Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 no persons are required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB control number.
`PTO Form 1960 (Rev 10/2011)
`
`OMB No. 0651-0050 (Exp 09/20/2020)
`
`Request for Reconsideration after Final Action
`
`The table below presents the data as entered.
`
`Input Field
`
`SERIAL NUMBER
`
`LAW OFFICE ASSIGNED
`
`87703319
`
`LAW OFFICE 104
`
`Entered
`
`MARK SECTION
`
`MARK
`
`LITERAL ELEMENT
`
`STANDARD CHARACTERS
`
`USPTO-GENERATED IMAGE
`
`MARK STATEMENT
`
`EVIDENCE SECTION
`
`        EVIDENCE FILE NAME(S)
`
`       ORIGINAL PDF FILE
`
`       CONVERTED PDF FILE(S)
`       (2 pages)
`
`       ORIGINAL PDF FILE
`
`       CONVERTED PDF FILE(S)
`       (26 pages)
`
`https://tmng-al.uspto.gov/resting2/api/img/87703319/large
`
`ADUROSMART
`
`YES
`
`YES
`
`The mark consists of standard characters, without claim to any particular font style,
`size or color.
`
`evi_209183252250-20190719170843771272_._RequestforReconsideration.pdf
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0002.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0003.JPG
`
`evi_209183252250-20190719170843771272_._Light-emitting_diode_-
`_Wikipedia.pdf
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0004.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0005.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0006.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0007.JPG
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`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0008.JPG
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`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0009.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0010.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0011.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0012.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0013.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0014.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0015.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0016.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0017.JPG
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`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0018.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0019.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0020.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0021.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0022.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0023.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0024.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0025.JPG
`
`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0026.JPG
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`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0027.JPG
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`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0028.JPG
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`\\TICRS\EXPORT17\IMAGEOUT17\877\033\87703319\xml11\RFR0029.JPG
`
`DESCRIPTION OF EVIDENCE FILE
`
`Argument and Exhibit
`
`NEW ATTORNEY SECTION
`
`NAME
`
`FIRM NAME
`
`INDIVIDUAL ATTORNEY
`DOCKET/REFERENCE NUMBER
`
`OTHER APPOINTED ATTORNEY
`
`INTERNAL ADDRESS
`
`STREET
`
`CITY
`
`STATE
`
`ZIP/POSTAL CODE
`
`COUNTRY
`
`PHONE
`
`EMAIL
`
`frederick samuels
`
`cahn & samuels, llp
`
`1375.0003
`
`maurice u. cahn, george a. metzenthin, warren a. zitlau
`
`suite 401
`
`1100 17th st., NW
`
`washington
`
`District of Columbia
`
`20036
`
`United States
`
`202 331-8777
`
`fnsdocketing@cahnsamuels.com
`
`AUTHORIZED EMAIL COMMUNICATION
`
`Yes
`
`CORRESPONDENCE SECTION
`
`ORIGINAL ADDRESS
`
`ADURO TECHNOLOGIES LLC
`700 N Valley ST STE B
`Anaheim
`California
`US
`92801
`
`NEW CORRESPONDENCE SECTION
`
`NAME
`
`FIRM NAME
`
`DOCKET/REFERENCE NUMBER
`
`INTERNAL ADDRESS
`
`frederick samuels
`
`cahn & samuels, llp
`
`1375.0003
`
`suite 401
`
`       
`       
`       
`       
`       
`       
`       
`       
`       
`       
`       
`       
`

