Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Electronic Filing System. https://estta.uspto.gov
`
`ESTTA Tracking number:
`
`ESTTA1163752
`
`Filing date:
`
`10/04/2021
`
`IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`Proceeding
`
`92060709
`
`Party
`
`Correspondence
`Address
`
`Submission
`
`Filer's Name
`
`Filer's email
`
`Signature
`
`Date
`
`Attachments
`
`Defendant
`VSL Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
`
`RICHARD T MATTHEWS
`WILLIAMS MULLEN
`301 FAYETTEVILLE STREET SUITE 1700
`RALEIGH, NC 27601
`UNITED STATES
`Primary Email: ip@williamsmullen.com
`Secondary Email(s): rmatthews@williamsmullen.com,
`jcho@williamsmullen.com, ip@williamsmullen.com, yfla-
`herty@williamsmullen.com
`919-981-4070
`
`Response to Board Order/Inquiry
`
`Richard T. Matthews
`
`ip@williamsmullen.com, rmatthews@williamsmullen.com,
`jcho@williamsmullen.com, yflaherty@williamsmullen.com
`
`/Richard T. Matthews/
`
`10/04/2021
`
`Mendes v. VSL Response to Board Order.pdf(147616 bytes )
`Mendes v. VSL - Starr Exhibit 1.pdf(453758 bytes )
`Mendes v. VSL - Starr Exhibit 2.pdf(538752 bytes )
`Mendes v. VSL - Starr Exhibit 3.pdf(271468 bytes )
`Mendes v. VSL - Starr Exhibit 4.pdf(290096 bytes )
`Mendes v. VSL - Starr Exhibit 5.pdf(67528 bytes )
`Mendes v. VSL - Starr Exhibit 6.pdf(1256728 bytes )
`Mendes v. VSL - Starr Exhibit 7.pdf(259155 bytes )
`Mendes v. VSL - ExeGi Exhibit 1.pdf(405376 bytes )
`Mendes v. VSL - ExeGi Exhibit 2.pdf(353980 bytes )
`Mendes v. VSL - ExeGi Exhibit 3.pdf(119586 bytes )
`Mendes v. VSL - ExeGi Exhibit 4.pdf(388816 bytes )
`Mendes v. VSL - ExeGi Exhibit 5.pdf(393070 bytes )
`Mendes v. VSL - ExeGi Exhibit 6.pdf(388792 bytes )
`
`

`

`IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE
`THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`In the Matter of Registration Nos. 2653253, 3093502
`For: VSL#3, VSL
`___________________________________
`
`
`
`
`
`
`)
`Mendes SA
`
`
`
`)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`)
`
`Petitioner,
`
`
`
`)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`)
`v.
`
`
`
`
`
`)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`)
`VSL Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
`
`)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`)
`Respondent.
`
`
`
`)
`__________________________________ )
`
`
`
`Cancellation No. 92060709
`
`RESPONSE TO SEPTEMBER 23, 2021 ORDER REGARDING RESPONDENT’S
`MEMORANDUM OF LAW IN OPPOSITION TO PETITIONER’S MOTION TO LIFT
`SUSPENSION AND TO AMEND THE PLEADINGS FOR THIS CANCELLATION
`
`Respondent VSL Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“VSL”) hereby responds to the Trademark Trial
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`and Appeal Board’s (“Board”) order dated September 23, 2021 (“Order”). In that Order, the
`
`Board deferred Petitioner’s Motion to Lift Suspension to Amend the Pleadings For This
`
`Cancellation filed on June 21, 2021, citing the need for Respondent to append copies of the
`
`operative pleadings in the civil actions between the parties, namely Starr et al. v. VSL
`
`Pharmaceuticals, Inc. et. al., 8:19-cv-2173 and ExeGi Pharma, LLC v. VSL Pharmaceuticals,
`
`Inc., 8:19-cv-02479, both pending in the United States District Court for the District of
`
`Maryland, Southern Division (“Civil Actions”).
`
`
`
`In response to the Board’s request for operative pleadings from the pending Civil Actions
`
`between the parties, VSL has appended such pleadings as follows:
`
`Starr et al. v. VSL Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al., 8:19-cv-02173-TDC
`
`Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants’ Joint Motion To Dismiss the Amended
`Complaint, Starr Exhibit 1 attached
`
`

