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`Case 2:21-cv-00072-JRG-RSP Document 156-7 Filed 09/28/21 Page 1of 4
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`Message | Article about message by The Free Dictionary
`9/28/21, 2:59 PM
`Case 2:21-cv-00072-JRG-RSP Document 156-7 Filed 09/28/21 Page 2 of 4 PageID #: 5513
`Message | Article about message by The Free Dictionary
`https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/message
`
`message
`
`
`Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Acronyms, Idioms, Wikipedia.
`Related to message: massage
`message
`1. a formal communiqu?
`2. an inspired communication of a prophet or religious leader
`
`Collins Discovery Encyclopedia, 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005
`
`The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased.
`Message
`in information theory, something conveying information. Information theory is interested only in the quantitative aspect of the
`information contained in a message.
`
`The concept of a message in information theory has an essentially probabilistic character. Each source of information, or
`message source, can be specified by listing the possible messages and their corresponding probabilities. Suppose x1, x2, . . . .
`, xn are the possible messages and p1, p2, . . . . , pn are the corresponding probabilities. The information content of message xi
`is then taken as equal to - log2pi. An important quantity characterizing a source is the source’s entropy, which is the average
`information content of the messages from the source. The entropy is thus equal to
`
`It is the magnitude of the entropy that governs the possibility of transmitting and storing the messages produced by the source.
`
`As an example, let us consider a message source that consists of A’ successive measurements of a physical quantity that is
`uniformly distributed over the interval from 0 to 1. Furthermore, suppose the measurements are accurate to the nearest 0.1.
`The possible results of the individual measurements can then be regarded as the numbers 0.1, 0.2, . . . , 0.9. The probability of
`the occurrence of each number is 0.1. The messages in this example are represented by N-term sequences of digits. The
`probability of each message is (0.1)N. The information content of each message and the entropy of the source are equal to N
`log210 = 3.32A7 binary digits. The message source in this example can be said to be a random sequence of decimal digits of
`length N. The message sources considered in information theory are of such a form—random sequences of symbols—or, more
`generally, the form of stochastic processes.
`
`When specific types of messages are studied, such as written texts, telephone signals, telegraph signals, or television signals,
`an approximate probabilistic model is constructed for the message source. For example, a complex Markov chain can be used
`for written Russian with sufficient accuracy for the purposes of information theory. Stationary stochastic processes are used as
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`Message | Article about message by The Free Dictionary
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`models for continuous messages. The construction of such models is based on extensive statistical data pertaining to the
`processes under consideration.
`
`IU. V. PROKHOROV
`
`The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
`
`message [′mes·ij]
`(communications)
`A series of words or symbols, transmitted with the intention of conveying information.
`(computer science)
`An arbitrary amount of information with beginning and end defined or implied: usually, it originates in one place and is
`intended to be transmitted to another place.
`
`McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
`
`message
`Any thought or idea expressed briefly in a plain, coded, or secret language and is prepared in a form suitable for
`transmission by any means of communication.
`
`An Illustrated Dictionary of Aviation Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
`
`message
`In object-oriented programming sending a message to an object (to invoke a method) is equivalent to calling a
`procedure in traditional programming languages, except that the actual code executed may only be selected at run time
`depending on the class of the object. Thus, in response to the message "drawSelf", the method code invoked would be
`different if the target object were a circle or a square.
`
`This article is provided by FOLDOC - Free Online Dictionary of Computing ()
`
`message (1) (noun) Any data transmitted over a network. Just as a program becomes a "job" when it runs in the
`computer, data becomes a "message" when it is transmitted. See communications protocol, email, text messaging and
`instant messaging.
`
`(2) (verb) To send a message. For example, "message me" means send me a text or instant message. See text messaging
`and instant messaging.
`
`(3) In object technology, communicating between objects, similar to a function call in traditional programming.
`
`Copyright © 1981-2019 by Computer Language Company Inc. All Rights reserved. THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY. All other
`reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher.
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