`

`STREET
`
`CITY
`
`STATE
`
`ZIP/POSTAL CODE
`
`COUNTRY
`
`PHONE
`
`EMAIL
`
`1100 17th st., NW
`
`washington
`
`District of Columbia
`
`20036
`
`United States
`
`202 331-8777
`
`fnsdocketing@cahnsamuels.com
`
`AUTHORIZED EMAIL COMMUNICATION
`
`Yes
`
`SIGNATURE SECTION
`
`RESPONSE SIGNATURE
`
`SIGNATORY'S NAME
`
`SIGNATORY'S POSITION
`
`DATE SIGNED
`
`AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY
`
`CONCURRENT APPEAL NOTICE FILED
`
`FILING INFORMATION SECTION
`
`SUBMIT DATE
`
`TEAS STAMP
`
`/frederick samuels/
`
`Frederick Samuels
`
`attorney of record, maryland bar member
`
`07/19/2019
`
`YES
`
`NO
`
`Fri Jul 19 17:18:58 EDT 2019
`
`USPTO/RFR-XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX
`-20190719171858764580-877
`03319-620b53ce3456d806728
`b62fb0c8ef6229ccdee74c28c
`dcea895d79fdeda37da2baf-N
`/A-N/A-201907191708437712
`72
`
`Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 no persons are required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB control number.
`PTO Form 1960 (Rev 10/2011)
`
`OMB No. 0651-0050 (Exp 09/20/2020)
`
`Request for Reconsideration after Final Action
`To the Commissioner for Trademarks:
`
`Application serial no. 87703319 ADUROSMART(Standard Characters, see https://tmng-al.uspto.gov/resting2/api/img/87703319/large) has been
`amended as follows:
`
`EVIDENCE
`Evidence in the nature of Argument and Exhibit has been attached.
`Original PDF file:
`evi_209183252250-20190719170843771272_._RequestforReconsideration.pdf
`Converted PDF file(s) ( 2 pages)
`Evidence-1
`Evidence-2
`Original PDF file:
`evi_209183252250-20190719170843771272_._Light-emitting_diode_-_Wikipedia.pdf
`Converted PDF file(s) ( 26 pages)
`Evidence-1
`
`

`

`Evidence-2
`Evidence-3
`Evidence-4
`Evidence-5
`Evidence-6
`Evidence-7
`Evidence-8
`Evidence-9
`Evidence-10
`Evidence-11
`Evidence-12
`Evidence-13
`Evidence-14
`Evidence-15
`Evidence-16
`Evidence-17
`Evidence-18
`Evidence-19
`Evidence-20
`Evidence-21
`Evidence-22
`Evidence-23
`Evidence-24
`Evidence-25
`Evidence-26
`
`ATTORNEY ADDRESS
`Applicant proposes to amend the following:
`Proposed:
`frederick samuels of cahn & samuels, llp, having an address of
`suite 401 1100 17th st., NW washington, District of Columbia 20036
`United States
`fnsdocketing@cahnsamuels.com
`202 331-8777
`The attorney docket/reference number is 1375.0003 .
`The Other Appointed Attorney(s): maurice u. cahn, george a. metzenthin, warren a. zitlau.
`
`CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS CHANGE
`Applicant proposes to amend the following:
`Current:
`ADURO TECHNOLOGIES LLC
`700 N Valley ST STE B
`Anaheim
`California
`US
`92801
`
`Proposed:
`frederick samuels of cahn & samuels, llp, having an address of
`suite 401 1100 17th st., NW washington, District of Columbia 20036
`United States
`fnsdocketing@cahnsamuels.com
`202 331-8777
`The docket/reference number is 1375.0003 .
`
`SIGNATURE(S)
`Request for Reconsideration Signature
`Signature: /frederick samuels/     Date: 07/19/2019
`
`

`

`Signatory's Name: Frederick Samuels
`Signatory's Position: attorney of record, maryland bar member
`
`The signatory has confirmed that he/she is an attorney who is a member in good standing of the bar of the highest court of a U.S. state, which
`includes the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and other federal territories and possessions; and he/she is currently the owner's/holder's attorney
`or an associate thereof; and to the best of his/her knowledge, if prior to his/her appointment another U.S. attorney or a Canadian attorney/agent
`not currently associated with his/her company/firm previously represented the owner/holder in this matter: (1) the owner/holder has filed or is
`concurrently filing a signed revocation of or substitute power of attorney with the USPTO; (2) the USPTO has granted the request of the prior
`representative to withdraw; (3) the owner/holder has filed a power of attorney appointing him/her in this matter; or (4) the owner's/holder's
`appointed U.S. attorney or Canadian attorney/agent has filed a power of attorney appointing him/her as an associate attorney in this matter.
`
`The applicant is not filing a Notice of Appeal in conjunction with this Request for Reconsideration.
`
`Mailing Address:    frederick samuels
`   cahn & samuels, llp
`   suite 401
`   1100 17th st., NW
`   washington, District of Columbia 20036
`
`Serial Number: 87703319
`Internet Transmission Date: Fri Jul 19 17:18:58 EDT 2019
`TEAS Stamp: USPTO/RFR-XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX-20190719171858
`764580-87703319-620b53ce3456d806728b62fb
`0c8ef6229ccdee74c28cdcea895d79fdeda37da2
`baf-N/A-N/A-20190719170843771272
`
`        
` 
`

