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`EXHIBIT 1-3
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`EXHIBIT 1-3
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`EXHIBIT B-1
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`Oracle® Database
`SOL Reference
`10g Release 1 (10.1)
`Part No. B10759-01
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`December 2003
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`ORACLE.
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`Cloudera Exhibit 1020 - Page 1 of 1808
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`Databricks R2 PA 00002137
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`Oracle Database SQL Reference l0gRelease 1 (10.1)
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`Part No. 810759-01
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`Copyright © 1996, 2003 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
`
`Primary Authors: Diana Lorentz, Joan Gregoire
`
`Contributors: Sundeep Abraham, Angela Amor, Rick Anderson, Vikas Arora, Hermann Baer, Cathy
`Baird, Anand Baldalker, Cailein Barclay, Ruth Baylis, Eric Belden, Paula Bingham, Tolga Bozkaya, Mark
`Callaghan, Thomas Chang, Dinesh Das, Souri Das, Jay Davison, Mark Dilman, Mike Feng, Ray Guzman,
`John Haydu, Wei Hu, Ken Jacobs, Bob Jenkins, Vishy Karra, Thomas Keefe, Jonathan Klein, Vasudha
`Krishnaswamy, Goutam Kulkarni, Poojan Kumar, Bill Lee, Geoff Lee, Yunrui Li, Likuo Lin, Peter Linsley,
`Rich Long, Catherine Luu, Qianrong Ma, Vineet Marwah, Susan Mavris, Steve McGee, Michael Moeller,
`Tony Morales, Ari Mozes, Gopal Mulagund, Sujatha Muthulingam, Muthu Olaggapan, Ananth
`Raghavan, Jack Raitto, Anitha Ramarao, Siva Ravada, Viv Schupmann, Shrikanth Shankar, Vikram
`Shukla, Bipul Sinha, Mike Stewart, Sankar Subramanian, Seema Sundara, Andreas Sundquist, Hal
`Takahara, Ashish Thusoo, Rama Vissapragada, Steve Wertheimer, Andy Witkowski, Daniel Wong, Min
`Xiao, Aravind Yalamanchi, Wanli Yang, Qin Yu, Tim Yu, Fred Zemke, Weiran Zhang
`
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`Cloudera Exhibit 1020 - Page 2 of 1808
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`Contents
`
`Send Us Your Comments .............................................................................................................. xxiii
`
`Preface ......................................................................................................................................................... xxv
`Audience .. .. .. . .............. .. ... . . ..... ............... .... ................. ..... ..... ................ ... .. ............... ..... ... .. ................. xxv
`Organization........................................................................................................................................ xxv
`Related Documentation................................................................................................................... xxvii
`Conventions...................................................................................................................................... xxviii
`xxxi
`Documentation Accessibility ............. ... ................... .. ... ................ ... .. .. . .. ................... ... ................. ..
`
`What's New in the SQL Reference?....................................................................................... xxxiii
`xxxiii
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`Oracle Database lOgNew Features in the SQL Reference.........................................................
`
`1
`
`Introduction to Oracle SQL
`
`History of SQL .................................................................................................................................... 1-1
`SQL Standards .......... ..... .. ..... ............... ..................... ... . . .. ... ............... .... .. ............... ..... .. .............. ....... 1-2
`How SQL Works .......................................................................................................................... 1-2
`Common Language for All Relational Databases.................................................................... 1-3
`Recent Enhancements........................................................................................................................ 1-3
`Nonstandard SQL ............................................................................................................................... 1-4
`Recursive SQL .................. .................... .. ..... .............. ... .. . . ... ............... ... . .. ..... ............. .. .. .... ................. 1-5
`Lexical Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
`Tools Support ................. .. ... ................. .. .. ................. ... . . .. ... ............... ... . .. ... ................. .. .. ..... .............. 1-5
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`iii
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`2 Basic Elements of Oracle SQL
`Datatypes ............................................................................................................................................. 2-1
`Oracle Built-in Datatypes ............................................................................................................ 2-7
`CHAR Datatype .................................................................................................................. 2-10
`NCHAR Datatype ............................................................................................................... 2-11
`NV ARCHAR2 Datatype .................................................................................................... 2-11
`V ARCHAR2 Datatype ....................................................................................................... 2-12
`V ARCHAR Datatype ......................................................................................................... 2-12
`NUMBER Datatype ............................................................................................................ 2-12
`Scale and Precision ...................................................................................................... 2-13
`Negative Scale.............................................................................................................. 2-14
`Scale Greater than Precision ...................................................................................... 2-14
`Floating-Point Numbers .................................................................................................... 2-14
`BINARY_FLOAT .......................................................................................................... 2-15
`BINARY_DOUBLE ....................................................................................................... 2-15
`Numeric Precedence .......................................................................................................... 2-17
`DATE Datatype ................................................................................................................... 2-20
`Using Julian Days......................................................................................................... 2-23
`TIMESTAMP Datatype ...................................................................................................... 2-23
`TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE Datatype .................................................................. 2-24
`TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE Datatype ................................................... 2-25
`INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH Datatype ...................................................................... 2-26
`INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND Datatype ....................................................................... 2-26
`Datetime/ Interval Arithmetic .......................................................................................... 2-27
`Support for Daylight Saving Times ................................................................................. 2-29
`Datetime and Interval Example......................................................................................... 2-30
`RAW and LONG RAW Datatypes ................................................................................... 2-30
`BFILE Datatype ................................................................................................................... 2-35
`BLOB Datatype ................................................................................................................... 2-36
`CLOB Data type ................................................................................................................... 2-36
`NCLOB Datatype ................................................................................................................ 2-36
`Restricted Rowids ............................................................................................................... 2-37
`Extended Rowids ................................................................................................................ 2-37
`Compatibility and Migration ............................................................................................ 2-38