`

`Plaintiffs’ Opposition to Defendants’ Joint Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint, Starr
`Exhibit 2 attached
`Reply Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants’ Joint Motion to Dismiss the Amended
`Complaint, Starr Exhibit 3 attached
`Memorandum Opinion, dated December 28, 2020, Starr Exhibit 4 attached
`
`Order, dated December 28, 2020, Starr Exhibit 5 attached
`
`Seconded Amended Complaint, Starr Exhibit 6 attached
`
`Defendant VSL Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s Answer to Second Amended Complaint, Starr Exhibit 7
`attached
`
`
`ExeGi Pharma, LLC v. VSL Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 8:19-cv-02479-TDC
`
`
`Complaint, ExeGi Exhibit 1 attached
`Amended Counterclaim and Third-Party Complaint, ExeGi Exhibit 2 attached
`
`Order, dated August 17, 2019, ExeGi Exhibit 2 attached
`
`ExeGi Pharma, LLC’s and Claudio De Simone’s Motion to Dismiss VSL Pharmaceuticals,
`Inc.’s Amended Counterclaim and Third-Party Complaint, ExeGi Exhibit 4 attached
`
`Opposition to ExeGi Pharma, LLC’s and Claudio De Simone’s Motion to Dismiss Amended
`Counterclaim and Third-Party Complain, ExeGi Exhibit 5 attached
`
`ExeGi Pharma, LLC and Claudio De Simone’s Reply in Support of Motion to Dismiss VSL
`Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s Amended Counterclaim and Third-Party Complaint, ExeGi Exhibit 6
`attached
`
`
`
`
`Given the inclusion of the challenged registrations in the Civil Actions, VSL respectfully
`
`requests that the Board maintain the suspension of the above-captioned cancellation proceeding
`
`pending the outcome of the Civil Actions.
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`
`Date: October 4, 2021
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`By: /Richard T. Matthews/
`Richard T. Matthews
`North Carolina State Bar No. 32817
`WILLIAMS MULLEN
`301 Fayetteville Street, Suite 1700
`Raleigh, North Carolina 27601
`Phone (919) 981-4000
`Email:rmatthews@williamsmullen.com;
`ip@williamsmullen.com
`
`Attorney for Respondent,
`VSL Pharmaceuticals, LLC
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
`
`I hereby certify that on this 4th day of October, 2021, a copy of the foregoing RESPONSE TO
`
`SEPTEMBER 23, 2021 ORDER REGARDING RESPONDENT’S MEMORANDUM OF LAW IN
`OPPOSITION TO PETITIONER’S MOTION TO LIFT SUSPENSION AND TO AMEND THE
`PLEADINGS FOR THIS CANCELLATION was served by email to Petitioner’s Attorney of Record and
`also filed with the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board:
`
`
`
`MICHAEL CULVER
`ADAM D. MANDELL
`MILLEN WHITE ZELANO & BRANIGAN PC
`2200 CLARENDON BLVD SUITE 1400
`ARLINGTON, VA 22201
`culver@mwzb.com, docketing@mwzb.com, mandell@mwzb.com
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`By: /Richard T. Matthews/
`Richard T. Matthews
`WILLIAMS MULLEN
`
`Attorney for Respondent,
`VSL Pharmaceuticals, LLC
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`STARR EXHIBIT 1
`STARR EXHIBIT 1
`
`
`
`

