`ESTTA599584
`ESTTA Tracking number:
`04/21/2014
`
`Proceeding
`Party
`
`Correspondence
`Address
`
`Filing date:
`IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`91215408
`Defendant
`Miller/Howard Investments, Inc.
`RAJ ABHYANKER
`RAJ ABHYANKER PC
`1580 W EL CAMINO REAL, STE 8
`MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040-2462
`UNITED STATES
`trademarks@rajpatent.com
`Answer and Counterclaim
`Kuscha Hatami
`kuscha@legalforcelaw.com, arun@legalforcelaw.com
`/Kuscha Hatami/
`04/21/2014
`Part 1 Answer.pdf(323564 bytes )
`Part 2 Answer.pdf(1369975 bytes )
`Part 3 Answer.pdf(5446066 bytes )
`Registrations Subject to the filing
`
`Submission
`Filer's Name
`Filer's e-mail
`Signature
`Date
`Attachments
`
`Registration No
`Registrant
`
`Grounds for filing
`
`Registration date
`
`3286704
`Research Affiliates, LLC
`620 Newport Center Drive, Suite 900
`Newport Beach, CA 92660
`UNITED STATES
`The registered mark has become the generic name for the goods.
`
`08/28/2007
`
`Goods/Services Subject to the filing
`
`Class 036. First Use: 2004/10/00 First Use In Commerce: 2004/10/00
`All goods and services in the class are requested, namely: index-based portfolio of securities andmu-
`tual funds portfolio management
`
`Registration No
`Registrant
`
`3734868
`Research Affiliates, LLC
`Suite 900
`Newport Beach, CA 92660
`UNITED STATES
`Goods/Services Subject to the filing
`
`Registration date
`
`01/05/2010
`
`Class 036. First Use: 2008/05/31 First Use In Commerce: 2008/05/31
`All goods and services in the class are requested, namely: Index-based portfolio of securities andmu-
`tual funds portfolio management
`Class 042. First Use: 2008/05/31 First Use In Commerce: 2008/05/31
`All goods and services in the class are requested, namely: Providing temporary use of on-line non-
`downloadable computer software for the management and administration of index-based portfolios of
`securities and mutual funds portfolio management
`
`
`
`
`
`IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`
`
`Research Affiliates, LLC.
`
`
`Opposition No. 91215408
`
`
`
`Mark(s): Miller/Howard MLP
`Fundamental Index
`
`
`
`Serial No. 85/947,010
`
`Published: November 05, 2013
`
`
`
`
`
`Opposers,
`
`v.
`
`Miller/Howard Investments, Inc.
`
`Applicant.
`
`
`
`
`APPLICANT’S ANSWER TO OPPOSERS’ NOTICE OF OPPOSITION AND
`COUNTERCLAIM TO CANCEL U.S. REGISTRATION NOS. 3,286,704 and 3,734,868
`
`Applicant Miller/Howard Investments, Inc. (hereinafter “Applicant” or
`
`
`
`“Miller”) through its undersigned attorneys, submits its Answer, Affirmative
`
`Defenses, and Counterclaim to Cancel U.S. Registration No. 3,286,704 to the Notice
`
`of Opposition (“Opposition”) filed by Research Affiliates, LLC. (hereinafter
`
`“Opposer” or “Affiliates”) dated February 5, 2014 and as follows:
`
`
`
`In response to the grounds for opposition enumerated in Opposer’s
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`Electronic System for Trademark Trials and Appeals (“ESTTA”) Notice of Opposition
`
`form, Applicant denies that there are any grounds to sustain the opposition and
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`denies that Opposer owns any trademarks sufficient to constitute a basis for this
`
`opposition.
`
`
`
`In response to the unnumbered introductory paragraph 2, Applicant denies
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`that Opposer will be damaged by the registration of Application Serial No.
`
`85/947,010.
`
`
`
`1
`
`
`
`1.
`
`In response to paragraph 1, Applicant responds that Applicant lacks
`
`sufficient knowledge or information to form a belief as to the truth of the
`
`allegations in paragraph 1 and, therefore, denies each and every allegation in
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`paragraph 1 of the notice of Opposition.
`
`2.