`

`Applicant seeks reconsideration under 37 C.F.R. §2.64 of the January 19, 2019
`Final Office Action as set forth below.
`
`I.
`
`ARGUMENT
`
`Applicant asserts that the Final Office Action erred in finding that the goods
`identified in the instant application and U.S. Registration No. 4019929 (the ‘929
`Registration) are related and in finding that the respective ADUROSMART and ADURO
`marks are sufficiently similar to support the refusal under §2(d).
`
`A.
`
`The Goods are not Related
`
`The Final Office Action relies only on purported Internet evidence attached to the
`March 14, 2018 Office Action consisting of website screenshots to support its contention
`that the same entity commonly provides and markets the relevant goods. The
`referenced screen shots do not show relatedness of the respective goods identified in
`the instant application and in the ‘929 Registration. The Final Office Action cites to no
`third party trademark registrations.
`
`The goods subject to final refusal in the instant application are:
`
`In Class 9: “Light systems comprising light sensors and switches; Light
`switches; Lighting control apparatus; Programmable controls for lighting
`apparatus; Lighting control software for use in commercial and industrial
`facilities; Computer application software for mobile phones, namely,
`software for use in remotely controlling lighting in commercial and
`residential buildings; Lighting control software for use in commercial and
`industrial facilities; Computer software for the remote control of electric
`lighting apparatus”
`
`In Class 11: “Lighting apparatus, namely, lighting installations; Computer-
`controlled lighting apparatus, namely, lighting installations”
`
`The goods identified in the ‘929 Registration are “Light-emitting diodes” In class 9.
`
`The website screenshots do not show Applicant’s goods are offered under the
`same mark as the goods identified in the’929 Registration.
`In fact, none of the evidence
`actually addresses sale of light emitting diodes. Light emitting diodes (LED) are
`semiconductor light sources that emit light when current flows through them. See
`Exhibit 1 (Wikipedia article). LED’s are sometimes used as subcomponents in other
`products such as light bulbs, luminaires and lighting fixtures. Rather, the referenced
`website screenshots address sale and marketing of lighting products, some of which
`may use light emitting diodes as components.
`
`

`

`1.
`
`Phillips Screenshots
`
`The Phillips website screen shots are difficult to decipher and they are obviously
`not true reproductions of how the website appears. On many pages there is a message
`superimposed over other website text. On other pages text that appears below pictures
`of products is cutoff and undecipherable. On some pages, product photographs are
`incomplete. Accordingly, Applicant objects to the consideration of the Phillips
`screenshots as evidence.
`
`Even if the Phillips website screenshots were to be considered, they show that
`Phillips offers various LED light bulbs and light fixtures. However, nothing in the
`website screenshots indicates that Phillips sells light emitting diodes.
`
`2.
`
`LIFX Screenshots
`
`The LIFX website screenshots suffer from the same deficiencies as the Phillips
`website screenshots. Namely, the screenshots are not clean as pictures are blocked
`and text is cutoff.
`In addition, is no indication that LIFX sells LEDs.
`
`3.
`
`Home Depot & IKEA Screenshots
`
`Both the Home Depot and IKEA website screen shots fail to show sales of LEDs.
`
`4.
`
`Cree Screenshots
`
`The Cree screenshots are the only ones in the collection that show sales
`of LEDs. However, Cree screenshots do not show sales of any of the goods recited in
`the instant registration.
`
`In view of the foregoing, it is apparent that the website screenshots of record are
`insufficient to show that Applicant’s goods are related to the goods recited in the ‘929
`Registration. For example, there is no evidence of any relationship between LEDs and
`computer application software for mobile phones or programmable controls for lighting
`apparatus, etc. See In re Dyson 2018 WL 2357286 (TTAB 2018). While it is true that
`LEDs may form subcomponents of, for example, lighting installations, the mere status of
`being a subcomponent of a larger system does not make that subcomponent related to
`the larger system for likelihood of confusion purposes.
`
`ll.
`
`CONCLUSION
`
`Given the arguments differences in appearance, sound, and commercial
`impression of addressed in the June 1, 2018 Response and the differences in the goods
`as discussed in that Response and amplified herein, Applicant respectfully requests
`reconsideration of the refusal and a favorable action on the merits.
`
`

