To:
`Subject:
`Sent:
`Sent As:
`
`NATHANIEL L FINTZ(trademarkprosecution@zuberlawler.com)
`U.S. Trademark Application Serial No. 90975326 - A.F.C - 3004-1004
`February 13, 2024 06:24:48 PM EST
`tmng.notices@uspto.gov
`
`Attachments
`
`screencapture-www-niehs-nih-gov-health-topics-agents-essential-oils-17078648122901
`screencapture-www-webmd-com-vitamins-ai-ingredientmono-915-medium-chain-
`triglycerides-mcts-17078648689521
`screencapture-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov-pmc-articles-PMC5456241-17078649537561
`screencapture-onlinelibrary-wiley-com-doi-abs-10-1002-9781119829614-ch3-
`17078650740461
`screencapture-nclpub-wipo-int-enfr-17078651106371
`screencapture-nclpub-wipo-int-enfr-17078651416971
`screencapture-nclpub-wipo-int-enfr-17078651678911
`screencapture-www-fda-gov-drugs-drug-approvals-and-databases-drugsfda-glossary-terms-
`17078651997031
`screencapture-www-merriam-webster-com-dictionary-drug-17078652387811
`screencapture-www-oxfordlearnersdictionaries-com-us-definition-english-drug_1-
`17078652987231
`screencapture-www-ahdictionary-com-word-search-html-17078653264601
`screencapture-www-ahdictionary-com-word-search-html-17078653562001
`screencapture-www-merriam-webster-com-dictionary-salutary-17078653741101
`screencapture-www-nia-nih-gov-health-medicines-and-medication-management-taking-
`medicines-safely-you-age-17078654105951
`screencapture-www-ahdictionary-com-word-search-html-17078654668441
`screencapture-www-oxfordlearnersdictionaries-com-us-definition-english-accurate-
`17078654928411
`screencapture-www-ahdictionary-com-word-search-html-17078655123571
`screencapture-www-oxfordlearnersdictionaries-com-us-definition-english-explicit-
`17078655308351
`screencapture-www-merriam-webster-com-dictionary-tincture-17078655864401
`screencapture-www-ahdictionary-com-word-search-html-17078656436621
`screencapture-www-oxfordlearnersdictionaries-com-us-definition-english-tincture-
`17078656635771
`screencapture-advocatesforcannabis-com-collections-all-17078656837021
`screencapture-www-healthline-com-health-cbd-oil-vs-tincture-17078657069231
`screencapture-www-medicalnewstoday-com-articles-cbd-oil-vs-tincture-17078658543961
`screencapture-greatist-com-live-what-is-cbd-oil-and-cbd-tincture-17078658903991
`
`United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
`Office Action (Official Letter) About Applicant’s Trademark Application
`
`U.S. Application Serial No.  90975326
`
`Mark:   A.F.C
`
`