`
`In response to paragraph 2, Applicant responds that Applicant lacks
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`sufficient knowledge or information to form a belief as to the truth of the
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`allegations in paragraph 2 and, therefore, denies each and every allegation in
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`paragraph 2 of the notice of Opposition.
`
`3.
`
`In response to paragraph 3, Applicant admits that the records of the
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`Trademark Status and Document Retrieval (“TSDR”) of the United States
`
`Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) reflect that Opposer is the owner of
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`U.S. Trademark Registration for the mark FUNDAMENTAL INDEX in
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`connection with “index‐based portfolio of securities and mutual funds
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`portfolio management” in International Class 036, issued on August 28, 2007.
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`Except as expressly admitted, Applicant denies each and every remaining
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`allegation in paragraph 3 of the notice of Opposition.
`
`4.
`
`In response to paragraph 4, Applicant responds that Applicant lacks
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`sufficient knowledge or information to form a belief as to the truth of the
`
`allegations in paragraph 4 and, therefore, denies each and every allegation in
`
`paragraph 4 of the notice of Opposition.
`
`5.
`
`In response to paragraph 5, Applicant admits that the records of the TSDR of
`
`the USPTO reflect that Applicant is seeking to register the trademark
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`MILLER/HOWARD MLP FUNDAMENTAL INDEX in connection with
`
`
`
`2
`
`
`
`“Providing and updating a financial index of securities values and
`
`classification, analysis, and reporting thereof; Providing financial indices
`
`based on selected groups of securities; Providing and updating a financial
`
`index” in International Class 035. Except as expressly admitted, Applicant
`
`denies each and every remaining allegation in paragraph 5 of the notice of
`
`Opposition.
`
`6.
`
`In responses to paragraph 6, Applicant denies each and every allegation
`
`contained in paragraph 6.
`
`7.
`
`In responses to paragraph 7, Applicant denies each and every allegation
`
`contained in paragraph 7.
`
`8.
`
`In responses to paragraph 8, Applicant denies each and every allegation
`
`contained in paragraph 8.
`
`9.
`
`In responses to paragraph 9, Applicant denies each and every allegation
`
`contained in paragraph 9.
`
`10.
`
`In response to paragraph 10, Applicant submits that the records of the TSDR
`
`of the USPTO reflect that on September 16, 2013, the U.S. Patent and
`
`Trademark Office Examining attorney handling Applicant’s application,
`
`issued an Examiner’s Amendment disclaiming Applicant’s exclusive right to
`
`use the terms “MLP” and “INDEX” apart from the mark as shown. Except as
`
`expressly admitted, Applicant denies each and every remaining allegation in
`
`paragraph 10 of the notice of Opposition.
`
`11.
`
`In response to paragraph 11, Applicant submits that the records of the TSDR
`
`of the USPTO reflect that on September 16, 2013, the U.S. Patent and
`
`
`
`3
`
`
`
`Trademark Office Examining attorney handling Applicant’s application,
`
`issued an Examiner’s Amendment disclaiming Applicant’s exclusive right to
`
`use the terms “MLP” and “INDEX” apart from the mark as shown. Applicant
`
`admits that the records of the TSDR of the USPTO do not reflect a disclaimer
`
`of the exclusive right to the term “FUNDAMENTAL”. Except as expressly
`
`admitted, Applicant denies each and every remaining allegation in paragraph
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`11 of the notice of Opposition.
`
`12.
`
`In responses to paragraph 12, Applicant denies each and every allegation
`
`contained in paragraph 12.
`
`13.
`
`In responses to paragraph 13, Applicant denies each and every allegation
`
`contained in paragraph 13.
`
`14.
`
`In response to paragraph 14, Applicant responds that Applicant lacks
`
`sufficient knowledge or information to form a belief as to the truth of the
`
`allegations in paragraph 14 and, therefore, denies each and every allegation
`
`in paragraph 14 of the notice of Opposition.
`
`15.
`
`In responses to paragraph 15, Applicant denies each and every allegation
`
`contained in paragraph 15.
`
`16.
`
`In responses to paragraph 16, Applicant denies each and every allegation
`
`contained in paragraph 16.
`
`17.