`

`Light-emitting diode - Wikipedia
`
`http s : i’fenxvikipedia .org; \yiki:’Lig11t-emittingidiode
`
`WIKIPEDIA
`
`Light-emitting diode
`
`A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light
`when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with
`electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
`
`electroluminescence.[5] The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the
`photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap
`
`is obtained by using multiple
`light
`semiconductoriél White
`the
`of
`semiconductors or a layer of light—emitting phosphor on the semiconductor
`devicem
`
`Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted
`
`low-intensity infrared lightlBl Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits,
`such as those used with a Wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-
`light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available
`across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wz velengths, with high light output.
`
`Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent
`bulbs, and in seven—segment displays. Recent developments have produced high—
`output white light LEDs suitable for room and outdoor area lighting. LEDs have
`led to new displays and sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in
`advanced communications technology.
`
` LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower
`energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size,
`and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as
`aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting,
`traffic
`
`signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper and medical devices.["]
`
`Light-emitting diode (LED)
`
`
`
`Blue, green, and red LEDs in 5 mm
`diffused case
`
`Working
`principle
`
`invented
`
`First
`
`production
`Pin
`
`configuration
`
`Electroluminescence
`
`H. J. Round (1907)“1
`Oleg Losev (1927)?!
`James R. Biard
`
`(1961 )[31
`Nick Holonyak
`
`(1962)[41
`October 1962
`
`Anode and cathode
`
`Unlike a laser, the color of light emitted from an LED is neither coherent nor
`monochromatic, but the spectrum is narrow with respect to human vision, and
`
`functionally monochromaticlmnn]
`
`Electronic symbol
`
`Anode
`
`Effl
`
`Cathode
`
`Contents
`
`History
`Discoveries and early devices
`Initial commercial development
`Blue LED
`
`White LEDs and the illumination breakthrough
`
`Physics of light production and emission
`Colors
`Blue and ultraviolet
`White
`
`RGB systems
`
`Phosphor—based LEDs
`
`lof26
`
`7'l9c‘2019,2:l9 PM
`
`

`

`Light-emitting diode - Wikipedia
`
`httpsz/fen,wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emittingidiodc
`
`Other white LEDs
`
`Organic lightaemitting diodes (OLEDs)
`
`Types
`Miniature
`
`High-power
`AC-driven
`
`Application-specific variations
`Flashing
`Bi-color
`RGB Tri—color
`Decorative—multicolor
`
`Alphanumeric
`Digital RGB
`Filament
`
`Chip-on-board arrays
`
`Considerations for use
`Power sources
`
`Electrical polarity
`Safety and health
`Advantages
`Disadvantages
`
`Applications
`Indicators and signs
`Lighting
`Data communication and other signalling
`Machine vision systems
`Other applications
`
`Research and development
`Key challenges
`Potential technology
`Perovskite LEDs (PLEDs)
`Two—way LEDs
`
`See also
`
`References
`
`Further reading
`External links
`
`History
`
`Discoveries and early devices
`
`Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British
`experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a
`
`cat's—Whisker detector.[12][13] Russian inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the
`first LED in 1927114] His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British
`scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades.
`[15][16]
`
`Epu y isnllcas:
`W ire hand
`leflen'n e c. it,
`Semiconductor die
`
`Am iI
`Past
`
`} Lie-Jame
`
`Flat spat
`
`
`
`Parts of a conventional LED. The
`flat bottom surfaces of the anvil and
`
`post embedded inside the epoxy act
`as anchors, to prevent the
`conductors from being forcefully
`pulled out via mechanical strain or
`vibrations
`
`
`
`Close up image of a surface mount
`LED
`
`
`
`A bulb-shaped modern retrofit LED
`lamp with aluminium heat sink, a
`light diffusing dome and E27 screw
`base, using a built—in power supply
`working on mains voltage
`
`2of26
`
`7/19/2019,2:19 PM
`
`