`

`Correspondence Address:  
`NATHANIEL L FINTZ
`ZUBER LAWLER LLP
`260 MADISON AVE STE 8021
`NEW YORK NY 10016
`UNITED STATES
`
`Applicant:   AFC Collective LLC
`
`Reference/Docket No.  3004-1004
`
`Correspondence Email Address:   trademarkprosecution@zuberlawler.com
`
`
`
`
`
`
`REQUEST FOR RECONSIDERATION AFTER FINAL ACTION DENIED
`
`Issue date:   February 13, 2024
`
`Applicant’s request for reconsideration is denied.   See 37 C.F.R. §2.63(b)(3).  The trademark
`examining attorney has carefully reviewed applicant’s request and determined the request did not:  (1)
`raise a new issue, (2) resolve all the outstanding issue(s), (3) provide any new or compelling evidence
`with regard to the outstanding issue(s), or (4) present analysis and arguments that were persuasive or
`shed new light on the outstanding issue(s).  TMEP §§715.03(a)(ii)(B), 715.04(a).  
`
`The applicant's amendment to the Identification of Goods made in the Request for Remand on
`November 30, 2023 fails to clarify the goods.  Accordingly, the requirement to clarify the Identification
`the Office action dated February 14, 2022 is  maintained and
`of Goods made final
`in
`continued.   See  TMEP §§715.03(a)(ii)(B), 715.04(a).  
`
`
`I. The classification of the goods is not clear (TMEP §§1401 et seq.)
`
`As worded, the classification of the goods is not justified in Cl. 5 without further specification as they
`may encompass Cl. 3 goods. Specifically, it is not clear whether these goods are predominately
`comprised of essential oils or non-essential oils.
`
`“As of September 1, 1973, the international classification of goods and services is the controlling
`classification used by the United States, and it applies to all applications filed on or after September 1,
`1973, and their resulting registrations, for all statutory purposes.   See 37 C.F.R. §2.85(a).” TMEP
`§1401.02. “International trademark classification, and the headings of the international trademark
`classes, are established by the Committee of Experts of the Nice Union and set forth in the International
`Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks (Nice
`Classification) published annually by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) on its
`website.” TMEP §1401.02(a).
`
`Applicant identifies its goods as oils “derived from seed-producing plants” that are “accompanied by
`medium-chain triglyceride oil;” as “herb oil accompanied by medium-chain triglyceride oil;” and as
`“herb oil extracts accompanied by medium-chain triglyceride oil.” While medium-chain triglyceride
`
`

`

`oils are not essential oils, oils derived from seed producing plants, “herb oils” and “herb oil extracts” all
`encompass essential oils. “Essential oils, which are obtained through mechanical pressing or
`distillation, are concentrated plant extracts that retain the natural smell and flavor of their source.” See,
`NIH
`National
`Institute
`of
`Environmental
`Health
`Science,
`https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/essential-oils;
`  https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-915/medium-chain-triglycerides-mcts.  They are
`extracted from “  Flowers, of course, including: orange, pink, lavender, and the (clove) flower bud or
`(ylang-ylang) bracts,  
` Leaves, most often, including: eucalyptus, mint, thyme, bay leaf, savory, sage,
` 
`pine needles, and tree underground organs, e.g., roots (vetiver),  
` Rhizomes (ginger, sweet flag),  
` 
` 
` Seeds (carvi, coriander),  
`  Fruits, including: fennel, anise, Citrus epicarps, 
`    Wood and bark,
` 
`including: cinnamon, sandalwood, rosewood.”  Essential Oils’ Chemical Characterization and
`(nih.gov),
`Investigation of Some Biological Activities: A Critical Review
`- PMC
`https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5456241/;
`https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119829614.ch3#:~:text=Antimicrobial%20property%2C%20food%20security%2C%20extension,management%20are%20among%20the%20applications. 
`Under the Nice Classification, essential oils are Cl. 3 goods: “ Some products, however, are always in
`Class 3 regardless of purpose, such as essential oils….” The Nice Classification, Class 3 Info File,
`https://nclpub.wipo.int/enfr/?version=20240101&notion=information_files&class_number=3&lang=en.
`Thus, even though essential oils are used for Cl. 5 purposes they would remain in Cl. 3.
`
`If applicant’s goods are comprised predominantly of essential oils, the goods remain properly classified
`in Cl. 3. While the applicant indicates that its goods are accompanied by “medium-chain triglyceride
`oil,” “accompanied” is insufficient to indicate the proper classification of the goods. Under the Nice
`Classification, “When a product, whether finished or not, is classified according to the material of
`which it is made, and it is made of different materials, the product is in principle classified according to
`the material which predominates.”  The Nice Classification, General Remarks, Goods,
`https://nclpub.wipo.int/enfr/?gors=&lang=en&menulang=en&notion=general_remarks&version=20200101.
`If these goods are predominantly comprised of essential oils, these goods are properly classified in Cl.
`3.
`
`If applicant’s oil goods are not comprised predominantly of essential oils, they are classified by their
`function or purpose, per The Nice Classification, General Remarks, Goods (a), “A finished product is
`in
`principle
`classified
`according
`to
`its
`function
`or
`purpose.”
`https://nclpub.wipo.int/enfr/?gors=&lang=en&menulang=en&notion=general_remarks&version=20200101.
`The “function or purpose” of applicant’s goods has been identified as “intended for reducing risk of
`disease;” “for the purpose of promoting functions of the body;” “intended to affect the structure or
`function of the body;” “for the purpose of affecting the structure or function of the body;” “for the
`purpose of promoting the structure or function of the body;” and “for the purpose of having a salutary
`effect on the structure or function of the body.” The identified functions/purposes generally fall within
`the definitions/common understanding of that of a “drug” or as being “medicinal”  –
`
`
`DRUG
`MW/FDA
`https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/drugsfda-glossary-
`terms#:~:text=A%20drug%20is%20defined%20as,any%20function%20of%20the%20body;
`https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/drug
`A substance recognized by an official pharmacopoeia or formulary.
`A substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease.
`A substance (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body.
`
`
`

