`
`BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`In re application of:
`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
`
`Appl. No.2 75/792,421
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`Examining Attorney: Marlene D. Bell
`
`Filed: September 3, 1999
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`Law Office: 105
`
`Mark: FAS TR
`
`Atty. Docket: 1488.1350000/TGD/KNR
`
`Applicant’s Ex Parte Appeal Brief
`in Support of Registration of its Trademark Application
`
`.
`#57
`M
`ficpt, Di,
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`U.S. P319”
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`
`Tracy-Gene G. Durkin
`Kimberly N. Reddick
`STERNE, KESSLER, GOLDSTEIN & Fox P.L.L.C.
`
`1100 New York Avenue, N.W.
`
`Washington, D.C. 20005
`(202) 371-2600
`
`(202) 371-2540 Fax
`
`Attorneys for Applicant
`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
`
`
`
`
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
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`Applicant has appealed the Examining Attomey’s final refusal of Application Serial No.
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`75/792,421. The Examiner’s refusal is based on the allegation that Applicant’s mark FAS TR is
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`likely to cause confusion with Registration Nos. 1,991,859 and 2,010,660, both for the mark
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`FASTRNA. Applicant submits that the Examining attorney has refused registration of its mark in
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`error, and respectfully requests that the Board reverse the refusal.
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`II.
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`STATEMENT OF RELEVANT FACTS
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`Pursuant to Section 1(b) of the Trademark Act, 15 U.S.C. §1051(b), Applicant, Human
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`Genome Sciences, Inc., filed a trademark application on September 3, 1999 for the mark FAS TR
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`for use in connection with "proteins and/or nucleic acids and pharmaceutical preparations containing
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`proteins and/or nucleic acids."
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`On January 3, 2000, the Examiner issued a refusal of the mark based on Section 2(d) of the
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`Trademark Act, alleging that the applied for mark was likely to cause confusion with Registration
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`Nos. 1,991,859 and 2,010,660 owned by B10 101 for the mark FASTRNA, for use with "diagnostic
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`and process reagent kits and components-for rapid isolation and purification of nucleic acid for
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`scientific or research use" and "medical diagnostic and process reagent kits and components for rapid
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`isolation and purification of nucleic acid for laboratory use." In that action, the Examiner also
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
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`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`required amendment of the identification of goods and requested that Applicant submit information
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`regarding the significance of the mark FAS TR.
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`On June 30, 2000, Applicant filed a Response to the Office Action, arguing against the
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`likelihood of confusion refusal, amending the identification of goods, explaining the lack of
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`significance of the mark and forwarding payment of an additional class fee. On June 18, 2001, the
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`Examiner made a final refusal of the mark based on likelihood of confusion. The Examiner also
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`maintained that the identification of goods was unacceptable. On December 18, 2001, Applicant
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`filed a Notice of Appeal along with a Request for Reconsideration of the likelihood of confusion
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`refusal. Applicant also submitted an amendment to the identification of goods. The Examiner
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`denied the Request for Reconsideration as to the likelihood of confusion refusal. However, the
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`Examiner gave no indication as to whether Applicant’s amendment to the identification of goods was
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`acceptable. The Applicant therefore assumes that the Examiner had no objections to the amendment,
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`and that the identification of goods has been accepted.
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`Therefore, the only issue on appeal is whether the mark FAS TR, for use in connection with
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`"genetically engineered reagents for scientific and research use, namely, nucleic acids and proteins
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`for use in diagnosis and development of pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of diseases;
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`and pharmaceutical preparations containing proteins and nucleic acids for the treatment of diseases"
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`is confusingly similar to the mark FASTRNA for diagnostic kits.
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`_3_
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
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`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`III.
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`ARGUMENT
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`A.
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`Similarity of the Marks
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`In determining likelihood of confusion between marks, one must consider the principal
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`factors set out in In re E.I. DuPont de Nemours & C0. , 476 F.2d 1357, 177 USPQ 563 (CCPA 1973).