`

`Case 8:19-cv-02173-TDC Document 49-1 Filed 03/06/20 Page 1 of 68
`
`UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
`FOR THE DISTRICT OF MARYLAND
`SOUTHERN DIVISION
`
`
`DAVID STARR, SANDI COOK,
`BERNADETTE MAVRIKOS, EDMUND
`QUIAMBAO, JAMES TETTENHORST,
`JEREMY HANSEN, KRISTA KARO and
`ARLENE REED-COSSAIRT, PETER
`STAVROS, SCOTT OFFUTT, HEATHER
`FARKAS and STACEY HOLZ on behalf of
`themselves and all others similarly situated,
`
`Plaintiffs,
`
`vs.
`
`
`
`
`
`No. 8:19-cv-02173-TDC
`
`VSL PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.,
`LEADIANT BIOSCIENCES, INC. F/K/A
`SIGMA-TAU PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.;
`and ALFASIGMA USA, INC.,
`
`Defendants.
`
`
`
`
`
`MEMORANDUM OF LAW IN SUPPORT OF DEFENDANTS’
`JOINT MOTION TO DISMISS THE AMENDED COMPLAINT
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`Case 8:19-cv-02173-TDC Document 49-1 Filed 03/06/20 Page 2 of 68
`
`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`Page(s)
`
`TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ......................................................................................................... iii 
`
`INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 
`
`SUMMARY OF ALLEGATIONS ................................................................................................. 3 
`
`ARGUMENT .................................................................................................................................. 6 
`
`I 
`
`II 
`
`III 
`
`LEGAL STANDARD UNDER RULE 12(b)(6) .................................................... 6 
`
`THE FAC FAILS TO SATISFY THE HEIGHTENED PLEADING
`REQUIREMENTS OF RULE 9(B) FOR FRAUD-BASED CLAIMS .................. 7 
`
`PLAINTIFFS FAIL TO STATE A CLAIM FOR VIOLATION OF RICO
`ACT (COUNT 1) .................................................................................................. 10 
`
`A. 
`
`Plaintiffs Do Not Plead Any Predicate Offenses With the Requisite
`Particularity ............................................................................................... 11 
`
`1. 
`
`2. 
`
`The FAC Fails to Plead Acts of Mail or Wire Fraud .................... 11 
`
`The FAC Fails to Plead the Requisite Criminal Fraudulent
`Intent ............................................................................................. 15 
`
`Plaintiffs Do Not Allege a Distinct RICO Enterprise ............................... 18 
`
`The FAC Fails to Allege that Any Defendant Conducted the Alleged
`Enterprise .................................................................................................. 22 
`
`Plaintiffs Fail to Allege A Pattern Of Racketeering Activity ................... 23 
`
`Plaintiffs Fail to Allege that the Predicate Acts Proximately Caused
`Injury ......................................................................................................... 28 
`
`Plaintiffs Fail to State a Conspiracy Claim under Section 1962(d) .......... 31 
`
`B. 
`
`C. 
`
`D. 
`
`E. 
`
`F. 
`
`IV 
`
`PLAINTIFFS FAIL TO STATE A UCC EXPRESS WARRANTY CLAIM
`(COUNT II) .......................................................................................................... 32 
`
`A. 
`
`B. 
`
`Plaintiffs Fail to Plead the Existence of a Promise or Affirmation of
`Fact ............................................................................................................ 32 
`
`Plaintiffs Fail to Plead Other Requirements under State Express
`Warranty Law ........................................................................................... 37 
`
`
`
`i
`
`

`

`Case 8:19-cv-02173-TDC Document 49-1 Filed 03/06/20 Page 3 of 68
`
`
`
`V 
`
`PLAINTIFFS’ STATE CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW CLAIMS
`(COUNTS IV TO XIX) SHOULD BE DISMISSED ........................................... 39 
`
`A. 
`
`B. 
`
`C. 
`
`D. 
`
`E. 
`
`F. 
`
`The FAC Fails to Allege Reliance or Causation ....................................... 40 
`
`The FAC Fails to Allege Intentional Deception ....................................... 42 
`
`The FAC Fails to Allege Ascertainable Loss or Injury to
`Business/Property ..................................................................................... 42 
`
`Miscellaneous Grounds for Dismissal of Consumer Protection
`Claims ....................................................................................................... 43 
`
`The FAC Fails to Allege that All Reasonable Experts in the Field
`Agree that Defendants’ Alleged Representations are False ...................... 44 
`
`Some Claims Against Leadiant Are Barred For Additional Reasons ....... 46 
`
`VI 
`
`PLAINTIFFS’ UNJUST ENRICHMENT CLAIM FAILS (COUNT III) ........... 47 
`
`CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 50 
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ii
`
`

