Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 1 of 61 PageID #: 24879
`Case 5:19-cv-00036—RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 1 of 61 PageID #: 24879
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`EXHIBIT 2
`EXHIBIT 2
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 2 of 61 PageID #: 24880
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`IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
`FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
`TEXARKANA DIVISION
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`MAXELL, LTD.,
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`Plaintiff,
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`vs.
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`APPLE INC.,
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` Civil Action No. 5:19-cv-00036-RWS
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`Defendant.
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`EXPERT REPORT OF JACOB ROBERT MUNFORD
`CONCERNING PUBLICATION AND PUBLIC ACCESSIBILITY
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`- i -
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 3 of 61 PageID #: 24881
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`I.
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`INTRODUCTION
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`1.
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`My name is Jacob Robert Munford. I have been asked to submit this report on
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`behalf of Apple, Inc. (“Apple”). I have been retained as an expert by Apple to study and to
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`provide opinions on when certain articles and reports were published and publicly accessible.
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`2.
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`I am over the age of 18, have personal knowledge of the facts set forth herein, and
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`am competent to testify to the same. This report and my opinions contained herein are subject to
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`change or modification if additional relevant information becomes available that bears on my
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`analysis.
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`II.
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`EXPERIENCE AND COMPENSATION
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`3.
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`Information concerning my professional qualifications, experience, publications,
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`and presentations in the field of library sciences in which I have served as an expert are set forth
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`in my current Curriculum Vitae, attached hereto as Exhibit 1.
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`4.
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`I earned a Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) from the University
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`of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in 2009. I have over ten years of experience in the library/information
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`science field. Beginning in 2004, I have served in various positions in the public library sector
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`including Assistant Librarian, Youth Services Librarian and Library Director.
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`5.
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`During my career in the library profession, I have been responsible for materials
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`acquisition for multiple libraries. In that position, I have cataloged, purchased and processed
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`incoming library works. That includes purchasing materials directly from vendors, recording
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`publishing data from the material in question, creating detailed material records for library
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`catalogs and physically preparing that material for circulation. In addition to my experience in
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`acquisitions, I was also responsible for analyzing large collections of library materials, tailoring
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`library records for optimal catalog search performance and creating lending agreements between
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`libraries during my time as a Library Director.
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`- 1 -
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 4 of 61 PageID #: 24882
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`6.
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`I have been retained on behalf of the Apple to provide assistance in the above-
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`illustrated matter in establishing the authenticity and public availability of the documents
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`discussed in this declaration. I am being compensated for my services in this matter at the rate of
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`$100.00 per hour plus reasonable expenses. My statements are objective, and my compensation
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`does not depend on the outcome of this matter.
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`III. LEGAL STANDARDS
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`7.
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`I am not an attorney and have not been asked to offer my opinion on the law. As
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`an expert offering an opinion on whether certain articles and reports qualify as printed
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`publications, however, I understand that I am obliged to follow existing law. I understand the
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`following legal principles apply.
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`8.
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`Counsel has informed me that under 35 U.S.C. § 102, certain materials may
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`qualify as prior art in patent litigation cases when that material constitutes a “printed
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`publication.” I understand that to qualify as a printed publication, the material in question must
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`be sufficiently accessible to the public interested in the art. In turn, material is sufficiently
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`accessible if it was disseminated or otherwise made available to the extent that persons interested
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`and ordinarily skilled in the subject matter or art exercising reasonable diligence can locate it. I
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`further understand that accessibility goes to the issue of whether interested members of the
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`relevant public could obtain the information if they wanted to and not whether any particular
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`member of the public actually retrieved the material.
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`9.
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`I understand that one way to demonstrate public accessibility is to show
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`competent evidence of general library practices that indicates an approximate time when the
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`material in question was published or became publicly accessible. For example, I understand
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`that cataloging or indexing a material in a library can show the material was sufficiently
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`accessible to those interested in the art. I also understand that this is not the only way to prove
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`- 2 -
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 5 of 61 PageID #: 24883
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`public accessibility, and, among other ways, it can also be proven by the material's copyright
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`date or citations to it by other materials.
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`IV.
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`LIBRARY CATALOGING PRACTICES
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`10.