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`Among these factors are (1) the similarity or dissimilarity of the marks in their entireties as to
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`appearance, sound, meaning and commercial impression; (2) the strength of the marks as evidenced
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`by the number and nature of similar marks in use on similar goods; and (3) the similarity or
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`dissimilarity of the goods. Id. Not all the factors set forth in DuPont must be considered in the
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`determination. In fact, one factor by itself may be dispositive of the issue of confusion, especially
`ifthat one factor is the similarity/dissimilarity ofthe marks. Champagne Louis Roederer v. Delicato
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`Vineyards, 148 F.3d 1373 (Fed. Cir. 1998), see also Keebler Co. v. Murray Bakery, 866 F.2d 1386,
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`1388, 9 USPQ2d (BNA) 1739 (Fed. Cir. 1989). Applicant submits that the subject marks are so
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`dissimilar in appearance, sound, meaning and commercial impression that confusion is unlikely
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`based on this factor alone.
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
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`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`1.
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`The subject marks are not similar in sound, appearance or meaning and
`generate very different commercial impressions.
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`In addressing the similarity of the marks in both the initial and final Office Actions, the
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`Examiner stated that the marks share the letter string "FASTR. " The Examiner further alleged that
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`Applicant merely "omitted the last two letters in the Registrant’s mark, specifically the letters "NA"
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`and then inserted a space between the letters "S" and "T" to create its mark. However, the mere fact
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`that two marks contain similar elements does not alone render them confusingly similar.
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`The addition and deletion of portions of marks and the distinctions in the overall appearance
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`and commercial impression created by the marks must also be considered. The deletion of letters
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`(and addition of spaces) may suffice to distinguish marks such that confusion is not likely. For
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`example, in Kellogg Company v. Pack ’Em Enterprises, Inc., the Federal Circuit upheld the Board’s
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`decision that the marks FROOTEE ICE for "flavored liquid frozen into bars" and FROOT LOOPS
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`for "dessert sundaes, shakes and frozen confections" were not confusingly similar, stating that "the
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`only similarity between the marks is that one begins with FROOT and the other begins with
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`FROOTEE,” 951 F.2d 330 (Fed. Cir. 1991). The Court further upheld the Boards decision that this
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`single factor was dispositive of the issue of likelihood of confusion.
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`Id. Hence, without even
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`considering the similarity of the goods, the Board held that the marks were so dissimilar as to make
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`confusion unlikely, despite the fact that they shared the letter string "FROOT." See also Delicato
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`-5-
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`Vineyards, 148 F.3d at 1375 (affirming the Board’s decision that the marks CRYSTAL CREEK and
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`CRISTAL for identical goods (wine) were not confusingly similar because they generated a different
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`commercial impression).
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`The same analysis holds true in the instant case. First, the appearance of the subject marks
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`is different. The applied for mark appears as two words FAS TR whereas the registered marks
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`appear as a unitary term FASTRNA. Second, the appearance of the applied for mark tends to lend
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`itself to a distinct pronunciation so as not to be confused with FASTRNA. Although, it has been
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`held that there is no correct pronunciation of a trademark, Kabushiki Kaisha Hattori Tokeiten v.
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`Scuotto, 228 USPQ 461 (TTAB I 985), there are limitations on the variety of ways a particular mark
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`may be pronounced. The Applicant’s mark FAS TR may either be pronounced FAS T-R or
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`FASTER. On the other hand, the Registrant’s mark is pronounced as FAST R—N-A. When
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`compared with one another, the marks FAS TR and FASTRNA do not sound alike. Hence,
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`consumers would not likely confuse the marks based on sound.
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`Additionally, the registered marks actually have a descriptive or highly suggestive meaning
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`whereas the Applicant’s mark is a coined expression with no known meaning in the relevant trade.
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`Upon review of the registered mark FASTRNA, a consumer is left with no choice but to break the
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`term down into its descriptive components FAST and R—N-A. The term FAST denotes the quickness
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`with which the consumer will achieve the desired results with the goods of the registration. RNA
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`-5-
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
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`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`is a well known acronym for Ribo-Nucleic Acid, which describes a functional feature of the
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`registered goods. When the terms FAST and RNA are placed together, the mark suggests that with
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`use of the registered product, consumers will be able to obtain R—N-A quickly. On the contrary, the
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`applied for mark has no meaning in the relevant trade. The term "FAS" scientifically refers to a
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`specific molecule in the body. The letters "TR" represent the Applicant’s own coined acronym for
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`Tumor Neuerosis Factor and Receptor Protein.