`

`Case 8:19-cv-02173-TDC Document 49-1 Filed 03/06/20 Page 4 of 68
`
`TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
`
`Page(s)
`
`
`
`Cases
`
`Abbott Labs. v. Adelphia Supply USA,
`2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1007 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 4, 2017) ............................................................21
`
`Adams v. NVR Homes, Inc.,
`193 F.R.D. 243 (D. Md. 2000) .................................................................................................16
`
`Al-Abood v. El-Shamari,
`217 F.3d 225 (4th Cir. 2000) ...................................................................................................25
`
`Almanza v. United Airlines, Inc.,
`851 F.3d 1060 (11th Cir. 2017) ...............................................................................................21
`
`Am. Chiropractic v. Trigon Healthcare,
`367 F.3d 212 (4th Cir. 2004) .............................................................................................11, 28
`
`Am. United Life Ins. Co. v. Martinez,
`480 F.3d 1043 (11th Cir. 2007) ...............................................................................................15
`
`Anza v. Ideal Steel Supply Corp.,
`547 U.S. 451 (2006) .................................................................................................................29
`
`Arcure v. Kellogg Co.,
`No. 10-cv-192, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 165996 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 29, 2011) ...........................38
`
`Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
`556 U.S. 662 (2009) ...................................................................................................................6
`
`Atik v. Welch Foods, Inc.,
`No. 15-CV-5405, 2016 WL 5678474 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2016) ...........................................33
`
`Bailey v. Atl. Auto. Corp.,
`992 F. Supp. 2d 560 (D. Md. 2014) ...........................................................................................9
`
`Bakery & Confectionary Union & Indus. Int’l Pension Fund v. Just Born II, Inc.,
`888 F.3d 696 (4th Cir. 2018) .....................................................................................................8
`
`Baldwin v. Star Sci., Inc.,
`78 F. Supp. 3d 724 (N.D. Ill. 2015) .........................................................................................33
`
`Ball v. Takeda Pharm. Am., Inc.,
`963 F. Supp. 2d 497 (E.D. Va. 2013) ........................................................................................8
`
`
`
`iii
`
`

`

`Case 8:19-cv-02173-TDC Document 49-1 Filed 03/06/20 Page 5 of 68
`
`
`
`Barragan v. GM LLC,
`14-CV-93-DAE, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 131963 (W.D. Tex. Sep. 30, 2015) ........................37
`
`Beck v. McDonald,
`848 F.3d 262 (4th Cir. 2017) ...................................................................................................47
`
`Becker v. Noe,
`No. ELH-18-00931, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54743 (D. Md. Mar. 27, 2019) ...............7, 25, 27
`
`Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly,
`550 U.S. 544 (2007) ...................................................................................................................6
`
`Bi v. McAuliffe,
`927 F.3d 177 (4th Cir. 2019) .....................................................................................................7
`
`Booking.com B.V. v. United States Patent & Trademark Off.,
`915 F.3d 171 (4th Cir. 2019) ...................................................................................................13
`
`Boyd v. TTI Floorcare N. Am.,
`2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 161584 (N.D. Ala. July 29, 2011)......................................................34
`
`Brandenburg v. Seidel,
`859 F.2d 1179 (4th Cir. 1988), overruled on other grounds, Quackenbush v.
`Allstate Ins. Co., 517 U.S. 706 (1996) .........................................................................23, 25, 28
`
`Bridge v. Phoenix Bond & Indem. Co.,
`553 U.S. 639 (2008) .................................................................................................................28
`
`Brown v. Starbucks Corp.,
`No. 18cv2286, 2019 WL 4183936 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 3, 2019) ..................................................33
`
`C. Szabo Contracting, Inc. v. Lorig Const. Co.,
`19 N.E.3d 638 (Ill. App. 2014) ................................................................................................48
`
`Camasta v. Jos. A. Bank Clothiers, Inc.,
`761 F.3d 732 (7th Cir. 2014) .................................................................................................7, 8
`
`Campbell v. Va. Meadows, LLC,
`2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 32996 (S.D.W.V. Mar. 8, 2017) ........................................................14
`
`Cap. Lighting and Supply, LLC v. Wirtz,
`JKB-17-3765, 2018 WL 3970469 (D. Md. Aug. 20, 2018)...............................................23, 24
`
`Capital Inv. Funding, LLC v. Lancaster Res., Inc.,
`2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24453 (D.N.J. Feb. 27, 2015) ............................................................14
`
`Chambers v. King Buick GMC, LLC,
`43 F. Supp. 3d 575 (D. Md. 2014) ...........................................................................................18
`
`
`
`iv
`
`