`
`In response to paragraph 17, Applicant admits that the records of the TSDR
`
`of the USPTO reflect that Applicant seeks to register the trademark
`
`“MILLER/HOWARD MLP FUNDAMENTAL INDEX”. Except as expressly
`
`
`
`4
`
`
`
`admitted, Applicant denies each and every remaining allegation in paragraph
`
`17 of the notice of Opposition.
`
`18.
`
`In responses to paragraph 18, Applicant denies each and every allegation
`
`contained in paragraph 18.
`
`19.
`
`In responses to paragraph 19, Applicant denies each and every allegation
`
`contained in paragraph 19.
`
`20.
`
`In responses to paragraph 20, Applicant denies each and every allegation
`
`contained in paragraph 20.
`
`AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES
`
`
`
`By way of further answer, Applicant alleges and asserts the following
`
`defenses in response to the allegations contained in the Notice of Opposition. In this
`
`regard, Applicant undertakes the burden of proof only as to those defenses that are
`
`deemed affirmative defenses by law, regardless of how such defenses are
`
`denominated in the instant Answer. Applicant reserves the right to assert other
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`affirmative defenses as this opposition proceeds based on further discovery, legal
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`research, or analysis that may supply additional facts or lend new meaning or
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`clarification to Opposer’s claims that are not apparent on the face of the Notice of
`
`Opposition.
`
`FIRST AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM
`
`Opposer’s claims are barred because the Notice of Opposition fails to state a
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`21.
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`claim upon which relief can be granted.
`
`SECOND AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`NO INJURY OR DAMAGE
`
`
`
`
`5
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`
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`22.
`
`Opposer’s claims are barred, in whole or in part, because Opposer has not
`
`and will not suffer any injury or damage from the registration of Applicant’s
`
`U.S. Application Serial No. 85/947,010 for the MILLER/HOWARD MLP
`
`FUNDAMENTAL INDEX trademark.
`
`THIRD AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`LACK OF LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION
`
`Opposer does not own common law rights or any registered marks that
`
`23.
`
`would be confused with applicant’s mark in terms of sight, sound, meaning
`
`and commercial impression.
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`24.
`
`Applicant’s mark differs in terms of sight, sound, and meaning from
`
`Opposer’s claimed mark and has a distinct commercial impression from
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`Opposer’s claimed mark.
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`25.
`
`Applicant’s registration of Applicant’s mark does not create a likelihood of
`
`confusion among the relevant purchasing public that Applicant’s services are
`
`offered, are sponsored by, or are otherwise endorsed by Opposer. Nor does
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`Applicant’s use or registration of Applicant’s mark create the likelihood that
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`consumers will falsely believe that Applicant and Opposer are affiliated in
`
`any way.
`
`FOURTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`LACK OF ACTUAL CONFUSION
`
`26. Applicant filed for the MILLER/HOWARD MLP FUNDAMENTAL INDEX mark in
`
`connection with “Providing and updating a financial index of securities values
`
`and classification, analysis, and reporting thereof; Providing financial indices
`
`based on selected groups of securities; Providing and updating a financial index”
`
`
`
`6
`
`
`
`International Class 035, on May 31, 2013 on an intent to use basis, has licensed
`
`its index and mark for use in an Exchange‐traded note to Citigroup and is listed
`
`and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol MLPC since
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`at least as early as September 26, 2013, and has not experienced any confusion
`
`with Opposer or its services. On information and believe, Opposer also has not
`
`experienced any actual confusion, notwithstanding Applicant’s filing of its
`
`application since May 31, 2013 and Applicant’s use of the mark since at least as
`
`early as September 26, 2013.
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`FIFTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`LACK OF STANDING
`
`27.
`
`Opposer’s claims are barred, in whole or in part, because Opposer does not
`
`have standing in that Opposer does not have rights, superior or otherwise,
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`sufficient to support the Notice of Opposition.
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`SIXTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`NONCOMPETITION
`
`Applicant’s services and Opposer’s services are noncompeting and ordinary
`
`28.
`
`consumers would not conclude that the services share a common source.
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`SEVENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`INSUFFICIENT PRIOR EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS
`
`29.