`UROWID Data type ............................................................................................................ 2-38
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`ANSI, DB2, and SQL/DS Datatypes ....................................................................................... 2-39
`User-Defined Types................................................................................................................... 2-41
`Object Types ........................................................................................................................ 2-41
`REFs ...................................................................................................................................... 2-42
`Varrays ................................................................................................................................. 2-42
`Nested Tables ...................................................................................................................... 2-42
`Oracle-Supplied Types ............................................................................................................. 2-43
`Any Types ................................................................................................................................... 2-43
`SYS.ANYTYPE..................................................................................................................... 2-44
`SYS.ANYDATA ................................................................................................................... 2-44
`SYS.ANYDATASET ............................................................................................................ 2-44
`XML Types ............ ... .. ... ................ ... .. ................. .. .. . .. ... ................ ..... ... ............ .... ... .. ..... ............ 2-44
`XML Type ............................................................................................................................. 2-44
`URI Data types ..................................................................................................................... 2-45
`URIFactory Package............................................................................................................ 2-46
`Spatial Types .............................................................................................................................. 2-47
`SDO_GEOMETRY ............................................................................................................... 2-47
`SDO_GEORASTER ............................................................................................................. 2-47
`Media Types ............................................................................................................................... 2-48
`ORD Audio ........................................................................................................................... 2-48
`ORD Image ........................................................................................................................... 2-48
`ORDimageSignature .......................................................................................................... 2-48
`ORD Video ........................................................................................................................... 2-48
`ORD Doc ............................................................................................................................... 2-49
`SI_Stillimage ........................................................................................................................ 2-49
`SI_Color ................................................................................................................................ 2-49
`SI_A verageColor ................................................................................................................ 2-49
`SI_ColorHistogram ............................................................................................................ 2-49
`SI_PositionalColor .............................................................................................................. 2-49
`SI_Texture ............................................................................................................................ 2-49
`SI_FeatureList ..................................................................................................................... 2-49
`Expression Filter Type............................................................................................................... 2-50
`Expression ............................................................................................................................ 2-50
`Datatype Comparison Rules .......................................................................................................... 2-50
`Numeric Values ......................................................................................................................... 2-50
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`V
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`Date Values ................................................................................................................................. 2-51
`Character String Values ............................................................................................................ 2-51
`Single Characters ....................................................................................................................... 2-52
`Object Values .............................................................................................................................. 2-54
`Varrays and Nested Tables....................................................................................................... 2-54
`Data Conversion ........................................................................................................................ 2-54
`Implicit and Explicit Data Conversion ............................................................................ 2-55
`Implicit Data Conversion .................................................................................................. 2-55
`Implicit Data Conversion Examples................................................................................. 2-57
`Explicit Data Conversion ................................................................................................... 2-58
`Literals ................................................................................................................................................ 2-60
`Text Literals ................................................................................................................................ 2-61
`Numeric Literals ........................................................................................................................ 2-62
`Integer Literals .................................................................................................................... 2-63
`NUMBER and Floating-Point Literals.............................................................................. 2-63
`Interval Literals........................................................................................................................... 2-65
`INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH........................................................................................ 2-66
`INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND......................................................................................... 2-67
`Format Models.......................................................................................................................... . ....... 2-70
`Number Format Models ........................................................................................................... 2-71
`Number Format Elements ................................................................................................. 2-71
`Datetime Format Models .......................................................................................................... 2-75
`Datetime Format Elements................................................................................................ 2-76
`Uppercase Letters in Date Format Elements ........................................................... 2-76
`Punctuation and Character Literals in Datetime Format Models ........................ 2-76
`Datetime Format Elements and Globalization Support................................................ 2-81
`ISO Standard Date Format Elements ............................................................................... 2-81
`The RR Datetime Format Element ................................................................................... 2-81
`RR Datetime Format Examples.................................................................................. 2-82
`Datetime Format Element Suffixes .................................................................................. 2-83
`Format Model Modifiers........................................................................................................... 2-83
`Format Model Examples..................................................................................................... 2-84
`String-to-Date Conversion Rules............................................................................................. 2-87