`

`Case 8:19-cv-02173-TDC Document 49-1 Filed 03/06/20 Page 6 of 68
`
`
`
`Chisolm v. TranSouth Fin. Corp.,
`95 F.3d 331 (4th Cir. 1996) ...............................................................................................11, 28
`
`CHS Acquisition Corp. v. Watson Coatings, Inc.,
`2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 140555 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 20, 2018).......................................................37
`
`CIB Bank v. Esmail,
`2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26817 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 22, 2004) .........................................................28
`
`City of Rockford v. Mallinckrodt ARD, Inc.,
`360 F. Supp. 3d 730 (N.D. Ill. 2019) .................................................................................11, 16
`
`Coffey v. Dowley Mfg.,
`187 F. Supp. 2d 958 (M.D. Tenn. 2002), aff’d, 89 F. App’x 927 (6th Cir 2003) ....................38
`
`Colgate v. JUUL Labs, Inc.,
`345 F. Supp. 3d 1178 (N.D. Cal. 2018) ...................................................................................36
`
`Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co. v. Advanced Surgery Ctr. of Bethesda, LLC,
`2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 91689 (D. Md. July 15, 2015) ......................................................19, 20
`
`Connick v. Suzuki Motor Co.,
`174 Ill. 2d 482, 675 N.E.2d 584, 221 Ill. Dec. 389 (Ill. 1996) ................................................41
`
`Cont’l Cas. Co. v. Cura Group, Inc.,
`2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 51116 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 5, 2005) ..........................................................14
`
`Craig Outdoor Adver., Inc. v. Viacom Outdoor, Inc.,
`528 F.3d 1001 (8th Cir. 2007) .................................................................................................12
`
`Crouch v. Johnson & Johnson Consumer Cos.,
`No. 09-CV-2905, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37517 (D.N.J. Apr. 15, 2010) ...............................48
`
`Ctr. City Periodontists, P.C. v. Dentsply Int’l, Inc.,
`321 F.R.D. 193 (E.D. Pa. 2017) ...............................................................................................36
`
`Davis v. OneWest Bank N.A.,
`No. 02-14-00264, 2015 WL 1623541 (Tex. App. Apr. 9, 2015) .............................................48
`
`De Simone v. VSL Pharms., Inc.,
`No. TDC-15-1356, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 104568 (D. Md. June 20, 2019) ................. passim
`
`Dei Rossi v Whirlpool Corp.,
`2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 153682 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 24, 2013) ......................................................42
`
`Dist. 1199P Health & Welfare Plan v. Janssen, L.P.,
`784 F. Supp. 2d 508 (D.N.J. 2011) ..............................................................................29, 30, 41
`
`
`
`v
`
`

`

`Case 8:19-cv-02173-TDC Document 49-1 Filed 03/06/20 Page 7 of 68
`
`
`
`Dolphin LLC v WCI Communities, Inc.,
`No. 07-cv-80241, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 107472 (S.D. Fla. Feb. 20, 2008),
`aff’d, 715 F3d 1243 (11th Cir. 2013) .......................................................................................40
`
`Dovale v. Marketsource, Inc.,
`Civil Action No. 05-2872 (FLW), 2006 WL 2385099 (D.N.J. Aug. 17, 2006) ......................48
`
`Dow Corning Corp. v. Weather Shield Mfg., Inc.,
`790 F. Supp. 2d 604 (E.D. Mich. 2011) ...................................................................................33
`
`Dumont v. Reily Foods Co.,
`934 F.3d 35 (1st Cir. 2019) ........................................................................................................7
`
`Duspiva v. Fillmore,
`293 P.3d 651 (Idaho 2013).......................................................................................................43
`
`Engel v. Novex Biotech, LLC,
`2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23342 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 25, 2015) .......................................................45
`
`Fitzgerald v. Chrysler Corp.,
`116 F.3d 225 (7th Cir. 1997) ...................................................................................................24
`
`Flip Mortgage Corp. v. McElhone,
`841 F.2d 531 (4th Cir. 1988) .......................................................................................24, 25, 27
`
`Foster v. Wintergreen Real Estate Co.,
`No. 3:08cv00031, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 90466 (W.D. Va. Nov. 6, 2008) ...........................16
`
`Foster v. Wintergreen Real Estate Co.,
`No. 3:08CV00031, 2008 WL 4829674 (W.D. Va. Nov. 6, 2008), aff’d, 363
`Fed. App’x 269 (4th Cir. 2010) ...............................................................................................25
`
`Friedler v. Cole,
`No. CIV.A. CCB-04-1983, 2005 WL 465089 (D. Md. Feb. 28, 2005) ...................................23
`
`GE Inv. Private Placement Partners II v. Parker,
`247 F.3d 543 (4th Cir. 2001) .............................................................................................27, 31
`
`Gorbey ex rel. Maddox v. Am. Journal of Obstretics & Gynecology,
`849 F.Supp.2d 162 (D. Mass. 2012) ..................................................................................40, 41
`
`Grain Exch. Condominium Assn. v Burke,
`2012 Wisc. App. LEXIS 323, at *13 (Wis. Ct. App. Apr. 19, 2012) ......................................41
`
`Grisafi v. Sony Elecs. Inc.,
`2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 72876 (D.N.J. Apr. 30, 2019) ............................................................49
`
`
`
`vi
`
`