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`It is an acronym that only the Applicant uses in
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`connection with the goods and is unknown within the relevant trade as a descriptive term.
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`Accordingly, it is submitted that consumers are not likely to be confused by the two terms on the
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`grounds that the marks mean the same thing.
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`Finally, the marks FASTRNA and FAS TR generate very distinct commercial impressions,
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`so as to obviate any likelihood of confusion. The overall impression of a mark plays a great role in
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`distinguishing it from other marks, and should be given strong consideration in determining if a
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`likelihood of confusion exists. Estate ofP.D. Beckwith, Inc. v. Comm ’r ofPatents, 252 U.S. 538,
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`545-46 (1920); New England Fish Co. v. Hervin C0., 184 U.S.P.Q. 817, 818 (CCPA 1975). As
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`stated previously, the registered mark brings to mind specific qualities about the goods of the
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`registration. Upon View of the mark FASTRNA, a consumer is left with the impression that it can
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`obtain RNA quickly or rapidly through use of the goods. In fact, the Registrant’s identification of
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`goods mimics the commercial impression generated by the mark, as the goods are use for "rapidly
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`isolating and purifying nucleic acid [RNA]."
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
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`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`In contrast, since the applied for mark is a coined expression, the consumer does not
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`automatically form an impression about the nature of the goods. If a consumer views the mark and
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`pronounces it as FAS T—R, the consumer has no impression at all regarding the nature of the goods.
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`Hence the mark is arbitrary. If the consumer pronounces the applied for mark as FASTER, the
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`consumer may be left with the impression that the goods are FASTER than other products, but it still
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`maintains no impression about the type or class of goods. Accordingly, the registered mark
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`FASTRNA generates a very different commercial impression than the mark FAS TR.
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`In View of the foregoing, it is clear that the marks FASTRNA and FAS TR are not likely to
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`cause confusion, as they are different in sound, appearance, meaning and commercial impression.
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`2.
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`The term FAST is a weak term on the Trademark Register and therefore
`is only entitled to a limited scope of protection.
`'
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`When making a determination as to likelihood of confusion between marks, the Examiner
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`must consider not only the similarities between the marks, but also the strength of the registered
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`’ mark. The strength of the registered mark dictates the scope of protection of the mark. Words with
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`commonly understood meanings or that are descriptive or highly suggestive in nature are considered
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`to be weak trademarks, and are afforded a narrower scope of protection. See King Candy Co. v.
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`Eunice King’s Kitchen, Inc., 182 USPQ 108, 109-110 (CCPA. 1974)(holding MISS KINGS for
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`"cakes" not likely to be confused with KINGS for "candy" since KINGS is a weak mark).
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`-3-
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
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`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`In this instance, FAST is not a particularly strong term. The term is highly descriptive of a
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`desired feature or quality of the Registrant’s goods. Cf, Ashe v. Pepsico, Inc., 205 USPQ 451, 453
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`(S.D.N.Y. 1979) (stating that the word ADVANTAGE is a commonly used word meaning benefit,
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`gain, profit, upper hand, or superior dominating position.)
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`It is respectfully submitted that
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`consumers have become immune to such usage of the term FAST and recognize that the term is used
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`merely to convey beneficial qualities about the goods.
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`Thus, it should not be granted as much
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`protection as a term that might be considered an arbitrary or coined expression. See e. g., Ashe, 205
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`USPQ 451 (finding no likelihood of confusion between ADVANTAGE ASHE for "tennis glasses"
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`and ADVANTAGE for "tennis rackets" because ADVANTAGE is a highly suggestive, weak mark).
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`Further support that the marks should not be held confusingly similar is the existence of a
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`plethora of third-party registrations of FAST - formative marks for both related and unrelated goods.