`
`Opposer’s claims are barred, in whole or in part, because Opposer cannot
`
`establish prior exclusive rights in the United States sufficient to bar
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`Applicant’s registration of MILLER/HOWARD MLP FUNDAMENTAL INDEX,
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`because the term FUNDAMENTAL INDEX is a widely used and commonly
`
`understood generic term in the field of financial and investment services for
`
`
`
`7
`
`
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`a type of publically traded equity index. As such, the term FUNDAMENTAL
`
`INDEX is generic and cannot be protected under trademark law.
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`EIGHT AFFIRMATIVE DEFNSE
`LACK OF SECONDARY MEANINIG
`
`Alternatively, Opposer cannot claim exclusive right to the use of the term
`
`30.
`
`FUNDAMENTAL INDEX because the term is merely descriptive and Opposer
`
`has not established any form of secondary meaning or acquired
`
`distinctiveness.
`
`NINTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`NARROW RIGHTS
`
`Opposer’s claims are barred, in whole or in part, because the adoption and
`
`31.
`
`use of the terms “Fundamental” and “Index”, and/or phonetic and foreign
`
`equivalents are widespread in connection with identical and/or substantially
`
`related services to those offered by Opposer in International Classes 035,
`
`036, and 042. This widespread adoption requires that Opposer’s claimed
`
`mark be construed narrowly such that Opposer’s claimed mark cannot—as a
`
`matter of law—form the basis of a likelihood of confusion, mistake, or
`
`deception claim against Applicant.
`
`32.
`
`The adoption and use of “Fundamental” and “Index”, and/or phonetic and
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`foreign equivalents as literal elements in trademarks as part of federally
`
`registered third party marks for identical and/or substantially related
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`services to those offered by Opposer in International Classes 035, 036, and
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`042 which are not owned by Opposer or Applicant, including by way of
`
`example the 894 U.S. registered marks attached hereto as Exhibit 1.
`
`
`
`8
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`
`
`TENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`UNLCEAN HANDS
`
`Opposer’s claims are barred by the doctrine of unclean hands or other
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`applicable equitable principles.
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`ELEVENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFNSE
`LACK OF FALSE CONNECTION
`
`Applicant’s mark does not falsely suggest a connection with Opposer’s mark.
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`TWELFTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`NO BASIS
`
`Opposer has no basis either in law or fact, to oppose registration of
`
`Applicant’s Mark.
`
`THIRTEENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`SOPHISTICATED PURCHASERS
`
`Purchasers of Applicant and Opposer’s products are sophisticated.
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`33.
`
`34.
`
`35.
`
`36.
`
`37.
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`Specifically, there is no likelihood of confusion among the relevant
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`purchasing public because the relevant purchasing public consists of highly
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`sophisticated, discriminating , skilled, and experienced investors who are
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`certain to comprehend, appreciate, and understand immediately that the
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`term FUNDAMENTAL INDEX is a widely used and commonly understood
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`generic term in the field of financial and investment services for a type of
`
`publically traded equity index in which components are chosen based on
`
`fundamental criteria as opposed to market capitalization. As such, there is
`
`non likelihood at all that the relevant purchasing public might be confused
`
`about the use of the term FUNDAMENTAL INDEX by two different companies
`
`offering financial and investment services.
`
`
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`9
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`38.
`
`In addition, there is no likelihood of confusion among the relevant
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`purchasing public because the relevant purchasing public consists of highly
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`sophisticated, discriminating, skilled, and experienced investors who are
`
`investing tens of millions of dollars on the basis of extensive research,
`
`scrutiny, and often direct communication with the vendor. Under these
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`circumstances, there is no likelihood at all that the relevant purchasing
`
`public might be confused about the source or affiliation of the financial and
`
`investment services being offered by either company.
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`39.
`
`Furthermore, there is no likelihood of confusion among the relevant
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`purchasing public because the financial and investment services being
`
`offered by Applicant and Opposer and their channels of distribution are
`
`different and immediately distinguishable by the highly sophisticated,
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`discriminating, skilled and experienced investors who comprise the relevant
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`purchasing public. As such, there is no likelihood at all that the relevant
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`purchasing public might be confused about the use of the term
`
`FUNDAMENTAL INDEX by both Applicant and Opposer.