`

`Case 8:19-cv-02173-TDC Document 49-1 Filed 03/06/20 Page 8 of 68
`
`
`
`Guaranteed Rate, Inc. v. Barr,
`912 F. Supp. 2d 671 (N.D. Ill. 2012) .......................................................................................27
`
`Haddad v. Am. Home Mortg. Serv’g, Inc.,
`2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54473 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 29, 2019) .........................................................19
`
`Harrison v. Westinghouse Savannah River Co.,
`176 F.3d 776 (4th Cir. 1999) .....................................................................................................8
`
`Harvey v. Ford Motor Credit Co.,
`1999 Tenn. App. LEXIS 448 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 13, 1999) .................................................41
`
`Health Care Serv. Corp. v. Pfizer, Inc.,
`No. 2:10-cv-221, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 89759 (E.D. Tex. Apr. 23, 2012)...........................30
`
`Health Care Serv. Corp. v. Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc. (In re Bextra),
`2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 111446 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 2, 2012).................................................30, 41
`
`Hemi Group, LLC v. City of New York,
`559 U.S. 1 (2010) ...............................................................................................................10, 28
`
`Hendricks v. DSW Shoe Warehouse, Inc.,
`444 F.Supp.2d 775 (W.D. Mich. 2006) ...................................................................................43
`
`Heritage Res., Inc. v. Caterpillar Fin. Servs. Corp.,
`284 Mich. App. 617, 774 N.W. 2d 332 (2009) ........................................................................37
`
`Hodges v. Apple Inc.,
`No. 13-cv-01128-WHO, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 179143 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 19,
`2013) ..................................................................................................................................34, 35
`
`Hodsdon v. Mars, Inc.,
`891 F.3d 857 (9th Cir. 2018) ...................................................................................................43
`
`In re Actimmune Mktg. Litig.,
`614 F Supp 2d 1037 (N.D. Cal. 2009) .....................................................................................30
`
`In re Bextra and Celebrex Mktg. Sales Pracs. & Prod. Liab. Litig.,
`No. 05-CV-01699, 2012 WL 3154957 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 2, 2012) .............................................7
`
`In re Caterpillar, Inc.,
`2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 98784 (D.N.J. July 29, 2015) .............................................................43
`
`In re Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings Indirect Purchaser Antitrust Litig.,
`2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 142466 (D.N.J. Oct. 2, 2013) .............................................................47
`
`In re Ford Motor Co. Speed Control Deactivation Switch Prod. Liab. Litig.,
`No. MDL 1718, 2007 WL 2421480 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 24, 2007) ...........................................37
`
`
`
`vii
`
`