`

`OL: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/drug_1
`a substance used as a medicine or used in a medicine
`
`AHD:  https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=drug
`A substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease or as a component of a
`medication.
`
`
`
`
`
`MEDICINAL
`MW: Salutary
`https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/medicinal
`
`SALUTARY
`AHD: https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=salutary
`1. Effecting or designed to effect an improvement; remedial: salutary advice.
`2. Favorable to health; wholesome: a salutary climate.
`
`MW: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/salutary
`1: producing a beneficial effect : REMEDIAL
`salutary influences
`2: promoting health : CURATIVE
`
`
`NIH: “What are medicines?
`Medicines, often referred to as drugs, are used to prevent or treat diseases and other health
`conditions. Medicines can be obtained by a prescription or over the counter (OTC).”
`https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/medicines-and-medication-management/taking-medicines-safely-
`you-age#:~:text=all%20your%20medicines.-
`,What%20are%20medicines%3F,over%20the%20counter%20(OTC). 
`
`
`Thus, if applicant’s goods are not comprised in substantial part of essential oils, the goods are properly
`classified in Cl. 5 because their function/purpose aligns with those in Cl. 5 of the Nice Classification.
`
`To that end, please note that if these goods are comprised of essential oils, prefacing the goods with the
`term “tinctures” does not change their classification as noted in TMEP §1401.05(c): “If a product is
`normally classified in a particular class, an applicant cannot obtain registration in another class merely
`by identifying an ultimate use of the product in goods that fall in the other class.  Example - Essential
`oils are classified in Class 3. This item cannot be classified in Class 1 with an indication that it is used
`in the manufacture of other finished products. Raw or unfinished materials that are used in the
`manufacture of other finished products may be classified in Class 1. However, an item like essential
`oils, which is always classified in Class 3 regardless of its ultimate use, cannot be transferred to Class 1
`by adding Class 1 qualifying language.”  TMEP §1401.05(c).
`
`
`
`II. Section 1402.01 states that an identification “must be specific, definite,
`clear, accurate, and concise,” identify the goods “in an explicit manner,” and
`“the language used to describe goods and/or services should be understandable
`to the average person and should not require an in-depth knowledge of the
`relevant field.” TMEP §1402.01.
`
`