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`I am fully familiar with the catalog record creation process in the library sector.
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`In preparing a material for public availability, a library catalog record describing that material
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`would be created. These records are typically written in Machine Readable Catalog (herein
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`referred to as “MARC”) code and contain information such as a physical description of the
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`material, metadata from the material’s publisher, and date of library acquisition. In particular,
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`the 008 field of the MARC record is reserved for denoting the date of creation of the library
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`record itself. As this typically occurs during the process of preparing materials for public access,
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`it is my experience that an item’s MARC record indicates the date of an item’s public
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`availability.
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`V.
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`OPINIONS
`A.
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`Abowd
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`11.
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`I have reviewed “Cyberguide: A mobile context-aware tour guide” by Gregory D.
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`Abowd, Christopher G. Atkeson, Jason Hong, Sue Long, Rob Kooper and Mike Pinkerton
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`(hereto referred to as ‘Abowd’) as presented in Wireless Networks October 1997 [APL-
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`MAXELL_00710535 - APL-MAXELL_00775400].
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`12.
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`Attached hereto as Exhibit 2A is a true and correct copy of the cover, spine, title
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`page, table of contents and complete ‘Abowd’ from Wireless Networks October 1997 held by the
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`University of Pittsburgh. I secured this Exhibit myself in person.
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`13.
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`Attached hereto as Exhibit 2B is a true and correct copy of the MARC record
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`describing Wireless Networks as held by the University of Pittsburgh. I secured this record
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`myself from the library’s online catalog. The 008 field of this MARC record indicates Wireless
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`- 3 -
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 6 of 61 PageID #: 24884
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`Networks was first catalogued by the University of Pittsburgh as of April 3, 1995. The ‘Holdings
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`Information’ field on page 2 of the library record indicates this journal was held by this library in
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`perpetuity from 1996 - 2003. This date range indicates the library’s collection includes the
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`October 1997 publication of IEEE Communications Magazine containing “Abowd”. The book
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`bindery sticker on page 25 of 2B indicates multiple volumes of Wireless Networks owned by the
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`University of Pittsburgh spanning 1996-1997 were sent off to a book bindery sometime during
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`January - March 1998.
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`14.
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`Attached hereto as Exhibit 2C is a true and correct copy of complete ‘Abowd’
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`from Wireless Networks October 1997 held by Carnegie Mellon University as ‘p421-abowd.pdf’.
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`I secured this Exhibit myself in person.
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`15.
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`Attached hereto as Exhibit 2D is a true and correct copy of the MARC record
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`describing Wireless Networks as held by Carnegie Mellon University. I secured this record
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`myself from the library’s online catalog. The 008 field of this MARC record indicates Wireless
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`Networks was first cataloged by the Carnegie Mellon University as of January 22, 1999. The
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`‘Holdings Information’ field on page 3 of the library record indicates this journal has been held
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`by this library in perpetuity since 1999. This date range indicates the library’s collection
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`includes the entirety of IEEE Communications Magazine via ACM Digital Library, including the
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`October 1997 edition containing “Abowd”.
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`16.
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`Considering the MARC record data of each library in concert with the book
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`bindery sicker, it is my determination that the October 1997 edition of Wireless Networks was
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`made available and accessible to the public by the University of Pittsburgh shortly after initial
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`publication and certainly no later than March 1998. Based on journal availability, it is my
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`- 4 -
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 7 of 61 PageID #: 24885
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`determination that ‘Abowd’ was made available and accessible to the public in October 1997
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`shortly after initial publication via Wireless Networks October 1997.
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`VI. CONCLUSION
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`17.
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`I hereby declare that all statements made herein of my own knowledge are true
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`and that all statements made on information and belief are believed to be true, and further that
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`these statements were made with the knowledge that willful false statements and the like so
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`made are punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both, under Section 1001 of Title 18 of the
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`United States Code.
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`18.
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`If called upon to do so, I will offer testimony at trial or otherwise regarding these
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`opinions and will offer rebuttal testimony as appropriate throughout the remainder of this
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`proceeding. If asked to more fully explain my opinions as expressed in this report, I reserve the
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`right to rely on various portions of the references that I have discussed in this report that I have
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`not already explicitly cited to in this report.