`

`Case 8:19-cv-02173-TDC Document 49-1 Filed 03/06/20 Page 9 of 68
`
`
`
`In re Gen. Motors LLC Ignition Switch Litig.,
`257 F. Supp. 3d 372 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) ......................................................................................48
`
`In re Gerber Probiotic Sales Pracs. Litig.,
`No. 12-835, 2013 WL 4517994 (D.N.J. Aug. 23, 2013) ...........................................................6
`
`In re Gerber Probiotic Sales Practices Litig.,
`2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44810 (D.N.J. Mar. 31, 2014) ............................................................48
`
`In re GNC Corp.,
`789 F.3d 505 (4th Cir. 2015) .............................................................................................44, 45
`
`In re Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig.,
`618 F.3d 300 (3d Cir. 2010).....................................................................................................21
`
`In re MI Windows & Doors, Inc. Prods. Liab. Litig.,
`2012 US Dist. LEXIS 146125 (D.S.C. Oct. 11, 2012) ............................................................39
`
`In re Myford Touch Consumer Litig.,
`No. 13-CV-03072-EMC, 2015 WL 5118308 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 31, 2015) ...............................36
`
`In re Nexus 6P Prods. Liab. Litig.,
`293 F. Supp. 3d 888 (N.D. Cal. 2018) .....................................................................................42
`
`In re OnStar Contract Litig.,
`278 F.R.D. 352 (E.D. Mich. 2011) ..........................................................................................42
`
`In re Pharma. Indus.,
`307 F. Supp. 2d 196 (D. Mass. Feb. 24, 2004) ........................................................................20
`
`In re Refrigerant Compressors Antitrust Litig.,
`2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 50737 (E.D. Mich. Apr. 9, 2013) .......................................................47
`
`In re Samsung Galaxy Smartphone Mktg. & Sales Practices Litig.,
`2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54850 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 30, 2018) .......................................................47
`
`In re Schering-Plough Corp. Intron/Temodar Consumer Class Action,
`2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 58900 (D.N.J. July 10, 2009) .............................................................14
`
`In re Volkswagen “Clean Diesel” Mktg., Sales Practices, & Prods. Liab. Litig.,
`No. 2672, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 161388 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 20, 2019) ...................................15
`
`Indoor Billboard/Wash., Inc. v. Integra Telecom of Wash., Inc.,
`170 P.3d 10 (Wash. 2007)........................................................................................................41
`
`Int’l Data Bank v. Zepkin,
`812 F.2d 149 (4th Cir. 1986) .............................................................................................23, 27
`
`
`
`viii
`
`

`

`Case 8:19-cv-02173-TDC Document 49-1 Filed 03/06/20 Page 10 of 68
`
`
`
`Jackson v. Bellsouth Telecomms.,
`372 F.3d 1250 (11th Cir. 2004) ...............................................................................................27
`
`Jones v. Specialty Lending Group, L.L.C.,
`No. RWT 17-CV-1577, 2018 WL 656439 (D. Md. Feb. 1, 2018) ..........................................24
`
`JST Dist., LLC v. CNV.com, Inc.,
`No. 17-6264, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 222222 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 7, 2018) .................................15
`
`Katzman v. Victoria’s Secret Catalogue,
`167 F.R.D. 649 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) .............................................................................................15
`
`Kiddie Acad. Domestic Franchising, LLC v. Wonder World Learning, LLC,
`No. CV ELH-17-3420, 2019 WL 1441812 (D. Md. Mar. 31, 2019) .......................................26
`
`Kimberlin v. Hunton & William LLP,
`GJH-15-723, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 42070 (D. Md. Mar. 29, 2016), aff’d,
`671 F. App’x. 127 (4th Cir. 2016) .......................................................................................7, 31
`
`Kopel v. Kopel,
`229 So. 3d 812 (Fla. 2017).......................................................................................................49
`
`Kussy v Home Depot U.S.A., Inc.,
`No. 06-12899, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 90024 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 27, 2006) ............................40
`
`Lantz v. Am. Honda Motor Co.,
`No. 06 C 5932, 2007 WL 1424614 (N.D. Ill. May 14, 2007) .................................................48
`
`Lawrie v. Ginn Devel. Co, LLC,
`No. 3:09-cv-446, 2013 WL 222258 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 9, 2013) ...................................................7
`
`Lima v. Post Consumer Brands LLC,
`No. 1:18-cv-12100-ADB; 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 136549, at *29 (D. Mass.
`Aug. 13, 2019) .........................................................................................................................32
`
`Lindstrand v. Silvercrest Indus.,
`623 P.2d 710 (Wash. Ct. App. 1981) .......................................................................................38
`
`Lionel Trains, Inc. v. Albano,
`831 F. Supp. 647 (N.D. Ill. 1993) ............................................................................................43
`
`Lipin Enters. v. Lee,
`803 F.2d 322 (7th Cir. 1986) ..................................................................................................27
`
`Lipov v. Louisiana-Pacific Corp.,
`2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101759 (W.D. Mich. July 22, 2013) ..................................................49
`
`
`
`ix
`
`