`

`
`Please note the following definitions:
`
`
`“Accurate” –  Conforming exactly to fact; correct and true in every detail;  conforming exactly to
`truth or to a standard
`https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=accurate;
`https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/accurate
`
`“Explicit” -  clear and easy to understand, so that you have no doubt what is meant; Fully and
`clearly expressed; fully revealed or expressed without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity :
`leaving no question as to meaning or intent
`https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/explicit,
`https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=explicit
`
`
`Also, the “ordinary meaning” or “common understanding” of the term at issue, “tincture,” is also
`important to establish before moving on to the analysis. By the definitions of well known, reputable
`dictionaries, “tinctures” are defined as –
`
`
`MW: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tincture
`1: a solution of a medicinal substance in an alcoholic solvent
`
`AHD: https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=tincture
`1. A coloring or dyeing substance; a pigment.
`2. An imparted color; a tint.
`3. A quality that colors, pervades, or distinguishes.
`4. A trace or vestige: "a faint tincture of condescension" (Robert Craft).
`5. An alcohol solution of a nonvolatile medicine: tincture of iodine.
`6. Heraldry A metal, color, or fur.
`
`OL: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/tincture
`a substance dissolved in alcohol for use as a medicine
`
`Thus, we can see that tinctures are alcohol-based medicinal solutions. They are not comprised of oils. 
`Each of the 216 tincture IDs indicates that the goods are comprised of oils. By the definitions of well
`known, reputable dictionaries, tinctures are not comprised of oils, but of alcohol. Therefore, the 216
`tincture IDs are inaccurate because they do not conform to the standard of tinctures being alcohol-
`based as established by these dictionaries, and their categorization as oil-based goods is incorrect. Thus,
`the IDs are unacceptable per TMEP §1402.01.
`
`Additionally, the tincture goods have not been identified in an explicit manner. For this additional
`reason, the IDs do not satisfy TMEP requirements. As indicated, above, to be explicit the goods must
`be identified in a manner that is clear, easy to understand, and so there is no doubt as to the meaning of
`the goods.  Well-known, reputable dictionaries define and establish “tinctures” as alcohol-based
`solutions.  Thus, identifying “tinctures” as oils raises doubt as to the nature of the goods. The ID is no
`longer clear or easy to understand, but rather is confusing in light of the established meaning of these
`goods. As such, the goods have not been identified in the requisite explicit manner.  
`
`Section 1402.03(f) does allow for “widely used industry terminology” to be deemed sufficient to
`identify goods when the following conditions are met: (1) that terminology at issue is definite; (2) the
`
`

`

`terminology at issue is limited to a single class; (3) that terminology is supported by dictionary
`definitions or other authoritative references.  See, TMEP §1402.03(f), “Widely used industry
`terminology that is definite and limited to a single class should be recognized as sufficient to identify
`the goods or services when supported by dictionary definitions or other authoritative references.”
`TMEP §1402.03(f).  Given the above dictionary definitions, the term “tinctures” when further defined
`as oils, is not definite terminology because it is not accurate or explicit, as explained, above. Second, as
`discussed previously, it is not clear whether these goods are limited to a single class.  If the goods are
`comprised predominantly of essential oils, these goods are properly classified in Cl. 3. Third, dictionary
`definitions do not support the use of the term “tincture” to identify goods comprised of oils. Therefore,
`these IDs do not meet the requirements of TMEP 1402.03(f) to allow these goods to register under the
`“widely used industry terminology” standard.
`
`Applicant’s website indicates that it is a provider of cannabidiol goods. The use of the term “tinctures”
`to describe oil-based products is not uniformly adopted within the cannabidiol industry and the use of
`“tincture” to describe oil-based goods has been noted as “confusing.”  
`
`
`1. Healthline: CBD Oil vs. Tincture: What’s the Difference?
`https://www.healthline.com/health/cbd-oil-vs-tincture
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`What is CBD oil?
`CBD oil is most often a blend of CBD extract and an inert  carrier oil, like  medium-chain
`triglyceride (MCT) coconut oil.
`What is a CBD tincture?
`A CBD tincture is an alcohol-based extract. High proof alcohol is used as a solvent to extract the
`natural compounds of the cannabis plant, and its also used in the finished product.
`
`2. Medical News Today What to know about CBD oils and CBD tinctures
`https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cbd-oil-vs-tincture
`
`CBD oil and tinctures are similar products that both contain CBD derived from  hemp or other
`plants in the  Cannabis sativa family. While people may interchange the terms “CBD oil” and
`“CBD tincture,” they are different products.
`
`The main difference between the two is the method of extracting CBD. For oil, manufacturers use
`carbon dioxide, but for tinctures, they utilize alcohol.
`
`Using heat and pressure, manufacturers use the carbon dioxide method to separate CBD from the
`plant. Manufacturers generally regard this as the quickest and most efficient way to extract the
`substance. It is also environmentally safe, while the  Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also
`note that the method is safe.
`
`The process of creating a CBD tincture typically involves soaking cannabis in alcohol and slowly
`heating the mixture. This infuses the alcohol with CBD, which the manufacturer then boils or
`dilutes.
`
`Through these different extraction methods, manufacturers end up with slightly different products:
`CBD oil contains CBD suspended in a carrier oil, while tinctures are typically glycerin- or alcohol-
`based solutions.
`
`