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`19.
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`I reserve the right to supplement my report in light of any additional discovery,
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`expert reports, or trial testimony.
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`- 5 -
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 8 of 61 PageID #: 24886
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`Dated: May 7, 2020
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`Jacob Robert Munford
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`- 6 -
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 9 of 61 PageID #: 24887
`Case 5:19-cv-00036—RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 9 of 61 PageID #: 24887
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`EXHIBIT 1
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`EXHIBIT 1
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 10 of 61 PageID #: 24888
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`Jacob Robert Munford - Curriculum Vitae Education
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`University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee - MS, Library & Information Science, 2009
`Milwaukee, WI
`● Coursework included cataloging, metadata, data analysis, library systems,
`management strategies and collection development.
`● Specialized in library advocacy and management.
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`Grand Valley State University - BA, English Language & Literature, 2008
`Allendale, MI
`● Coursework included linguistics, documentation and literary analysis.
`● Minor in political science with a focus in local-level economics and
`government.
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`Professional Experience
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`Researcher / Expert Witness, October 2017 – present
`Freelance
`Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
`● Material authentication and public accessibility determination. Declarations
`of authenticity and/or public accessibility provided upon research
`completion. Depositions provided on request.
`● Research provided on topics of public library operations, material
`publication history, digital database services and legacy web resources.
`● Past clients include Apple, Fish & Richardson, Erise IP, Baker Botts and
`other firms working in patent law.
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`Library Director, February 2013 - March 2015
`Dowagiac District Library
`Dowagiac, Michigan
`● Executive administrator of the Dowagiac District Library. Located in
`Southwest Michigan, this library has a service area of 13,000, an annual
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 11 of 61 PageID #: 24889
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`operating budget of over $400,000 and total assets of approximately
`$1,300,000.
`● Developed careful budgeting guidelines to produce a 15% surplus during the
`2013-2014 & 2014-2015 fiscal years.
`● Using this budget surplus, oversaw significant library investments including
`the purchase of property for a future building site, demolition of existing
`buildings and building renovation projects on the current facility.
`● Led the organization and digitization of the library's archival records.
`● Served as the public representative for the library, developing business
`relationships with local school, museum and tribal government entities.
`● Developed an objective-based analysis system for measuring library services
`- including a full collection analysis of the library's 50,000+ circulating
`items and their records.
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`November 2010 - January 2013
`Librarian & Branch Manager, Anchorage Public Library
`Anchorage, Alaska
`● Headed the 2013 Anchorage Reads community reading campaign including
`event planning, staging public performances and creating marketing
`materials for mass distribution.
`● Co-led the social media department of the library's marketing team, drafting
`social media guidelines, creating original content and instituting long-term
`planning via content calendars.
`● Developed business relationships with The Boys & Girls Club, Anchorage
`School District and the US Army to establish summer reading programs for
`children.
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`June 2004 - September 2005, September 2006 - October 2013
`Library Assistant, Hart Area Public Library
`Hart, MI
`● Responsible for verifying imported MARC records and original MARC
`cataloging for the local-level collection as well as the Michigan Electronic
`Library.
`● Handled OCLC Worldcat interlibrary loan requests & fulfillment via
`ongoing communication with lending libraries.
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 12 of 61 PageID #: 24890
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`Professional Involvement
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`Alaska Library Association - Anchorage Chapter
`● Treasurer, 2012
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`Library Of Michigan
`● Level VII Certification, 2008
`● Level II Certification, 2013
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`Michigan Library Association Annual Conference 2014
`● New Directors Conference Panel Member
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`Southwest Michigan Library Cooperative
`● Represented the Dowagiac District Library, 2013-2015
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`Professional Development
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`Library Of Michigan Beginning Workshop, May 2008
`Petoskey, MI
`● Received training in cataloging, local history, collection management,
`children’s literacy and reference service.
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`Public Library Association Intensive Library Management Training, October 2011
`Nashville, TN
`● Attended a five-day workshop focused on strategic planning, staff
`management, statistical analysis, collections and cataloging theory.