`

`Case 8:19-cv-02173-TDC Document 49-1 Filed 03/06/20 Page 11 of 68
`
`
`
`Lowry’s Reports, Inc. v. Legg Mason, Inc.,
`186 F. Supp. 2d 592 (D. Md. 2000) .........................................................................................23
`
`Lujan v. Tampo Mfg. Co., Inc.,
`825 S.W.2d 505 (Tex. App. 1992) ...........................................................................................38
`
`Luken v. Christensen Group Inc.,
`247 F.Supp.3d 1158 (W.D. Wash. 2017) .................................................................................46
`
`Mannos v. Moss,
`155 P.3d 1166 (Idaho 2007).....................................................................................................48
`
`Maryland-Nat’l Cap. Park & Planning Comm’n v. Boyle,
`203 F. Supp. 2d 468 (D. Md. 2002) .............................................................................20, 21, 25
`
`Mazzeo v. Nature’s Bounty, Inc.,
`No. 14-60580-CIV, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 159345 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 10, 2014) .....................37
`
`McCauley v. Home Loan Inv. Bank, F.S.B.,
`710 F.3d 551 (4th Cir. 2013) .....................................................................................................8
`
`Memphis-Shelby County Airport Auth. v. Ill. Valley Paving Co.,
`No. 01-3041 B, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 78343, at *10-11 (W.D. Tenn. Oct.
`26, 2006) ..................................................................................................................................38
`
`Menasco, Inc. v. Wasserman,
`886 F.2d 681 (4th Cir. 1989) .......................................................................................23, 25, 27
`
`Michael v. Mosquera-Lacy,
`200 P.3d 595 (Wash. 2009)......................................................................................................46
`
`Mladenov v. Wegmans Food Markets, Inc.,
`124 F.Supp.3d 360 (D.N.J. 2015) ............................................................................................41
`
`Montgomery v Kraft Foods Global, Inc.,
`822 F.3d 304 (6th Cir 2016) ....................................................................................................37
`
`Moore v Zydus Pharms. (USA), Inc.,
`277 F. Supp. 3d 873 (E.D. Ky. 2017) ......................................................................................38
`
`N.J. Citizen Action v. Schering-Plough Corp.,
`842 A.2d 174 (N.J. App. 203) ..................................................................................................40
`
`Nabors v. Google, Inc.,
`No. 10-CV-03897, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97924 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 30, 2011) .......................38
`
`Nelson v. Xacta 3000 Inc.,
`No. 08–5426, 2010 WL 1931251 (D.N.J. May 12, 2010) .......................................................48
`
`
`
`x
`
`

`

`Case 8:19-cv-02173-TDC Document 49-1 Filed 03/06/20 Page 12 of 68
`
`
`
`Odyssey Re (London) Ltd. v. Stirling Cooke Brown Holdings Ltd.,
`85 F. Supp. 2d 282 (S.D.N.Y. 2000), aff’d, 2 Fed. App’x 109 (2d Cir. 2001) ..........................8
`
`Ogden v. Bumble Bee Foods, LLC,
`2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 565 (N. D. Cal. Jan. 22, 2014) ...........................................................40
`
`Overstreet v Norden Labs., Inc.,
`669 F.2d 1286 (6th Cir 1982) ..................................................................................................38
`
`Pacheco v. Boar’s Head Provisions Co.,
`No. 1:09-CV-298, 2010 WL 1323785 (W.D. Mich. Mar. 30, 2010) .......................................48
`
`Pershouse v. L.L. Bean, Inc.,
`368 F. Supp. 3d 185 (D. Mass 2019) ......................................................................................