`XML Format Model ................................................................................................................... 2-88
`Nulls ................................................................................................................................................... 2-89
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`Nulls in SQL Functions............................................................................................................. 2-90
`Nulls with Comparison Conditions ........................................................................................ 2-90
`Nulls in Conditions ................................................................................................................... 2-90
`Comments.......................................................................................................................................... 2-91
`Comments Within SQL Statements ........................................................................................ 2-91
`Comments on Schema Objects ................................................................................................. 2-93
`Hints ............................................................................................................................................ 2-93
`Database Objects ............................................................................................................................ 2-105
`Schema Objects ........................................................................................................................ 2-106
`Nonschema Objects ................................................................................................................. 2-106
`Schema Object Names and Qualifiers ....................................................................................... 2-107
`Schema Object Naming Rules ................................................................................................ 2-107
`Schema Object Naming Examples ........................................................................................ 2-111
`Schema Object Naming Guidelines ...................................................................................... 2-111
`Syntax for Schema Objects and Parts in SQL Statements...................................................... 2-112
`How Oracle Database Resolves Schema Object References .............................................. 2-113
`Referring to Objects in Other Schemas ................................................................................. 2-114
`Referring to Objects in Remote Databases ........................................................................... 2-114
`Creating Database Links ................................................................................................. 2-115
`Database Link Names ................................................................................................ 2-115
`Username and Password .......................................................................................... 2-116
`Database Connect String........................................................................................... 2-116
`Referring to Database Links ............................................................................................ 2-116
`Referring to Partitioned Tables and Indexes ....................................................................... 2-117
`Referring to Object Type Attributes and Methods.............................................................. 2-119
`
`3 Pseudocolumns
`Hierarchical Query Pseudocolumns . .. ................. .. .. . ..... ................ ... .. ............... .... ... ....... ....... ..... .. 3-1
`CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE .......................................................................................................... 3-2
`CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF ............................................................................................................. 3-2
`LEVEL ........................................................................................................................................... 3-3
`Sequence Pseudocolumns .. .............. ... .. .. . .............. .. ... .. ... .............. .. ... .. ................... ... ....... ............ .. 3-4
`Where to Use Sequence Values ................................................................................................. 3-4
`How to Use Sequence Values .................................................................................................... 3-5
`Version Query Pseudocolumns ....... ... .. .. . .............. .. ... . . ... .............. .. .. . .. ................... ... ..... ............ .. .. 3-7
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`OBJECT_ID ......................................................................................................................................... 3-7
`OBJECT_ VALUE ................................................................................................................................ 3-8
`ORA_ROWSCN ................................................................................................................................. 3-8
`ROWID ................................................................................................................................................ 3-9
`ROWNUM ......................................................................................................................................... 3-10
`XMLDATA ......................................................................................................................................... 3-11
`
`4 Operators
`About SQL Operators......................................................................................................................... 4-1
`Unary and Binary Operators...................................................................................................... 4-2
`Operator Precedence .. ... .. ... ................ ... .. ... .............. .. ... .. ... .............. .. .. . .. ................... ... .. ..... ....... 4-2
`Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
`Concatenation Operator..................................................................................................................... 4-4
`Hierarchical Query Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 4-6
`PRIOR ............................................................................................................................................ 4-6
`CONNECT_BY_ROOT ............................................................................................................... 4-6
`Set Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
`Multiset Operators . ......... ....... ... .. ............... .. ................... ... . . ..... ............... .... .. ............... ..... .. .............. 4-7
`MULTISET EXCEPT .................................................................................................................... 4-8
`MULTISET INTERSECT ............................................................................................................. 4-9
`MULTISET UNION ................................................................................................................... 4-10
`User-Defined Operators .................................................................................................................. 4-11
`
`5 Expressions
`About SQL Expressions ...... .. .................... .. ..... .............. ... . . . . ... .............. ... .. .. ............... ....... ..... ......... 5-2
`Simple Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
`Compound Expressions . .. ... .. ... .. ............... .. .. ... .............. ... . . .. ... ............... ...... ... ............ ..... .. .. ............ 5-5
`CASE Expressions .. .............. .. ... .. ............... .. ..... .............. ... .. .. ... .............. ..... .. .................. .. .. ..... ......... 5-5
`CURSOR Expressions........................................................................................................................ 5-8
`Datetime Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 0
`Function Expressions . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 5-12
`Interval Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
`Object Access Expressions ............................................................................................................. 5-13
`Scalar Subquery Expressions ................... .. .. ... .............. ... .. .. ... ............... .... .. ........ ............ .. ....... ..... 5-14
`Model Expressions............................................................................................................................ 5-15
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`Type Constructor Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
`Variable Expressions . ... .. ..... .............. ....... ............... ..... ..... .............. .. .. . .. ... ................ ... .. .. ............... 5-18
`Expression Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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