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`Alaska Library Association Annual Conference 2012 - Fairbanks, February 2012
`Fairbanks, AK
`● Attended seminars on EBSCO advanced search methods, budgeting,
`cataloging, database usage and marketing.
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`

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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 13 of 61 PageID #: 24891
`Case 5:19-cv-00036—RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 13 of 61 PageID #: 24891
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`EXHIBIT 2A
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`EXHIBIT 2A
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 14 of 61 PageID #: 24892
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`Kill-11in![it‘ll-villiI’ll-unlit;
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`{Ill—It'll}
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`iii}!!!fullill-111.11%lull!-
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 15 of 61 PageID #: 24893
`Case 5:19-cv-00036—RWS Docu
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`WIRELESS
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`NETWORKS
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 16 of 61 PageID #: 24894
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`Full Date: QB'IEI..-"11y""13 '1 5:53
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`Title: wireless networks.
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 17 of 61 PageID #: 24895
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`Acivances
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`m in Wireless =
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`Networkmg
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`Editors:
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`Luigi Fratta — Biswanath Mukherjee
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`@
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`BALTZER
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`SCIENCE
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`PUBLISHERS
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`;
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`“T
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 18 of 61 PageID #: 24896
`Casflé'gflé-‘EVlWfiW/gmmémém 2We3anfiled 07/27/20 Page 18 of 61 PageID #: 24896
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`© J.C. Bahzer AG (I997)
`AH rights res‘m‘red. No part of mix pubfimriun may be reproduced" “wed in u wNew! .\'_\‘.s‘.fem m' mmxmmed in mu‘jhrm m
`by (my means, efec'nmric'. mechanfecd. phoruermving. rewnding m' mhenrise, without the [nine permission (ff the pnbh'xher:
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`Wireless Networks. The joumu] or mobile communicalimL computation and information. [SSN 1022—0038
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`Advances in Wireless Networking
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 19 of 61 PageID #: 24897
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`Contents
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`_:: 'torial
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`-.. obile power management for wireless communication networks
`-__.M. Rulm‘ck and N. Bambos
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`'«New call blocking versus handoff blocking in cellular networks
`Sid? and D. Stambt'nskr'
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`011 optimal call admission control in cellular networks
`'3. Ramjee. D. Ton-slay and R. Nagarajan
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`Slotted ALOHA and CDPA: A comparison of channel access performancr: in cellular systems
`E Borganovo and M. Zara-11'
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`Delay analysis for forward signaling channels in wireless cellular network
`I. Rubin and C. Chat'
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`'
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`A new model for scheduling packet radio networks
`A. Sen and ML. Hum”
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`Unified power control. error correction coding and scheduling for a CDMA downlink system
`Y. Lu and R. Bmdersm
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`Using channel state dependent packet scheduling to improve TCP throughput over wireless LANS
`P. Bhagwat. R Bhottachunto. A. Krishna and SK. Tripatht'
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`l
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`3
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`IS
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`29
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`43
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`71
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`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 20 of 61 PageID #: 24898
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` Ca‘gléeiiiigigi‘fb”05§%9iiws Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 20 of 61 PagelD #: 24898
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`Contents
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`Transmission policies and traffic managcmcnt in multimedia wireless; networks
`A. Barre”. HP. .S'fr'l'n um! P. Pripmifnni—Kctfltknx‘
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`Slow shadowing and macrodivcrsity in thc Capture-Division Packet Access {CDPAl
`F. Bm'gmmt'n. M. thi and L. mei
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`ASK digital demodulation scheme for noise immune infrared data communication
`H. Um. K. Ktumirrmi. H. Oktthcmi. I.
`.S'i'iii‘ukmi‘ii and T. Chiba
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`Optical interference produced by artificial light
`A.J.C. Moran-u. RI Volatility and .-'i.M. dc Uiireim Dittme
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`Initial estimation oi" communication efficiency of indoor wireless; channels
`(3.}. Fris't’hini and RA.
`litt'enmchi
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`Hybrid diversity combining techniques for DS—CDMA over a inullipath I‘uding channel
`MA. DU and S. Y. Wu
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`Enscmhlc polling strategies for increased paging capacity in mobile communication
`networks
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`C. Rose and R. Yates
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`|U3
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`l|3
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`13!