`

`Light-emitting diode - Wikipedia
`
`https:f/‘enxvikipedia.org."wikifLight-emittingidiode
`
`In 1936, Georges Destriau observed that electroluminescence could be produced
`when zinc sulphide (ZnS) powder is suspended in an insulator and an alternating
`electrical field is applied to it. In his publications, Destriau often referred to
`luminescence as Losev—Light. Destriau worked in the laboratories of Madame Marie
`Curie, also an early pioneer in the field of luminescence with research on radium.
`[17i[18]
`
`Hungarian Zoltan Bay together with Gyo'rgy Szigeti pre-empted LED lighting in
`
`Hungary in 1939 by patenting a lighting device based on SiC, with an option on
`boron carbide, that emitted white, yellowish white, or greenish white depending on
`
`impurities presentllg]
`
`Green electroluminescence from a
`point contact on a crystal of SiC
`recreates Round's original
`experiment from 1907.
`
`Kurt Lehovec, Carl Accardo, and Edward Jamgochian explained these first light—
`emitting diodes in 1951 using an apparatus employing SiC crystals with a current
`
`source of a battery or a pulse generator and with a comparison to a variant, pure, crystal in 1953.[2°][21]
`
`Rubin Braunstein[22] of the Radio Corporation of America reported on infrared emission from gallium arsenide (GaAs) and
`other semiconductor alloys in 1955.[23] Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using
`gallium antimonide (GaSb), GaAs, indium phosphide (InP), and silicon—germanium (SiGe) alloys at room temperature and at
`77 kelvins.
`
`In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary dew'ces could be used for non-radio communication across a
`
`short distance. As noted by Kroemerm‘l] Braunstein ”...had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a
`record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward current of a GaAs diode. The emitted light was detected
`by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an audio amplifier and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting
`the beam stopped the music. We had a great deal of fun playing with this setup." This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical
`communication applications.
`
`In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R.
`Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near—infrared (900 nm) light emission from a
`
`tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrateig] By October 1961, they had
`demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p—n junction
`
`light emitter and an electrically isolated semiconductor photodetector.[25] On August
`8, 1962, Biard and Pittman filed a patent titled "Semiconductor Radiant Diode" based
`
`Lincoln Lab at MIT, the U.S. patent office issued the two inventors the patent for the
`
`on their findings, which described a Zinc—diffused p—n junction LED with a spaced
`cathode contact to allow for efficient emission of infrared light under forward bias.
`After establishing the priority of their work based on engineering notebooks predating
`submissions from GE. Labs, RCA Research Labs, IBM Research Labs, Bell Labs, and
`
`GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode (U.S. Patent U83293513 (http://\wu-v.freepate
`ntsonline.com/3293513.pdf)), the first practical LED.[8] Immediately after filing the
`patent, Texas Instruments (TI) began a project to manufacture infrared diodes. In
`October 1962, TI announced the first commercial LED product [the SNX-loo), which
`
`A Texas Instruments SNX_100
`
`employed a pure GaAs crystal to emit an 890 nm light output.[8] In October 1963, TI
`
`GaAs LED contained in a TO-18
`
`announced the first commercial hemispherical LED, the SNX—110.[26]
`
`transistor metal case
`
`The first visible—spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr.
`while working at General Electric. I-Iolonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on December 1,
`
`1962.[27][28] M. George Craford,[29] a former graduate strident of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improved the
`brightness of red and red—orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972.30] In 1976, T. P. Pearsall created the first high—brightness,
`
`3 of 26
`
`7.1190019, 2:19 PM
`
`

