain which has driven the development of Cyberguide
`is tourism, but we have found it necessary to be even more focused in our research.
`The initial prototypes of Cyberguide, therefore, were designed to assist a very specic
`kind of tourist |a visitor in a tour of the GVU Center Lab during our monthly open
`houses. Visitors to a GVU open house are typically given a map of the various labs
`and an information packet describing all of the projects that are being demonstrated
`at various sites. Moving all of the paper-based information into a hand-held, position-
`aware unit provided a testbed for research questions on mobile, context-aware application
`development.
`The long-term goal is an application that knows where the tourist is, what she is
`looking at, can predict and answer questions she might pose, and provide the ability
`to interact with other people and the environment. Our short-term goal was to pro-
`totype versions of Cyberguide on commercially available PDAs and pen-based PCs in
`which context-awareness simply meant the current physical position and orientation of
`the Cyberguide unit and since it is hand-held, this locates the user as well. Position
`information improves the utility of a tour guide application. As the prototypes of Cyber-
`guide evolve, we have been able to handle more of the user’s context, such as where she
`and others have been, and we have increased the amount in which the tourist can interact
`and communicate with the place and people she is visiting.
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` . Overview
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`This paper is an extended version of an earlier report on Cyberguide , we discuss the
`evolution of the Cyberguide design and prototype as well as what future research areas
`our experience has uncovered. We begin in Section  by describing scenarios for the use
`of context-aware mobile applications. In Section , we provide context for our research
`within the area of applications-centered mobile computing. The generic architecture of
`Cyberguide is explained in Section . We will describe in Section  the initial realiza-
`tion of the generic components of the Cyberguide architecture, a series of prototypes
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`APL-MAXELL_00713089
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`G. D. Abowd et al. Cyberguide: A Mobile Context-Aware Tour Guide
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`developed for the Apple MessagePad. We will then describe in Section  how the initial
`indoor prototypes were extended for use outdoors and for greater interaction with the
`environment. We conclude in Sections  and  with a discussion of signicant issues for
`context-aware applications development and how our past experience will inuence our
`future development plans.
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` Scenarios for a mobile context-aware application
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`This section outlines some possible uses for future mobile context-aware applications.
`Some of these uses are currently being implemented and some are futuristic. We be-
`gin with our initial assumptions about what technology we expect Cyberguide to use.
`Tourists are usually quite happy to carry around a book that describes the location they
`are visiting, so a reasonable packaging would be in the form of a hand-held device. The
`ideal hand-held device will have a screen and pennger interface, access to substantial
`storage resources |possibly through an internal device such as a CD drive, or through
`substantial communication and networking resources cell phone, pager, data radio in-
`terface providing access to other storage servers such as the Web| an audio input
`and output interface with speech generation and potentially sophisticated voice recogni-
`tion, and a video input and output interface. The video input a video camera could be
`pointed at the user to interpret user gestures, or pointed at the environment to interpret
`objects or symbols in the environment. The video output could be integrated into the
`main screen or be a separate video display device, such as an attached screen or heads up
`display on glasses worn by the user.
`One major application of mobile context-aware devices are personal guides. Museums
`could provide these devices and allow users to take personalized tours seeing any exhibits
`desired in any order, in contrast to today’s taped tours.
`In fact, many museums now
`provide portable devices for just such a purpose, but what we are envisioning is a device
`that would allow the tourist to go anywhere she pleases and be able to receive information
`about anywhere she is. Walking tours of cities or historical sites could be assisted by these
`electronic guidebooks. The hand-held devices could use position measurement systems
`such as indoor beacons or the Global Positioning System GPS to locate the user, and
`an electronic compass or inertial navigation system to nd user orientation. Objects
`of interest could be marked with visual markers or active beacons or recognized using
`computer vision. Some objects, such as animals at a zoo or aquarium, might be dicult
`to mark but could be recognized with simple computer vision and some assistance from
`the environment indications that this is the elephant cage, for example. The personal
`guide could also assist in route planning and providing directions. Some of these functions
`are currently being provided by automobile on-board navigation systems.