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`I3]
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`l4|
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`|55
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`[59
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`Contents
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`Cumulated interference power and bit-error-rates in mobile packet radio
`M. Hellehmndt mm“ R. Mrtrhtir
`A simplified approach to the performance evaluation of FDMA—C‘DMA systems
`G_ Immmrt'lli. ML. Memoi and MK. .S'hoht'n
`Network architecture and traffic transport for integrated wireless communications over
`enterprise networks
`H.C.B. Chan. VCM. Leone and R. W. Dmmfdson
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`Paging strategy optimization in personal communication systems
`A. Ahumleb and vow. Li
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`Location update optimization in personal communication systems
`A. Abumleh and 110K. Li
`Performance modeling of asynchronous data transfer methods of lEEE 802.1! MAC
`protocol
`H.S. Chiropra- and S. Gupta
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`Escrow techniques for mobile sales and inventory applications
`N. Krishnakttmur and R. Join
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`169
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`[73
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`l8l
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`195
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`205
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`217
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`235
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`Contents
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`Edi toriul
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`Design and control of micro—cellular networks with QOS provisioning for data traffic
`M. Naghshineh and AS. Acampum
`A rate-based overload control method for the radio channel in PCN
`NJ. Patios and LE Memkr'is
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`l
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`A control and management network for wireless ATM systems
`S.F. Bat-tit. S. Jagmtm‘trh. R. Sanchez, J.B. Evans. v.3. From, GJ. Minden and
`KS. Shana-ingot:
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`Error correction and error detection techniques for wireless ATM systems
`3. Aihnm. K Mum'mmo and M. Unwhim
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`PHS terminating call control
`3. Suzuki. I ”tam and K Shikom
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`Satellite-PCS channel simulation in mobile user environments using photogrammetry
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`‘
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`and Markov chains
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`H.-P. Lin. R. Akttrmn and W}. Vogci
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`299
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`Wireles
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`Editorial
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`'
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`Scheduling techniques for reducing processor energy use in MacOS
`IR. [arch and AJ. Smith
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`Spectrum sharing under the asynchronous UPCS etiquette: The performance of collocated
`systems under heavy load
`I. Vukovic and J. McKown
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`A dynamic load balancing strategy for channel assignment using selective borrowing in
`cellular mobile environment
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`SK. Dos, SK. Sen and R. Jayamm
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`Dependency sequences and hierarchical clocks: Efficient alternatives to vector clocks for
`mobile computing systems
`R. Prakash and M. Songhai
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`Efficient and flexible location management techniques for wireless communication
`systems
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`J. Jannink. D. Lam. N. Shivakumar. J. Widow and DC. Cox
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`Low-loss TCPHP header compression for wireless networks
`M. Degermark, M. Engan. B. Nom'gren and S. Pink
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`TCP extensions for space communications
`RC. Durst. GJ. Miiier and EJ. Travis
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`Building reliable mobile-aware applications using the Rover toolkit
`AD. Joseph and MF. Kaashoek
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`Cyberguide: A mobile context-aware tour guide
`GD. Abowa', CG. Arkeson, J. Hang, .5'. Long. R. Kasper and M. Pinkerton
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`309
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`31]
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`325
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`333
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`349
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`361
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`3'15
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`389
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`405
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`421
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`Contents
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`511
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`519
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`
`load-brain barrier permeability in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields used in wireless communication
`'.R.R. Perssan, LG. Salfond and A. Bran
`
`:uram tumour development in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields used in wireless cellular communication
`°._' G. Sailfom‘, A. Bran and B.R.R. Persson
`
`maltrexone blocks RFR-induced DNA double strand breaks in rat brain cells
`H; Lai, M. Carina and N. Singh
`
`
`
`
`iEnhancement of the interaction between low-intensity RF. em. fields and ligand binding due to cell basal
`metabolism
`
`.3. Bianca, A. Chiabrera. E. Moggia and 73 Tonanasi
`
`Amplitude modulated RF fields stemming from a GSWDCS-ISOO phone
`GJ‘: Pedersen
`
`
`
`
`
`Evaluation of electromagnetic power deposition in a spherical multilayer head in the near field of a linear antenna
`0. Cem', R. De Leo and G. Rosellini
`
`Assessment of the potential risk for humans exposed to millimeter-wave wireless LANs:
`eye
`
`the power absorbed in the
`
`
`
`'3 Bemanii, M. Cavagnaro and S. Pisa
`
`Author index
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`
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`

`

`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 25 of 61 PageID #: 24903
`Womaonrsevssooaotnws Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 25 of 61 PageID #: 24903
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`Cyberguide: A mobile context-aware tour guide
`
`Gregory D. Abowd", Christopher G. Atkeson “. Jason Honga. Sue Long”. Rob Kooper:l and Mike Pinkerton“
`“ Graphics. Visualization rind Usrtbt't't'tjv Centre. Coit'ege of Computing. Georgia institute of Technoiogy. Atlanta.