`

`
`Generally, CBD oils will also contain a higher potency of CBD, but tinctures will have a longer
`shelf life. Additionally, people can use CBD oil orally or topically, but it is not advisable to use
`tinctures on the skin.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`3. Greatist: CBD Tincture vs Oil: What Do They Really Do?
`https://greatist.com/live/what-is-cbd-oil-and-cbd-tincture
`
`“CBD tinctures and oils are used to help ease many conditions. People use CBD for things like
`sleep and anxiety relief to things like help with pain and inflammation.
`
`Tinctures have a reputation for fast-acting results, which makes them a strong choice for those
`looking to relieve pain. A tincture also tends to live longer on your nightstand since its base is
`preserving alcohol and not oil.
`
`Unlike CBD oils, tinctures are more challenging to find. Most CBD brands have a good selection
`of CBD oils to choose from, but for those looking for a tincture, you may have to search across a
`good handful of brands before finding one that suits you.
`
`Plus, many brands use the term tincture to describe an oil and vice versa, so it can be annoyingly
`confusing.”
`
`
`As these articles indicate, oils containing CBD are recognized as non-tincture goods. Outside of the
`CBD industry and CBD consumers, the identification of a “tincture” as an oil product would likely
`cause even greater confusion to the average consumer because, as indicated by the dictionary
`definitions, they are widely known as alcohol-based goods. For this reason, this language used to
`describe applicant’s goods oil-based goods would not be understandable to the average person without
`an in-depth knowledge of the cannabidiol products field, and even then it appears that it may cause
`confusion amongst such consumers.
`
`
`III. Section 1402.05 indicates that an identification is unacceptable if the
`ordinary meaning of the identification language is at variance with the
`goods evidenced by any part of the record.
`
`TMEP Section 1402.05 states that “[a]n identification is unacceptable if it is inconsistent with the
`goods or services indicated by the specimens or if the ordinary meaning of the identification language
`is at variance with the goods or services evidenced by the specimens or any other part of the record.” 
`TMEP §1402.05.  
`
`
`IV. TMEP §1402.07
`
`
`When an ID is ambiguous, the ID must be amended to a definite ID within the scope of the applied-for
`wording. TMEP §1402.07(b).  The originally applied-for wording that is the basis of these amendments
`is “Tinctures; Herbal tinctures.” As has been addressed previously, the originally applied-for IDs are
`
`

`

`unacceptable.  Applicant has indicated the function/purpose of its goods and applicant has indicated
`their composition, which under the Nice Classification is problematic, as discussed above. As noted in
`the dictionary definitions, above, “tinctures” are alcohol-based medicinal goods, not oil-based goods.
`Therefore, because the amendments do not fall within the ordinary meaning of the term “tinctures,”
`these amendments are outside the scope of the initially applied-for wording.
`
`
`
`
`If applicant has already filed an appeal with the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, the Board will
`be notified to resume the appeal.   See TMEP §715.04(a).  
`
`If applicant has not filed an appeal and time remains in the response period for the final Office
`action, applicant has the remainder of that time to (1) file another request for reconsideration that
`complies with and/or overcomes any outstanding final requirement(s) and/or refusal(s), and/or (2) file a
`notice of appeal to the Board.  TMEP §715.03(a)(ii)(B).
`
`
`/Kelly Trusilo/
`Kelly Trusilo
`Examining Attorney
`LO107--LAW OFFICE 107
`(571) 272-8976
`Kelly.Trusilo@USPTO.GOV
`
`
`
`