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`FOURTEENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`ESTOPPEL
`
`Opposer Research Affiliates, LLC does not believe that likelihood of confusion
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`40.
`
`is likely, because Opposer argued on December 19, 2006, in a responsive
`
`answer to Opposition No. 91173959 before the TSDR that, in connection with
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`identical or substantially similar services to the ones at issue in this
`
`proceeding: “There is no likelihood of confusion among the relevant
`
`purchasing public because the relevant purchasing public consists of highly
`
`
`
`10
`
`
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`sophisticated, discriminating and experienced investors who are certain to
`
`understand and appreciate immediately that the letter Q is a widely used and
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`commonly understood abbreviation in the field of financial and investment
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`services for a number of different, generic terms…As such, there is no
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`likelihood of confusion at all that the relevant purchasing public might be
`
`confused about the use of the letter Q by two different companies offering
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`financial and investment services.” See Exhibit 2 at ¶26.
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`41.
`
`In the same opposition proceeding, Opposer further argued that “There is no
`
`likelihood of confusion among the relevant purchasing public because the
`
`relevant purchasing public consists of highly sophisticated, discriminating
`
`and experienced investors who are investing tens of millions of dollars on the
`
`basis of extensive research, scrutiny and probably direct communication
`
`with the vendor. Under these circumstances, there is no likelihood at all that
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`the relevant purchasing public might be confused about the source or
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`affiliation of the financial and investment services being offered by either
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`company.” Id at ¶25.
`
`42.
`
`Additionally, Opposer argued that “There is no likelihood of confusion among
`
`the relevant purchasing public because the financial and investment services
`
`being offered by Research Affiliates and Acme Widget and their channels of
`
`distribution different and immediately distinguishable by the highly
`
`sophisticated, discriminating and experienced investors who comprise the
`
`relevant purchasing public. As such, there is no likelihood at all that the
`
`
`
`11
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`
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`relevant purchasing public might be confused about the use of the letter Q by
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`both Research Affiliates and Acme Widget.” Id at ¶ 27.
`
`43.
`
`Therefore, Opposer is estopped from claiming source confusion when it
`
`knows, agrees, understands, believes, and has argued that the respective
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`target consumers or relevant purchasing public, at issue in this proceeding,
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`are so sophisticated that it is highly unlikely for source confusion to occur.
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`FIFTEENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`FAILURE TO POLICE
`
`Opposer has failed to adequately maintain, police, or enforce trademark or
`
`44.
`
`proprietary rights they may have in their alleged trademarks, specifically,
`
`there currently are numerous marks that have adopted “Fundamental” and
`
`“Index” and/or phonetic and foreign equivalents as literal elements as part of
`
`federally registered and pending third party marks for identical or
`
`substantially related services to those offered by Opposer in International
`
`Classes 035, 036, and 042, which are not owned by Opposer or Applicant,
`
`and which Opposer, on information and believe, has not attempted to oppose
`
`or cancel, including by way of example the 894 registered marks attached
`
`hereto as Exhibit 1.
`
`
`
`SIXTEENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`STRICT PROOF
`
`Applicant denies that Opposer has been, or will be, injured in any manner by
`
`
`
`45.
`
`registration of Applicant’s mark, denies that Opposer is entitled to any relief
`
`requested in the Notice of opposition, and calls for strict proof of all of the
`
`allegations against Applicant.
`
`
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`12
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`
`
`SEVENTEENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`TRADEMARK BULLY
`
`Opposer is engaged in the practice of “trademark bullying” which is
`
`46.
`
`described as a trademark owner that uses its trademark rights to harass and
`
`intimidate another business beyond what the law might reasonably be
`
`interpreted to allow.
`
`47.
`
`Applicant is a small business that is harmed by Opposer’s litigation tactics
`
`wherein Opposer is attempting to enforce their alleged trademark rights
`
`beyond a reasonable interpretation of the scope of the rights legitimately
`
`granted to the trademark owners.
`
`
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`EIGHTEENTH AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
`
` Applicant reserves the right to assert any and all other affirmative defenses
`
`48.