`There are other ways to assist users. Consider a traveler in Japan that does not speak
`or read Japanese. The hand-held device could act as a pocket multilingual dictionary,
`actually speaking the appropriate phrase with the appropriate pronunciation to a taxi
`driver, for example or even showing the appropriate Kanji and an associated map on
`the screen. A device that included video input or a scanner could assist in reading signs
`or menus. A device that could show stored images might be able to show a shopkeeper
`the desired object or favorite meal. Another more futuristic use is to assist the user by
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`APL-MAXELL_00713094
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`G. D. Abowd et al. Cyberguide: A Mobile Context-Aware Tour Guide
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`Figure : Questionnaire using communications module for delivery.
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`erably, allowing for an automated information update process without requiring data be
`hard-coded directly into the application. Throughout all three versions of our information
`module, we were able to modify the information module independent of the development
`eorts of the other modules, validating the modularity of part of our design.
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`. Communication Component
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`Our initial implementation of a communication module consisted of a wired Internet
`Appletalk connection from a Apple MessagePad through a Unix Appletalk Gateway. We
`designed an application level protocol on top of a public domain implementation of the
`Appletalk protocol for Solaris. This allows us to open a connection-based Appletalk
`stream from the Apple MessagePad to a UNIX platform. We then invoked our gateway
`application to repacketize Appletalk packets into TCPIP packets for transmission over
`the Internet. This allowed for TCPIP connectivity from a Apple MessagePad via an
`Appletalk connection. We could then fetch HTML documents as well as send and receive
`e-mail. We utilized this functionality within Cyberguide by providing a questionnaire for
`users to complete, which was sent to the developers as an e-mail message. see Figure 
`
`. Position Component
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`Position is the obvious starting point for a context-aware mobile device. We considered
`several methods for sensing the user location. Outdoors, continuous services, such as GPS,
`can be used. Indoors, however, GPS signals are weak or not available. We considered RF
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`APL-MAXELL_00713095
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`G. D. Abowd et al. Cyberguide: A Mobile Context-Aware Tour Guide
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`Figure : IR positioning prototype left and the array of positioning beacons in the GVU
`Lab right.
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`for indoor position measurement, but found o the shelf solutions too expensive.
`One solution for an indoor positioning system was to use infrared IR. Our rst
`positioning system was based on using TV remote control units as active beacons, and
`using a special IR receiver tuned to the carrier frequency  kHz of those beacons
`Figure . A microcontroller Motorola   interfaced the IR receiver to the serial
`port of the Apple MessagePad. We deployed an array of remote controls hanging from
`the ceiling Figure right, each remote control acting as a position beacon by repeatedly
`beaming out a unique pattern. The   translates the IR pattern into a unique cell
`identier that is sent to the Apple MessagePad’s serial port. As the tourist moves around
`the room and passes into the range of a new cell, the position indicated by an arrowhead
`is updated on the map. Keeping track of the last recorded cell location provides a good
`guess as to the location the tourist is heading, so we indicate an assumed orientation by
`pointing the position icon accordingly.
`The remote control system is too expensive for large scale use as the cost of the  
`microcontroller is roughly equivalent to that of the MessagePad.
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` Extending the initial prototype
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`The rst Cyberguide prototypes were completed within  months. To test out the gener-
`icity of our architectural approach, we decided to develop further prototypes that altered
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`APL-MAXELL_00713096
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`G. D. Abowd et al. Cyberguide: A Mobile Context-Aware Tour Guide
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`Figure : The outdoor Cyberguide left with GPS unit right.
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`one or more of the major components described in Section  and increased overall func-
`tionality. We describe these extended prototypes here.