`(FA 30332—0280.USA
`h Wink Communications. Alameda. CA. 9450!. USA
`
`
`
`Future computing environments will free the user from the constraints of the desktop. Applications for a mobile environment should
`take advantage of contextual information. such as position. to offer greater services to the user.
`In this paper. we present the Cyberguide
`project. in which we are building prototypes of a mobile context-aware tour guide. Knowledge of the user's current location. as well as a
`history of past locations, are used to provide more of the kind of services that we come to expect from a real tour guide. We describe the
`architecture and features of a variety of Cyberguide prototypes developed for indoor and outdoor use on a number of different hand-held
`platforms. We also discuss the general research issues that have emerged in our context—aware applications development in a mobile
`environment.
`
`1. Introduction
`
`Future computing environments promise to free the user
`from the constraints of stationary desktop computing, yet
`relatively few researchers are investigating what applica-
`tiOns maximally benefit from mobility. Current use of mo-
`bile technology shows a slow evolution from our current
`desktop paradigm of computing. but the history of inter-
`action shows that the adoption of new technology usually
`brings about a radical revolution in the way humans use
`and view technology [1 [1. Whereas the effective use of
`mobile technology will give rise to an interaction para-
`digm shift.
`it is difficult to predict what that shift will be.
`We follow the advice of Alan Kay. therefore. and choose
`to predict the future by inventing it. Our approach is to
`think first about what activities could be best supported
`by mobile technology and then determine how the tech-
`nology would have to work. This applications focus is
`important to distinguishing our work in mobile comput-
`ing.
`In April 1995. we formed the Future Computing Envi-
`ronments (FCE) Group within the College of Computing
`and the Graphics. Visualization and Usability (GVU Cen-
`ter) at Georgia Tech to promote such an applications focus.
`Our group is committed to the rapid prototyping of appli—
`cations that beneiit from the use of emerging mobile and
`ubiquitous computing technologies. Quick development of
`these futuristic applications allows us to predict and shape
`what our everyday lives will be like when today‘s novel
`technology becomes commonplace.
`Applications for a mobile environment should take ad-
`vantage of contextual information, such as position. to of-
`fer greater services to the user.
`In this paper. we present
`the Cyberguide project. a series of prototypes of a mobile.
`hand-held context-aware tour guide. Initially. we are con—
`cerned with only a small part of the user's context. Specif-
`ically location and orientation. Knowledge of the user's
`current location. as well as a history of past locations, are
`used to provide more of the kind of services that we come
`
`© J.C. Baltzcr AG, Science Publishers
`
`to expect from a real tour guide. We describe the archi-
`tecture and features of a variety of Cyberguide prototypes
`
`developed for indoor and outdoor use on a number of dif-
`ferent hand-held platforms. We also discuss the general
`research issues that have emerged in our experience of de-
`
`veloping context-aware applications in a mobile environ-
`ment. Some of these research issues overlap with those
`that we have considered in applying other applications of
`
`ubiquitous computing technology.
`The general application domain which has driven the
`development of Cyberguidc in tourism, but we have found
`it necessary to be even more focused in our research. The
`initial prototypes of Cyberguide. therefore. were designed
`to assist a very specific kind of tourist — a visitor in a tour
`of the GVU Center Lab during our monthly open houses.