`
`of which Applicant becomes aware during the pendency of this matter.
`
`49.
`
`Pursuant to 37 CFR Section 2.106(b)(2) and Section 313 of the Trademark
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`COUNTERCLAIM
`
`Trial and Appeal Board manual of Procedure, Applicant, Miller/Howard
`
`Investments, Inc. files this counterclaim to cancel U.S. Registration No.
`
`3,286,704 for the mark FUNDAMENTAL INDEX, and U.S. Registration No.
`
`3,734,868 for the mark THE FUNDAMENTALINDEX (stylized), both owned
`
`by Opposer, Research Affiliates, LLC, and avers as follows:
`
`50.
`
`Applicant, Miller/Howard Investments, Inc., is the owner of record of U.S.
`
`Serial No. 85/947,010 for the mark MILLER/HOWARD MLP FUNDAMENTAL
`
`INDEX used in connection with “Providing and updating a financial index of
`
`securities values and classification, analysis, and reporting thereof; Providing
`
`
`
`13
`
`
`
`financial indices based on selected groups of securities; Providing and
`
`updating a financial index”, said application having been filed in the United
`
`States Patent and Trademark Office on May 31, 2013.
`
`51.
`
`Applicant’s said application was published for opposition on November 05,
`
`2013, and an opposition was filed by Opposer on March 05, 2014. Opposer is
`
`the owner of record of U.S. Registration No. 3,286,704 for the mark
`
`FUNDAMENTAL INDEX used in connection with “Index‐based portfolio
`
`securities and mutual funds portfolio management” in International Class
`
`036, and U.S. Registration No. 3,734,868 for the mark THE
`
`FUNDAMENTALINDEX (stylized) used in connection with “Index‐based
`
`portfolio of securities and mutual funds portfolio management” in
`
`International Class 036, and “Providing temporary use of on‐line non‐
`
`downloadable computer software for the management and administration of
`
`index‐based portfolios of securities and mutual funds portfolio management”
`
`in International Class 042.
`
`52. Within the financial and investment services industry, the term
`
`FUNDAMENTAL INDEX refers to (a) a type of equity index in which
`
`components are chosen based on fundamental criteria as opposed to market
`
`capitalization. Fundamentally‐weighted indexes may be based on
`
`fundamental metrics such as revenue, dividend, rates, earnings or book
`
`value, attached hereto as Exhibit 3, and (b) Fundamentally based indexes are
`
`indices in which stocks are weighted by one of many economic fundamental
`
`factors, especially accounting figures which are commonly used when
`
`
`
`14
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`
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`performing corporate valuation, or by a composite of several fundamental
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`factors, attached hereto as Exhibit 4.
`
`53.
`
`The Confused Capitalist blog refers to Fundamental Indexes as an index for
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`investment, attached hereto as Exhibit 5.
`
`54.
`
`In the New York Times, Chris Brightman, the head of investment
`
`management for Research Affiliates or Opposer, said that Opposer has
`
`constructed so‐called fundamental indexes that will deliver superior returns,
`
`attached hereto as Exhibit 6 at ¶ 10. In the article, Brightman further
`
`explains that investing in Fundamental Indexes creates better returns than
`
`market‐cap‐weighted indexes, and that Opposer uses several factors –
`
`including sales, cash flow, dividends, and book value – to create fundamental
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`indexes that are the basis of E.T.F.’s sold by PowerShares and Charles
`
`Schwab. Id at ¶¶17 and 19. The article further explains that John Bogle,
`
`founder of the Vanguard Group, an investment management company that
`
`manages approximately $2.0 trillion in assets, asserts that fundamental index
`
`managers all practice a form of active management. Id at ¶ 26.
`
`55.
`
`Edhec‐risk.com discusses Fundamental Indexes in the context of index
`
`performance in the market place, attached hereto as Exhibit 7 at ¶ 1.
`
`56.