`

`Light-emitting diode - Wikipedia
`
`https:l’fen.wikipedia.org."wikil’Light-emittingidiode
`
`high—efficiency LEDs for optical fiber telecommunications by inventing new semiconductor materials specifically adapted to
`
`optical fiber transmission wavelengths.[31]
`
`Initial commercial development
`
`The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven—
`
`segment displays,[32] first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such
`appliances as calculators, TVs, radios, telephones, as well as watches (see list of signal uses). Until 1908, visible and infrared
`
`LEDs were extremely costly, in the order of US$200 per unit, and so had little practical use.[33] The Monsanto Company was the
`first organization to mass—produce visible LEDs, using gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) in 1968 to produce red LEDs
`
`suitable for indicators.[33] Hewlett—Packard (HP) introduced LEDs in 1968, initially using GaAsP supplied by Monsanto. These
`red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Readouts in
`calculators were so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them legible. Later, other colors became widely
`available and appeared in appliances and equipment. In the 19705 commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents
`each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics. These devices employed compound semiconductor chips fabricated with the
`
`planar process invented by Dr. Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor.[34135J The combination of planar processing for chip
`fabrication and innovative packaging methods enabled the team at Fairchild led by optoelectronics pioneer Thomas Brandt to
`achieve the needed cost reductions.[36] LED producers continue to use these methods.[37]
`
`Early LEDs were packaged in metal cases similar to those of transistors, with a glass
`window or lens to let the light out. Modern indicator LEDs are packed in transparent
`molded plastic cases, tubular or rectangular in shape, and often tinted to match the
`
`device color. Infrared devices may be dyed, to block visible light. More complex
`packages have been adapted for efficient heat dissipation in high—power LEDs.
`Surface—mounted LEDs further reduce the package size. LEDs intended for use with
`
`LED display of a Tl-30 scientific
`calculator (ca_ 1978), which uses
`plastic lenses to increase the visible
`
`fiber optics cables may be provided with an optical connector.
`
`digit size
`
`Blue LED
`
`The first blue—violet LED using magnesium—doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska
`
`and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering.[38][3‘9] At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA
`Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, the year after Maruska left for Stanford, his
`RCA colleagues Pankove and Ed Miller demonstrated the first blue electroluminescence from zinc—doped gallium nitride, though
`
`the subsequent device Pankove and Miller built, the first actual gallium nitride light—emitting diode, emitted green light.[40][4ll
`In 1974 the U.S. Patent Office awarded Maruska, Rhines and Stanford professor David Stevenson a patent for their work in 1972
`(US. Patent U83819974 A (http://www.google.com/patents/U83819974D. Today, magnesium—doping of gallium nitride
`remains the basis for all commercial blue LEDs and laser diodes. In the early 1970s, these devices were too dim for practical use,
`and research into gallium nitride devices slowed.
`
`In August 1989, Cree introduced the first commercially available blue LED based on the indirect bandgap semiconductor, silicon
`
`carbide (SiC).[42] SiC LEDs had very low efficiency, no more than about 0.03%, but did emit in the blue portion of the visible
`light spectrum.[43]
`
`In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p—type doping[44] ushered in the modern era of GaN—based
`optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Theodore Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for
`
`producing high—brightness blue LEDs using a new two—step process in 1991.[45]
`
`
`Two years later, in 1993, high-brightness blue LEDs were demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation using a
`
`gallium nitride growth process similar to Moustakas's.[46][47][48] Both Moustakas and Nakamura were issued separate patents,
`which confused the issue of who was the original inventor (partly because although Moustakas invented his first, Nakamura filed
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`
`first). This new development revolutionized LED lighting, making high—power blue light sources practical, leading to the
`development of technologies like. Blu—ray, as well as allowing the bright high—resolution screens of modern tablets and phones.
`
`Nakamura was awarded the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize for his invention.[49] Nakamura, Hiroshi Amano and Isamu
`Akasaki were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 for the invention of the blue LED.[5°] In 2015, a US court ruled that
`three companies had infringed Moustakas's prior patent, and ordered them to pay licensing fees of not less than US$13
`million. [51]
`
`In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on
`sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. In 1995, Alberto Barbieri at the Cardiff University
`Laboratory (GB) investigated the efficiency and reliability of high-brightness LEDs and demonstrated a "transparent contact”
`LED using indirim tin oxide (ITO) on (AlGaInP/GaAs),
`
`In 200152] and 2002,53] processes for growing gallium nitride (GaN) LEDs on silicon were successfully demonstrated. In
`January 2012, Osram demonstrated high—power InGaN LEDs grown on silicon substrates commercially,[54] and GaN—on—silicon
`LEDs are in production at Plessey Semiconductors. As of 2017, some manufacturers are using SiC as the substrate for LED
`production, but sapphire is more common, as it has the most similar properties to that of gallium nitride, reducing the need for
`patterning the sapphire wafer (patterned wafers are known as epi wafers). Samsung, the University of Cambridge, and Toshiba
`
`are performing research into GaN on Si LEDs. Toshiba has stopped research, possibly due to low yields.[55][56][57][58][59][6°][61l
`Some opt towards epitaxy, which is difficult on silicon, while others, like the University of Cambridge, opt towards a multi—layer
`structure, in order to redrice (crystal) lattice mismatch and different thermal expansion ratios, in order to avoid cracking of the
` LED chip at high temperatures (e.g. during maniifactriring), redrice heat generation and increase luminous efficiency. Epitaxy
`(or patterned sapphire) can be carried out with nanoimprint lithography.[62][63M64H65H66H57M68] GaN is often deposited using
`Metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy (MOCVD).
`
`White LEDs and the illumination breakthrough
`
`Even though white light can be created rising individual red, green and blue LEDs, this results in poor color rendering, since only
`
`three narrow bands of wavelengths of light are being emitted. The attainment of high efficiency blue LEDs was quickly followed
`
`by the development of the first white LED. In this device a Y3A15012:Ce (knovm as "YAG”) cerium doped phosphor coating
`produces yellow light through fluorescence. The combination of that yellow m'th remaining blue light appears white to the eye.
`Using different phosphors produces green and red light through fluorescence. The resulting mixture of red, green and blue is
`perceived as white light, with improved color rendering compared to wavelengths from the blue LED/YAG phosphor
`combination.
`
`
`
`O O tlux r package [lrn]
`o . cost r lumen [Sflm]
`..__‘_K .
`“‘ K
`' ‘1
`
`The first white LEDs were expensive and inefficient. However, the
`light output of LEDs has increased exponentially. The latest
`1-04
`*
`;
`/_r'E
`.
`1
`'
`.
`Y
`5
`. 1/"
`-
`research and development has been propagated by Japanese
`10
`f
`manufacturers such as Panasonic, and Nichia, and by Korean and
`10‘
`“1'
`Chinese manufacturers such as Samsung, Kingsun, and others. This
`101
`I."
`,./.
`trend in increased output has been called Haitz's law after Dr.
`100
`hr:- .
`Roland Haitziég]
`A;
`_./ ’ “A
`10
`rfi
`w}
`.
`'2
`"I.
`1“
`-
`10
`‘2'“
`‘3 g
`_
`.”'
`“mag .
`
`10 A ‘
`=
`19m
`
`.
`,
`Light output and efficiency of blue and near-ultravrolet LEDs rose
`and the cost of reliable devices fell. This led to relatively high—power
`,
`,
`,
`,
`,
`.
`,
`_
`white-light LEDs for illumination, which are replacrng incandescent
`
`1980
`
`1990
`
`2000
`
`2010
`
`and fluorescent lighting.[7°][71]
`
`Experimental white LEDs have been demonstrated to produce 303
`lumens per watt of electricity (lm/w); some can last up to 100,000
`
`Illustration of Haitz's law, showing improvement in
`light output per LED over time, with a logarithmic
`scale on the vertical axis
`
`50f26
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`