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`. Outdoor positioning
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`There were several motivations for building a Cyberguide prototype for outdoor use Fig-
`ure . First, we wanted to use Cyberguide over a wider area than the relatively small
`GVU Center. We also wanted to test the modularity of our design by having to change
`critical features. The two features that were changed on this prototype were the underly-
`ing map and the physical positioning system. We obtained a dierent map and inserted
`that into the map module without any problems. For positioning, we replaced the IR
`positioning module with a Trimble GPS unit attached to the Apple MessagePad serial
`port. see right side of Figure . The GPS unit sends a position in latitude and longitude
`which was then translated into a pixel coordinate representing the user’s current position
`on the map.
`The outdoor positioning system has been tested by two prototypes. We rst built a
`proof of concept tour of the Georgia Tech campus shown in Figure . We also developed
`a more functional outdoor prototype that covered three surrounding neighborhoods of the
`campus, described later
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`APL-MAXELL_00713097
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`G. D. Abowd et al. Cyberguide: A Mobile Context-Aware Tour Guide
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`. Alternate platforms
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`In order to verify the platform independence of our conceptual design, we initiated two
`separate eorts building pen-based PC versions of Cyberguide. These limited functional-
`ity PC versions were written using Borland’s Delphi environment and Microsoft’s Visual
`Basic. Both were initially installed on Dauphin DTR- palmtops running Pen for Win-
`dows Computing ..
`The Delphi version implements the map and information module. Web pages contain-
`ing demo information are stored locally as database objects using a stand-alone Borland
`database engine. The information base is extracted from the collection of existing Web
`pages for GVU projects but stored locally. This information is viewed using a public
`domain Delphi HTML viewer. Though this provided a very fast response for information
`queries, it is a long-term disadvantage to have the information base stored locally. Too
`much in our environment is subject to change. A local and static database is only slightly
`more useful than a book. This approach to static information storage is used currently
`for on-board navigation systems on certain rental cars.
`The Delphi prototype uses vector-based maps, allowing for arbitrary scaling and
`rotation of the map and well as path generation. While there are several sources for
`obtaining vector maps for outdoor regions, it is not so easy for indoors. Consequently,
`there is a trade-o between the easily generated but limited functionality of bitmap images
`and the highly functional but hard to generate vector maps for indoor use.
`The Visual Basic prototype, shown in Figures  realizes all four components of Cy-
`berguide, including two-way communications, which is discussed next. We implemented
`historical context by predicting when a user had visited a demo, based on time spent
`in the area of the demo and interaction with the map. In Figure , a visited demo is
`indicated on the map by a checkmark. There is also a separate panel that lists the demos
`visited. This information could be used, for example, to generate a summary of the day’s
`visit to GVU open house and then mailed o to the visitor. We again made use of a
`publicly available HTML rendering component to display the project descriptions, still
`stored locally.
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`Increased communication
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`A number of interesting possibilities are enabled for the tourist in a wireless communi-
`cation mode. We have spent a good deal of eort building an indoor, low-cost wireless
`communications infrastructure for Cyberguide. We have built a serial IR network us-
`ing inexpensive modules from Sharp the same modules used in the MessagePad. We
`have written UNIX server software and client software for both the MessagePad and PC.
`Figure  shows how our homemade network connects mobile units to the departmental
`network. We have dened a simple protocol to support three dierent kinds of messages:
`mailing out from a mobile unit to the network as shown in Figure ; broadcasting
`from the network to all mobile units Figure ; and updating positioning information.
`We implemented this protocol over serial IR instead of some other standard so that we
`could immediately use all platforms UNIX, Newton and Windows. Given the appro-
`priate hardware and protocol support perhaps IRDA, we sencould provide the same
`functionality more robustly.
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`APL-MAXELL_00713100
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`G. D. Abowd et al. Cyberguide: A Mobile Context-Aware Tour Guide
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`Figure : A demonstration of receiving a broadcast message from the Network to an
`individual Cyberguide unit.