`

` An official website of the United States government Here'shawyouknow ¥
`
`Nha
`
`National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
`Your Environment. Your Health.
`
`Search NIEHS
`
`ela atacs
`
`(eet eeelial at
`
`.
`
`NotaTe
`
`> Table of Contents
`
`Essential Oils
`within the sameplantspecies,or from plantto plant. Synthetic oils are not considered true essential oils.
`
`Health & Ed
`
`+
`
`Health & Education
`Environmental Health Topics
`Environmental Agents
`Acrylamide
`Air Pollution and Your Health
`Algal Blooms
`Allergens
`Aloe Vera
`Arsenic
`BisphenolA (BPA)
`Cell PhoneRadio Frequency
`Radiation
`Climate Change
`Cosmetics and Your Health
`Dioxins
`Electric & Magnetic Fields
`Endocrine Disruptors
`Essential Oils
`Flame Retardants
`Formaldehyde
`Hazardous Material/Waste
`Hexavalent Chromium
`Hydraulic Fracturing & Health
`IndoorAir Quality
`Lead
`Mold
`Nanomaterials
`
`Introduction
`Whatare essentialoils?
`
`Essential oils, which are obtained through mechanicalpressing
`ordistillation, are concentrated plant extracts that retain the
`natural smell and flavorof their source
`
`Each essentialoil has a unique composition of chemicals, and
`this variation affects the smell, absorption, and effects on the
`body. The chemical composition of an essential oil may vary
`
`Have researchers studied essentialoils?
`
`Previous studies 7 have shownthat lavender and tea tree oil may act as endocrine
`disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which have been associated with severalhealth issues
`EDCsare substances in the environment(air, soil, or water), food sources, personal
`care products, and manufactured products that interfere with the normal function
`of your body's endocrine system.Also,clinical research 7 found a possiblelink
`between the topical use of essential oils and the onset of male gynecomastia, or the
`developmentof breasttissue, in prepubescent boys. Since lavenderandtea treeoil
`are composed of hundreds of chemicals, NIEHS scientists wantedto find out which
`of these chemicals displayed hormonalactivity that could potentially lead to
`prepubertal gynecomastia
`
`What is NIEHS Doing?
`
`The scientists applied pure essential lavenderoil, tea tree oil, or eight of their
`chemical components to humancelllines in test tubes, known asin vitro
`
`

`

`Perfluoroalkyl and
`Polyfluorealky! Substances
`(PFAS)
`Pesticides
`Radon
`Safe Water and Your Health
`Smoking and Vaping
`Styrene
`Weather Extremes
`
`experiments. They found that the compoundsdisplayed a range of hormonal
`activities, which may stimulate prepubertal gynecomastia in boys.
`
`Whichessential oils and components were tested in the NIEHS study?
`
`The researchers tested pure essential lavender andtea tree oils, as well as four
`chemicals commonly foundin both: eucalyptol, 4-terpinenol, dipentene/limonene,
`and alpha-terpineol. These compounds wereselected becausethe International
`Standard Organization mandatedthat they beincluded in both lavenderand tea
`tree oils. The NIEHS research team also studiedlinalyl acetate and linalool, which
`are specific to lavenderoil, and alpha-terpinene and gammaz-terpinene, which are
`specific to tea treeoil,
`Doother essential oils contain these chemicals?
`
`According to an analysis - of the chemical componentsof 93 essentialoils, the
`eight chemicals selected in the NIEHS study appeared in most, as indicated in the
`list below. Each of the eight chemicalsis followed by the numberofoils in whichit
`appeared.
`
`¢ dipentene/limonene - 90
`¢ alpha-terpineol- 87
`«
`linalool - 82
`e 4-terpinenol - 80
`* eucalyptol - 79
`* gamma-terpinene - 79
`* alpha-terpinene - 77
`«
`linalyl acetate - 62
`
`What age range are boys atriskforgynecomastia?
`
`Male gynecomastia is a commonclinical symptom observed during infancy,
`adolescence, and older age. Some physicians theorize that periods of major
`hormonal change maylead to the condition. However, prepubertal gynecomastia is
`relatively rare due to lowercirculating hormonelevels. Some scientists suspect that
`boys in this range may be moresusceptible to hormonal changes and disrupting
`chemicals, which may lead to gynecomastia.
`
`is directskin exposure the main link to malegynecomastia orcan smelling or inhaling
`essentialoils, as in aromatherapy, be linked, too?
`
`Theclinical cases have only described using essential oils on skin or topical
`exposure and not aromatherapy.In the NIEHS study, the team described whether
`topical exposure to the chemicals led te hormonalactivity. Further studies are
`needed to determineif the same can be said about aromatherapy.
`
`