`
`Forbes magazine, in the headline of an article dated June 24, 2013, refers to
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`the fundamental index as a potential better index fund to invest in, attached
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`hereto as Exhibit 8. The article further describes fundamental index as an
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`investment fund that ranks stocks based on book value as well as trailing
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`five‐year average cash flow, sales, and dividends. Id at ¶ 6. The article
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`
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`15
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`
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`further describes fundamental indexing as a niche investment, and that
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`fundamental indexing could one day become a big part of Charles Schwab’s,
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`an American brokerage and banking company with 7.9 million client
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`brokerage accounts, managed portfolio products and eventually show up in
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`retirement plans. Id at ¶ 8. Furthermore, John Bogle of the Vanguard Group
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`is quoted as saying “There is no guarantee that a fundamental index will do
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`as well as the market, since it’s not buying the market. Id at ¶ 11. Opposer’s
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`founder, Robert Arnott, discusses how fundamental indexing has performed
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`decently in a market where growth stocks have done well. Id at ¶ 12. He is
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`quoted as saying: “I’d love to see a market where value is really on a roll and
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`reinforces the view that it [fundamental indexing] does okay when growth is
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`winning and hits the lights out when value is winning.” Id. The article
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`further discusses how other financial and investment service companies such
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`as Wisdom Tree offer their own fundamental index funds. Id at ¶13.
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`57.
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`In an article by CNNMoney, it refers to Fundamental Index as a fund, and
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`compares it to traditional index funds, attached hereto as Exhibit 9 at ¶ 3.
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`58.
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`Investopedia.com presented a comparison between Fundamental Indexes,
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`capitalization‐weighted indexes, and equal‐weighted indexes, discussing why
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`one is a preferable investment over the other, attached hereto as Exhibit 10
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`at ¶¶ 7, 8, 9, and 10.
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`59.
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`Investopia.com in another article refers to fundamental indexing as a method
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`or genre of indexing, attached hereto as Exhibit 11 at ¶ 2. It further
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`describes a Fundamental Index as a fund that selects and weights component
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`
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`16
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`
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`stocks, based on current and quantitative ranking of company data. Id at ¶
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`14.
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`60.
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`In an article by marketwatch.com, Jonathan Burton refers to Fundamental
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`Index as a rival to a market‐cap index fund, attached hereto as Exhibit 12 at ¶
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`4.
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`61.
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`In a Morningstar article, Mike Rawson refers to fundamental indexing as the
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`rage in exchange‐traded funds, attached hereto as Exhibit 13 at ¶ 1. Rawson
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`further refers to fundamental indexing as an investment fund. Id at ¶ 3.
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`62.
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`The Motley Fool on its website fool.com refers to the Fundamental Index as a
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`mutual fund offered by Charles Schwab, attached hereto as Exhibit 14 – see
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`headline and ¶¶ 1 and 3.
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`63.
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`The Motley Fool on its website beta.fool.com refers to Fundamental Index as
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`a new kind of index fund that is outdoing the old variety, which is composed
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`according to its underlying stocks’ market capitalization and which are
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`embodied in several exchange‐traded funds, attached hereto as Exhibit 15 at
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`¶¶ 1 and 2. The article further describes how Opposer’s founder Robert
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`Arnott compares Fundamental Index to the Russell 1000 and the Standard
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`and Poor’s 500. Id at § 9. The article continues to discuss how stocks have
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`more clout when in a Fundamental Index, and how there are several options
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`for people interested in purchasing a Fundamental Index fund at bargain
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`rates. Id at ¶¶ 10 and 13.
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`64.
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`On www.seekingalpha.com, Lowell Herr refers to Fundamental Index as an
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`exchange‐traded fund or ETF, attached hereto as Exhibit 16.
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`
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`17
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`
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`65.
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`The Social Science Research Network on www.papers.ssrn.com discusses
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`Fundamental Indexation as an index fund based on accounting valuation,
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`attached hereto as Exhibit 17.
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`66.
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`The Social Science Research Network on www.papers.ssrn.com refers to
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`Fundamental Index as a stock fund, attached hereto as Exhibit 18.
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`67.
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`In an interview with Vanguard Group’s Chris Philips, Fundamental Indexing
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`is referred to as a type of investment strategy, attached hereto as Exhibit 19
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`at ¶ 5.