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`See American Cynamid Co. v. S. C. Johnson & Son, 729 F.Supp 1018, 13 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1032
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`(D.N.J. 1989) (stating that the Court may certainly consider that one word of a trademark has
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`commonly been used for similar products on the PTO Register); Ice Cold Auto Air of Clearwater,
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`Inc. v. Cold Air & Accessories, Inc., 828 F. Supp 925, 935 (D.Fl. 1993) As demonstrated by the
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`chart below, there are quite a number of registrations in which the term FAST has been incorporated
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`into marks approved by the Trademark Office for goods related to those of the Registrant.
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
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`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`GOODS/SERVICES
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`Reagents for labeling nucleic
`acid for scientific or research
`use.
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`Pharmaceutical preparation for
`treating hyperuricemia.
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`
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`
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`REGISTRATION NO.
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`MARK
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`2,180,540
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`FASTTAG
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`2,351,735
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`2,465,096
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`FASTURTEC
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`‘
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`FASTLINE
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`
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`2,248,496
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`FASTMABS
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`
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`Chemicals used in industry and
`science, namely, solid phase
`matrices for separation and
`immobilization of proteins and
`enzymes.
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`Chemicals used in industry and
`science, namely chemical solid
`phase matrices for absorption
`chromatography to separate and
`immobilize proteins and
`enzymes.
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`Chemicals for the synthesis and
`purification of DNA.
`
`
`
`
`1,897,918
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`FASTPHORAMIDITE
`
`
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`2,006,344
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`FASTDNA
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`Process reagent kit and
`components thereof for rapid
`isolation and purification of
`nucleic acid, comprised of
`solutions, containers,
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`mechanical lysing media, and
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`instructions for isolating and
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`purifying nucleic acid
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`containing substances in a
`chemical, biochemical or
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`
`
`
`
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`molecular biology laboratory.
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` Flourescent substrate reagent
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`
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`for detection of
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`chloramphenicol
`acetyltransferase, sold in kits.
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`
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`FASTCAT
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`-10-
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
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`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`
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`GOODS/SERVICES
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`Biochemicals, namely, reagents
`for polymerase chain reaction
`amplification for use in
`molecular biology research.
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`Isoelectric focusing ge1s...and
`coomassie-type stains in tablet
`form for use in academic
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`
`
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`
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`FASTIN
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`
`
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`industrial, clinical and research
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`laboratories to analyze and
`characterize proteins and
`polypeptides.
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`.
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`Pharmaceutical, namely an
`anorexicgenic agent.
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`REGISTRATION NO.
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`MARK
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`2,493,102
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`FASTSTART
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`1,470,292
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`PHASTGEL
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`FASTSTICK
`Pharmaceutical preparation,
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`namely, an anti—inflammatory.
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` Diagnostic preparations for
`medical and science purposes,
`used in microbiology, namely
`culture media.
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`FLOUROFAST
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`
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`1,395,486
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`2,205,700
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`2.231.714
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`
`
`
`
`
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`Sinus and allergy preparations
`containing antihistamines,
`analgesics and decongestants.
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`
`
`
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`Pharmaceutical Preparations in
`the form of discs, troches,
`tablets, etc. for use in the
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`treatment of symptoms of the
`common cold.
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`Pharmaceutical preparations for
`weight loss reduction.
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`2,057,5 16
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`1,313,026
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`1,785,143
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`
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`PRO-FAST
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`
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`FASPAK
`A filled plastic bag containing
`pharmaceutical preparations-
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`namely antibiotics.
`‘
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`ULTRAFAST
`NEPHRETECT
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`Diagnostic reagents for clinical
`or medical laboratory use.
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`-11-
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`2,390,174
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`FAST MELT
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`2,169,049
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`FAST DRY
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`REGISTRATION NO.
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`MARK
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`GOODS/SERVICES
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`1,158,751
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`UNIFAST
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`1,645,544
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`2,230,273
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`
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`‘
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`FASTLANE
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`FASTTRACK
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`An ethical pharmaceutical
`preparation for the treatment of
`obesity.
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`Agarose used in electrophoresis
`in the field of biotechnology.
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`Biochemical laboratory kits
`consisting primarily of - R
`Nase, protein degrader, loligo
`dT cellulose, buffers and
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`columns for isolating RNA.
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`Attached as Exhibit A are printouts of the aforementioned registrations downloaded from the PTO
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`database.