`

`Light-emitting diode - Wikipedia
`
`https:ffenwikipedia.org."wikifLight-emittingidiode
`
`hours.[72l[73] However, commercially available LEDs have an efficiency of up to 223 lm/w.[74][75][7°] Compared to incandescent
`bulbs, this is not only a huge increase in electrical efficiency but — over time — a similar or lower cost per bulb.[77]
`
`The LED chip is encapsulated inside a small, plastic, white mold. It can be encapsulated using resin, silicone, or epoxy
`containing (powdered) Cerium doped YAG phosphor. After allowing the solvents to evaporate, the LEDs are often tested, and
`
`placed on tapes for SMT placement equipment for use in LED light bulb production. Encapsulation is performed after probing,
`dicing, die transfer from wafer to package, and wire bonding or flip chip mounting, perhaps using Indium tin oxide, a
`transparent electrical conductor. In this case, the bond wire(s) are attached to the ITO film that has been deposited in the LEDs.
`
`Some ”remote phosphor" LED light bulbs use a single plastic cover with YAG phosphor for several blue LEDs, instead of using
`phosphor coatings on single chip white LEDs.
`
`Physics of light production and emission
`
`In a light emitting diode, the recombination of electrons and electron holes in a semiconductor produces light (or infrared
`radiation), a process called "electroluminescence”. The wavelength of the light depends on the energy band gap of the
`semiconductors used. Since these materials have a high index of refraction, design features of the devices such as special optical
`coatings and die shape are required to efficiently emit light.
`
`Colors
`
`By selection of different semiconductor materials, single—color LEDs can be made that emit light in a narrow band of
`wavelengths from near—infrared through the visible spectrum and into the ultraviolet range. As the wavelengths become shorter,
`because of the larger band gap of these semiconductors, the operating voltage of the LED increases.
`
`Blue and ultraviolet
`
`Blue LEDs have an active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched
`between thicker layers of GaN, called cladding layers. By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in
`the InGaN quantle wells, the light emission can in theorybe varied from violet to amber.
`
`Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) of varying Al/ Ga fraction can be used to manufacture the
`cladding and qua