`Visitors to a GVU open house are typically given a map
`of the various labs and an information packet describing
`all of the projects that are being demonstrated at various
`sites. Moving all of the paper-based information into a
`hand-held. p05ition—aware unit provided a testbed for re-
`search questions on mobile. context-aware application de-
`velopment.
`The long-term goal is an application that knows where
`the tourist is, what she is looking at, can predict and answer
`questions she might pose. and provide the ability to inter-
`act with other people and the environment. Our short-term
`goal was to prototype versions of Cyberguide on commer-
`cially available PDAs and pen-based PCs in which context-
`awareness simply meant the current physical position and
`orientation of the Cyberguide unit {and since it is hand-held.
`this locates the user as well). Position information improves
`
`the utility of a tour guide application. As the prototypes of
`Cyberguide evolve. we have been able to handle more of
`the user‘s context. such as where she and others have been.
`and we have increased the amount in which the tourist can
`
`interact and communicate with the place and people she is
`visiting.
`
`

`

`Case 5:19-cv-00036-RWS Document 447-3 Filed 07/27/20 Page 26 of 61 PageID #: 24904
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`
`Ll. Overview
`
`This paper is an extended version of an earlier report on
`Cyberguide [7], we discuss the evolution of the Cyberguide
`design and prototype as well as what future research areas
`our experience has uncovered. We begin in section 2 by
`describing scenarios for the use of context—aware mobile
`applications.
`In section 3, we provide context for our re—
`search within the area of applications-centered mobile com-
`puting. The generic architecture of Cyberguide is explained
`in section 4. We will describe in section 5 the initial re—
`
`alization of the generic components of the Cyberguide ar-
`chitecture, a series of prototypes developed for the Apple
`MessagePad. We will then describe in section 6 how the
`initial
`indoor prototypes were extended for use outdoors
`and for greater interaction with the environment. We con—
`clude in sections 7 and 8 with a discussion of significant
`issues for context-aware applications development and how
`our past experience will influence our future development
`plans.
`
`2. Scenarios for a mobile context-aware application
`
`This section outlines some possible uses for future mo—
`bile contexl-aware applications. Some of these uses are
`currently being implemented and some are futuristic. We
`begin with our initial assumptions about what technology
`we expect Cyberguide to use. Tourists are usually quite
`happy to carry around a book that describes the location
`they are visiting. so a reasonable packaging would be in
`the form of a hand-held device. The ideal hand-held de—
`
`vice will have a screen and penlfinger interface, access to
`substantial storage resources - possibly through an internal
`device such as a CD drive, or through substantial commu-
`nication and networking resources (cell phone, pager, data
`radio interface) providing access to other storage servers
`(such as the Web) — an audio input and output interface
`with speech generation and potentially sophisticated voice
`recognition. and a video input and output interface. The
`video input (a video camera] could be pointed at the user
`to interpret user gestures, or pointed at the environment to
`interpret objects or symbols in the environment. The video
`output could be integrated into the main screen or be a sep-
`arate video display device. such as an attached screen or
`heads up display on glasses worn by the user.
`One major application of mobile context-aware devices
`are personal guides. Museums could provide these devices
`and allow users to take personalized tours seeing any ex-
`hibits desired in any order. in contrast to today’s taped tours.
`In fact, many museums now provide portable devices for
`just such a purpose, but what we are envisioning is a device
`that would allow the tourist to go anywhere she pleases and
`be able to receive information about anywhere she is. Walk-
`ing tours of cities or historical sites could be assisted by
`these electronic guidebooks. The band-held devices could
`use position measurement systems such as indoor beacons
`
`or the Global Positioning System (GPS) to locate the user,
`and an electronic compass or inertial navigation system to
`find user orientation. Objects of interest could be marked
`with visual markers or active beacons or recognized us
`ing computer vision. Some objects. such as animals at
`a zoo or aquarium. might be difficult to mark but could
`be recognized with simple computer vision and some as
`sistance from the environment (indications that this is the
`
`elephant cage, for example). The personal guide could also
`assist in route planning and providing directions. Some of
`these functions are currently being provided by automobile
`on-board navigation systems.
`There are other ways to assist users. Consider a traveler
`in Japan that does