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`68. Wikipedia, at www.en.wikipedia.org, defines Fundamentally based indexes
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`as indices in which stocks are weighted by one of many economic
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`fundamental factors, especially accounting figures which are commonly used
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`when performing corporate valuation, or by a composite of several
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`fundamental factors, attached hereto as Exhibit 20 at ¶ 1.
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`69.
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`In an article by the Wall Street Journal on www.online.wsj.com, Carolyn Geer
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`refers to Fundamental Index as an Index Fund, attached hereto as Exhibit 21
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`at ¶ 7. The article later categorizes Fundamental Index as an investment
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`strategy much like an ETF. Id at ¶ 12. It further describes Fundamental
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`Index as an investment methodology. Id at ¶ 27.
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`70.
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`In an article by Yahoo Finance on finance.yahoo.com, Fundamental Index is
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`referred to an exchange traded fund methodology, attached hereto as Exhibit
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`22 at ¶ 1.
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`
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`18
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`
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`71.
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`In a blog on www.forums.somethingawful.com, an investor refers to
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`Fundamental Index as a non traditional index fund, attached hereto as
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`Exhibit 23.
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`72.
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`The definition entry on investopedia.com defines Fundamentally Weighted
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`Indexes as: “A type of equity index in which components are chosen based on
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`fundamental criteria as opposed to market capitalization”, it further states
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`that, “Fundamentally‐weighted indexes may be based on fundamental
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`metrics such as revenue, dividend rates, earnings or book value”, attached
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`hereto as Exhibit 24.
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`73.
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`On www.bogleheads.org, Fundamental Index is referred to as passively
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`managed market cap indices that use a security weighting system that ranks
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`stocks according to four fundamental value factors, attached hereto as
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`Exhibit 25 at ¶ 1.
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`74.
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`Ask.com refers to Fundamental Index as indices in which stocks are weighted
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`by one of many economic fundamental factors, especially accounting figures,
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`which are commonly used when performing corporate valuation, or by a
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`composite of several fundamental factors, attached hereto as Exhibit 26.
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`75.
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`On the blog InvestingGuy at www.investingguy.blogspot.com, Fundamental
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`Index is referred to as a mutual fund, attached hereto as Exhibit 29 at
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`“Important Note 3”.
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`76.
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`On www.etfguide.com, Fundamental Index is referred to as an investment
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`strategy, attached hereto as Exhibit 28 ¶ 2.
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`
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`19
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`77.
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`In a brochure by Invesco, Fundamental Index is labeled as an ETF or
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`Exchange‐Traded Fund, attached hereto as Exhibit 31 – See headline page 2.
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`78.
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`On www.russell.com, Fundamental Index is referred to as a series of index
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`funds, attached hereto as Exhibit 30.
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`79.
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`On www.schwabfunds.com, Fundamental Index is labeled as an equity index
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`fund, attached hereto as Exhibit 31 at ¶ 1.
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`80.
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`Scottrade at www.research.scottrade.com, refers to Fundamental Index as an
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`indexing strategy, attached hereto as Exhibit 32 at ¶1. It further discusses
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`how Fundamental Indexes try to outperform classis benchmarks by
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`screening securities based upon financial measures. Id at ¶ 7.
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`81.
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`In a description of the book “The Fundamental Index” on amazon.com,
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`written by Robert Arnott, founder of Opposer, Fundamental Index is referred
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`to as a new approach to indexing that can overcome the structural return
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`drag created by traditional capitalization‐based indexing strategies, attached
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`hereto as Exhibit 33.
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`82.
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`On Opposer’s website at www.researchaffiliates.com, Opposer refers to
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`Fundamental Index as a method of selecting and weighing stocks based on
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`fundamental measures, providing a more optimal approach to equity
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`indexation than capitalization‐weighted indices, attached hereto as Exhibit
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`34.
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`83.
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`On www.thinkadvisor.com., Robert Arnott founder of Opposer is quoted as
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`referring to Fundamental Index as a “core equity strategy…”, attached hereto
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`as Exhibit 35 at ¶ 3. The article further refers to Fundamental Indexing as an
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`
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`20
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`
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`index based on the fundamentals of a given stock, instead of its market price.
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`Id at ¶ 5. Arnott further makes the statement that “you can use Fun