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`Increased interaction with environment
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`All of our applications of Cyberguide so far have restricted the role of the tourist to
`browsing, but it is likely that as she visits some place, the tourist will want to keep
`a record of her experience as advice for herself or others later on. With this idea of
`increased interaction with the environment and recording in mind, we created another
`Cyberguide prototype, called CyBARguide, to assist a tourist in pursuit of refreshment at
`neighborhood establishments in Atlanta. This prototype covers approximately  square
`miles of midtown Atlanta, using multiple maps at varying levels of detail.
`Figure shows the map interface on the left and a view of a user-modiable database
`for interesting establishments on the right. The tourist can indicate a desired destination
`and as she moves around, CyBARguide automatically chooses the map of the highest
`detail that contains both the traveler indicated by a triangle in Figure , and the
`destination the beer mug with the emboldened border in Figure . Along the way, if the
`tourist eyes another interesting establishment that is not currently highlighted on the map,
`it could be added. Each establishment has a user-modiable database entry associated
`with it that reects both objective e.g., availability of parking, average price of drinks
`and subjective e.g., ambiance or other comments information that can be used in the
`future to plan an evening’s excursion. querying of a large amount of information and some
`minimal routing facilities. We also plan to make the data within the information module
`modiable so the user can add personalized information including personal impressions
`that may be useful for future reference, a type of virtual grati. We envision the use
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`APL-MAXELL_00713101
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`G. D. Abowd et al. Cyberguide: A Mobile Context-Aware Tour Guide
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`Figure : The CyBARguide interface. The left shows the interactive map indicating the
`user’s location the triangle and the location of establishments previously visited the
`beer mugs. The user modiable database shown on the right supports the long-term
`development of touring information for a location.
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`of CyBARguide in a mode in which both tourist and proprietors are able to modify
`the information base. A simple searching capability can assist revellers in search of a
`certain kind of entertainment experience, and additional contextual information, such as
`the knowledge of where the traveller has been already, the time of day, and what special
`events information provided by the proprietors are currently scheduled, can be used to
`deliver suggestions for where to go.
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` Issues
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`Our experience over the last year developing versions of Cyberguide with dierent features
`on dierent platforms has given us a certain amount of insight into the important issues
`in developing mobile, context-aware applications. In this section, we summarize some of
`those issues.
`Our prototyping eorts were iterative, modifying both hardware and software to
`improve functionality. Our primary focus, to assess the impact of mobile technology for a
`specic task, necessitated rapid and inexpensive prototyping. This motivated the use of
`inexpensive commercially available hardware. When choosing our hardware platform, we
`considered several mobile hand-held devices before deciding on the Apple MessagePad and
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`APL-MAXELL_00713102
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`G. D. Abowd et al. Cyberguide: A Mobile Context-Aware Tour Guide
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`various palmtop PCs. One of the driving considerations in purchasing hardware was cost,
`because we wanted to provide as many units to individuals and groups to maximize the
`number of ideas investigated. The downside of this decision was a collection of applications
`that were not very robust, but that negative has been outweighed by the sheer number
`of options we have been able to investigate and prototype in little over a year.
`Over the last year we have used Cyberguide for many GVU open houses. We gath-
`ered informal feedback through informal surveys, formal questionnaires and informal user
`comments. We also observed visitors as they tried to use Cyberguide to maneuver around
`the lab. During each iteration we incorporated the user feedback and our own reactions
`to what was good and what was bad into the next iteration on the design. While our
`major focus was to prototype a context-aware mobile application rapidly, we realize that
`little can be determined concerning the impact of such technology unless the technology
`is put in the hands of real users.
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`. Coupling of Positioning and Communication
`
`There is an interesting relationship between the positioning and communication systems.
`Systems such as PARCTab and the Active Badge rely on a close coupling of positioning
`and communication. This is because the location of any mobile entity is determined by
`the beacon which receives a communication from the entity. In Cyberguide, the indoor
`and outdoor positioning system worked by having the beacon inform the mobile entity
`where it was located. The disadvantage of this latter approach for Cyberguide is that only
`the mobile entity knows its location. For applications in which you want objects to know
`about the position of other objects, there must be some sort of communication. However,
`it can be impossible or undesirable to couple positioning and communication together.