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`All of the foregoing registered marks for goods in related industries share a similar feature,
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`the term FAST. Nevertheless, the marks co-exist on the Register, a fact which the Examiner failed
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`to acknowledge in her analysis of the likelihood of confusion between the marks. Like the American
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`Cynamid case wherein the Court held that the term "MAX" was weak because of the coexistence of
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`four registrations containing the term as either a prefix or suffix for identical goods, the term FAST
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`is weak for the types of goods in question. American Cynamid C0. 729 F. Supp. at 1024. Hence,
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`the term must not be accorded as much weight as would a strong term and the Applicant’s mark
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`should be held sufficiently distinct so as to obviate any likelihood of confusion between consumers.
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`-12-
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`B.
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`Similarity of the Goods.
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
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`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`Although the Applicant has demonstrated that the marks are so dissimilar as to obviate
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`confusion, the Applicant must still address the issue of the relatedness of the goods. The goods of
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`the FASTRNA Registrations are different from the goods of the FAS TR application. The
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`Registrations are used in connection with diagnostic and process reagent kits for scientific use,
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`research use and medical laboratory use for the purpose of rapidly isolating and purifying nucleic
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`acid. Applicant’s goods consist of actual proteins, nucleic acids and medicinal reagents intended
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`to be used in connection with pharmaceuticals for treating patients having diseases, including
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`immune disorders and for scientific and research purposes relating to such diseases. The function
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`or purpose of the goods is quite distinct. Whereas the Applicant provides consumers with the actual
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`genes/nucleic acids to administer to patients or to conduct research, the Registrant only provides
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`testing kits to isolate and purify these gene/nucleic acids.
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`1.
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`The purchasers of the goods are sophisticated and hence not likely to be
`confused.
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`Also appropriate for consideration in a likelihood of confusion analysis are the conditions
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`under which sales are made and the sophistication of buyers to whom the goods are sold. In Re E.I.
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`Dupont de Nemeurs & C0., 476 F.2d 1357 (CCPA 1993), 177 USPQ (BNA) 563. Applicant’s goods
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`are intended to be sold primarily to managed care organizations, pharmacies, drug distributors, drug
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`-13-
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
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`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`wholesalers, home health care providers, clinicians and doctors for use with patients having immune
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`disorders, as well as to medical researchers, universities having medical research programs, hospitals
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`and other research companies to study the effects on the body. l The individuals within the
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`organizations described above who are tasked with requesting or ordering these different products
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`are medical doctors, skilled scientists and skilled clinicians with advanced degrees such as M.D.
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`and/or Ph.D. Registrant's goods are likely to be purchased and used by research laboratories. Such
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`purchasers are also highly skilled scientists. Applicant’s highly-skilled consumers are not likely to
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`believe that Applicant’ s specific proteins, nucleic acids and pharmaceutical preparations that are used
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`to treat and research patients with immune disorders emanate from Registrant. Likewise,
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`Registrant's sophisticated consumers are not likely to think that a provider of testing kits (for the
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`purpose of isolating RNA) is also selling pharmaceutical preparations and the like for the treatment
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`of patients with diseases, such as immune disorders. This is apparent from the sheer number of
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`registered "Fast" formative marks above.
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`Moreover, not only are these professionals likely to be able to discern the differences between
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`the products, they are also trained to understand the slight nuances between the names of drugs,
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`chemicals and products for testing the same. As such, the professionals who come in contact with
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`the Applicant’s mark FAS TR and the mark of the registrations FASTRNA, are not likely to be
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`confused.
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`-14-
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
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`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`2.
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`The marks are used on a limited variety of goods.
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`As evidenced by the name FASTRNA, the mark of the registrations is actually used only for
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`RNA isolation and purification from bacteria, fungi, algae, plant and animal tissues or cells.
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`Attached as Exhibit B are descriptions of the testing kits on which Registrant uses its marks.
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`Applicant’s mark is intended to be used with proteins and nucleic acids for treatment of human
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`patients with immune disorders and for research regarding the effectiveness of the same. Hence the
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`variety of the goods with which the registered and applied for marks are used are limited.