`

`Aregirls affected by lavenderandtea tree oils?
`
`Because breast growthis a natural process for pubescentgirls, it is more difficult to
`determine whether pure essential lavenderoil or tea tree oil have the sameeffect in
`females as males.A clinical case was reported in 2019 ~that described abnormal
`breast growthin prepubescentgirls who had continuous exposure to lavender-
`fragranced products. The premature breast growth resolved when exposureto the
`lavender-containing products stopped
`
`Whatwere the results of tests usingpure essentialoils?
`
`NIEHSresearchers created different dilutions of the two types of pure essential ails
`and the eight selected chemical components and tested their activity. They found as
`the dilution increased, the EDC activity of the oils and chemicals decreased.
`
`Should the public discontinuethe use of essential oils? Why or why not?
`
`Using essential oils is up to the individual. The researchers want the public to be
`awareofthe findings, since some essentialoils and their components display
`hormonalactivity and could be potential EDCs.
`
`Further Reading
`Stories from the Environmental Factor (NIEHS Newsletter)
`*
`Botanical Safety Taken on by New Consortium 7(April 2020)
`
`Last Reviewed: February 17, 2022
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`Medicines (Basel). 2016 Dec; 3(4): 25.
`Published online 2016 Sep 22. doi: 10.3390/medicines3040025
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`PMCID: PMC5456241
`PMID: 28930135
`
`Essential Oils’ Chemical Characterization andInvestigation of SomeBiological
`Activities: A Critical Review
`Wissal Dhifi,’ Sana Bellil?* Sabrine Jazi? Nada Bahloul,2and Wissem Mnif®*
`
` Lutfun Nahar, Academic Editor, Norazah Basar, Academic Editor, and Satyajit D. Sarker, Academic Editor
`
`> Authorinformation + Article notes » Copyright and License informaticn
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`PMC Disclaimer
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`SHARE
`~“~ 800
`—
`This review coversliterature data summarizing, on one hand, the chemistry ofessentialoils and, on
`a
`RESOURCES
`8
`_
`as
`eel
`the otherhand,their most importantactivities. Essential oils, which are complex mixturesofvolatile
`compoundsparticularly abundantin aromatic plants, are mainly composedof terpenes
`biogenerated by the mevalonate pathway. These volatile molecules include monoterpenes
`(hydrocarbon and oxygenated monoterpens), and also sesquiterpenes (hydrocarbon and
`oxygenated sesquiterpens). Furthermore, they contain phenolic compounds, whichare derivedvia
`=
`*
`a
`the shikimate pathway. Thanks to their chemical composition,essential oils possess numerous
`biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,ctc...) of great interest in food
`
`
`
`+
`
`Similar articles
`Cited by other articles
`Links to NCBIDatabases
`
`

`

`a
`
`nop: >
`
`and cosmetic industries, as well as in the humanhealthfield.
`Keywords:essentialoils, chemical composition, biologicalactivities
`
`1. Introduction Goto: >
`
`Theattraction of medicinal and aromatic plants is continuously growingdueto increasing
`consumers demandandinterestin these plants for culinary, medicinal, and other anthropogenic
`applications.
`As consumers are becoming more and more informedaboutissuesof food, health, and nutrition,
`theyare also becoming awareofthe benefits and potential applications of medicinal and aromatic
`plants and their metabolites. Theseplants producea large variety of secondary metabolites; among
`thei, essentialoils.
`
`Despite their rich and complex composition,theuseof essentialoils remains wideandlimited to the
`cosmetics and perfumery domains.It is worthy to developa better understandingof their chemistry
`andthebiological properties of these extracts andtheirindividual com