`For example, if position is coming from GPS, then a separate means of communication
`must be used. In our current version of indoor IR positioning using the Sharp IR units,
`we can couple positioning and communication, but the range of the IR link is so limited
` feet that communication will be cumbersome. It makes sense to use a short range IR
`positioning system because position information can be localized to objects of interest.
`Communication, on the other hand, needs to be uniform throughout some space.
`
`. Communication Medium
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`We have been trying to implement communications services on commercial hand-held
`units. While communication is important to Cyberguide, there is no obvious appropriate
`choice for a wireless communication medium to suit our needs.
`It clearly is not a pri-
`ority among the manufacturers of these units to provide high bandwidth, cost-eective
`wireless communications. There are many potential solutions for communications IR,
`spread-spectrum RF, cellular packet, cellular modem, but the variety and quality of these
`services changes so much that manufacturers tend not to build communications devices
`into the units, for fear of premature obsolescence. Instead, they rely on third party com-
`munications solutions with standard interfaces e.g., PCMCIA. In our experience, there
`is a need to have high bandwidth communication to the mobile unit and low bandwidth
`connection back to the network. We do not assume that the hand-held unit will always
`carry around with it the entire information base or map associated with the area the
`tourist is visiting. Rather, that information should be provided on demand and relative
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`to the positionorientation of the tourist.
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`. Map Representation
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`We have experimented with bitmap and vector-based maps. The bitmap representation
`is easy to obtain scanning for any area and is relatively inexpensive to store and display.
`Scaling and rotation, however, are cumbersome with that representation. Since we were
`decorating the map to highlight places of interest that were not on the original bitmap,
`it was dicult to control the display of the decorations after scaling for a zoom in or
`out. Another problem with the bitmap representation is accuracy with respect to the
`real-world. In the outdoor version of Cyberguide, we noticed a drift on the positioning
`system for a certain region of the map attributed to the map itself being out of scale.
`Also, a bitmap representation is not suited to doing higher level map services, such as
`generating a path to direct the tourist to a location of interest.
`A vector-based representation, on the other hand, is easier to handle in terms of
`manipulation and additional services such as way-nding, but was not a feasible solution
`on the interpreted platforms Visual Basic and Apple MessagePad with Newton .
`using the Newton Toolkit . because it was computationally overwhelming to manage
`the display this may be solved with compiling capabilities of later versions of the Newton
`Toolkit. It is also more dicult to obtain a vector-based map for a large and detailed
`area. For example, when we built the Delphi prototype, it was not dicult to build a
`map tool to construct the vector-based map, but it would take a very long time to create
`a map of the GVU Lab with the detail we already had in the bitmap version. For outdoor
`use, there are already commercially available structured map databases for large areas,
`and these are being used in navigational systems in rental cars. However, the size of the
`map database prohibits local storage on hand-held units, so there is an even stronger
`argument for high bandwidth downstream wireless connectivity.
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`. Cross-Platform Issues
`
`We developed prototypes on multiple platforms to validate our claim of platform indepen-
`dence for the architecture. It was encouraging to see the same indoor positioning system
`work for both the Apple MessagePad and Visual Basic prototypes. Outdoor positioning
`is similarly cross-platform, relying on either a serial or PCMCIA interface.
`For communication, we also see the need to standardize the interface and protocol.
`For information services, it is natural to want support for wireless TCPIP to enable full
`Internet capability. The information browsing can then be treated as a Web browsing
`task, for example. There are eorts already to support TCPIP for platforms such as the
`Newton platform, but the bandwidth does not yet support delivery of complex graphics,
`as we would need for map delivery. Without cross-platform wireless Internet support,
`we were forced to approximate the connectivity using simple wireless serial connections.
`These do not provide the reliability nor range that would be necessary for a commer-
`cial strength application, but they provided enough of the infrastructure to investigate
`functional capabilities for the user.
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