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`Accordingly, it is not likely that confusion between the two will occur.
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`-15-
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`IV.
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`CONCLUSION
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`Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
`
`Appl. No. 75/792,421
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`Applicant has demonstrated that the marks FAS TR and FASTRNA are dissimilar in sound,
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`appearance, meaning and commercial impression. It has further proven via evidence of third-party
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`registrations that the term FAST is weak as used in connection with goods in the relevant trade.
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`Finally, it has shown that given the dissimilarities in the mark, the goods are not similar enough to
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`render the marks likely to cause confusion in the marketplace. Accordingly, Applicant respectfully
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`requests that the Board reverse the Examiner’s rejection of the application, and remand the
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`application to the Examiner for Approval for Publication.
`
`Respectfully submitted,
`
`STERNE, KESSLER, GOLDSTEIN & FOX P.L.L.C.
`
` fig :
`
`Tracy-Gene G. Durkin
`Kimberly N. Reddick
`Attorneys for Applicant
`
`Date: April 15, 2002
`1100 New York Avenue, N.W.
`
`Washington, D.C. 20005
`(202) 371-2600
`
`SKGF_DCl:1968.1
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`-16-
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`\ r_
`V’
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`ATTORN EYS AT LAW
`
`
`
`Commissioner for Trademarks
`
`2900 Crystal Drive
`Arlington, VA 22202-3513
`
`Robert Greene Sterne
`Edward J. Kessler
`Jorge A. Goldstein
`David K.S. Cornwell
`Robertw. Esmond
`Tra
`-Gene G. Durkin
`Mic ele A. Cimbala
`Michael 3. Ray
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`Robert c. Millonig
`Lawrence B. Bugaisky
`Donald J. Featherstone
`Michael V. Messinger
`Judm, U, Kg,”
`Timothy J. Shea, Jr.
`
`Patrick E. Garrett
`Jeffery T. Helveye
`Held: L. Klaus
`C stal D. Sayles
`E wardW.Yee
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`Albert L. Ferro'
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`Thomas C. Fiala
`Brian J. Del Buono‘
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`Reginald D. Lucas‘
`
`Kimberly N. Reddick
`Theodore A. Wood
`Elizabeth J. Haanes
`Bruce E. Chalker
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`Jose hS.0st_roff
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`Karen R. Markowlcz
`Andrea J. Kamage
`
`April 15,2002
`
`US. Parental TMOVC/TM Mal R t. o . # *
`lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll °’
`04-15-2002
`
`
`
`Nan
`J. Leith
`Josep M. Conrad III
`Ann E. Summerfield
`Helene C. Carlson
`Gaby L. Lon sworth
`Matthew J. owd
`Aaron L. Schwartz
`Angelique G. Uy
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`
`WRITER ’s DIRECT NUMBER:
`(202) 789-5509
`INTERNETADDRESS:
`kreddick@skaf.com
`
`Attn: Box TTAB
`
`Re:
`
`U.S. Trademark Application
`in the name of Human Genome Sciences, Inc.
`
`Appl. No. 75/792,421; Filed: September 3, 1999
`Mark: FAS TR (Int’l Classes 001 and 005)
`_
`Our Ref: 1488.1350000/TGD/KNR
`
`Madam:
`
`Transmitted herewith for appropriate action are the following documents:
`
`1.
`
`2.
`
`Ex Parte Appeal Brief with Exhibits A & B; and
`
`One (1) return postcard.
`
`
`
`It is respectfully requested that the attached postcard be stamped with the date of filing of
`these documents, and that it be returned to our courier. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office is
`
`hereby authorized to charge any fee deficiency, or credit any overpayment, to our Deposit Account
`No. 19-0036.
`
`Very truly yours,
`
`STERNE, KESSLER, GOLDSTEIN & FOX P.L.L.C.
`
`
`
`Kimberly N. Re dick
`Attorney for Applicant
`
`TGD/KNR/rlw
`
`Enclosures
`
`Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein 8: Fox P.L.LC.
`SKGF_DCl:3l68.l
`
`2 1100 New York Avenue, NW 2 Washington, DC 20005 : 202.371.2600 f 202.371.2540 : www.sl<gf.com