`
`Applied Drilling Engineering
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`Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/books/book-pdf/2794205/9781555630010.pdf by Robert Durham on 26 January 2023
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`Adam T. Bourgoyne Jr.
`
`
`Professor of Petroleum Engineering
`Louisiana
`
`State U.
`
`Keith K. Millheim
`
`
`Manager-Critical Drilling Facility
`
`Amoco Production Co.
`Martin E. Chenevert
`
`
`Senior Lecturer of Petroleum Engineering
`
`U. of Texas
`
`F.S. YoungJr.
`President
`Woodway Energy Co.
`
`SPE Textbook Series, Volume 2
`Henry L. Doherty Memorial Fund of AIME
`
`Society of Petro\eum Engineers
`
`
`
`Richardson, TX USA
`
`IWS EXHIBIT 1043
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`EX_1043_001
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`Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/books/book-pdf/2794205/9781555630010.pdf by Robert Durham on 26 January 2023
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`Dedication
`This book is dedicated to the many students who were forced to study from the trial drafts of this work.
`
`Disclaimer
`
`This book was prepared by members of the Society of Petroleum Engineers and their well-qualified colleagues from
`material published in the recognized technical literature and from their own individual experience and expertise.
`While the material presented is believed to be based on sound technical knowledge, neither the Society of Petroleum
`Engineers nor any of the authors or editors herein provide a warranty either expressed or implied in its application.
`Correspondingly, the discussion of materials, methods, or techniques that may be covered by letters patents implies
`no freedom to use such materials, methods, or techniques without permission through appropriate licensing.
`Nothing described within this book should be construed to lessen the need to apply sound engineering judgment
`nor to carefully apply accepted engineering practices in the design, implementation, or application of the techniques
`described herein.
`
`© Copyright 1986 Society of Petroleum Engineers
`
`All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including electronic
`storage and retrieval systems, except by explicit, prior written permission of the publisher except for brief passages
`excerpted for review and critical purposes.
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America.
`
`ISBN 978-1-55563-001-0
`ISBN 978-1-61399-159-6 (Digital)
`
`Society of Petroleum Engineers
`222 Palisades Creek Drive
`Richardson, TX 75080-2040 USA
`http://store.spe.org
`books@spe.org
`1.972.952.9393
`
`IWS EXHIBIT 1043
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`EX_1043_002
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`Chapter 8
`Directional Drilling
`and Deviation Control
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`Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/2794220/chapter08.pdf by Robert Durham on 26 January 2023
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`deflected into the X-Y planes
`(see Fig. 8 .1 ) The X plane is defined as
`and the Y plane is
`sociated with the departures in the X and Y planes are
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`and thus there may be environmental restrictions that pro­
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`
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`hibit the use of power vessels and equipment such as off­
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`shore drilling rigs and production facilities.
`The early drilling of directional wells was clearly moti­
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`Directional drilling is the process of directing the well­
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`
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`vated by economics . The oil fields offshore California
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`bore along some trajectory to a predetermined target.
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`
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`were the spawning ground for directional drilling prac­
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`Deviation control is the process of keeping the well bore
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`tices and equipment, and for a special group of people
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`contained within some prescribed limits relative to incli­
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`called "directional drillers. " Later discoveries of oil and
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`nation angle, horizontal excursion from the vertical, or
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`gas in the Gulf of Mexico and in other countries promot­
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`both. This chapter discusses the principles and mecha­
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`ed the expanded application of directional drilling. Off­
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`nisms associated with directional drilling and deviation
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`shore field development has accounted for the majority
`control.
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`
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`of directional drilling activities. Fig. 8 . 3 shows a typical
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`
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`The preceding chapters deal with the one-dimensional
`process of penetrating the earth with the bit to some ver­
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`
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`offshore platform development. In a number of cases,
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`tical depth. However, drilling is a three-dimensional proc­
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`fields have been discovered beneath population centers,
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`ess. The bit not only penetrates vertically but is either
`
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`and the only way to develop the fields economically has
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`purposely or unintentionally
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`been to use a drilling pad and to drill directionally (see
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`the direction plane
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`
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`Fig. 8 .4). Natural obstructions such as mountains or other
`the inclination plane. The angles as­
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`
`
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`severe topographical features frequently prohibit build­
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`
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`ing a surface location and drilling a near-vertical well (Fig.
`called "direction" and "inclination" angles, respectively.
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`8 . 5 ) . Sidetracking out of an existing wellbore is another
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`Fig. 8 . 2 presents a typical example of the trajectory­
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`application of directional drilling. This sidetracking may
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`control situation. Here a structure is located almost en­
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`be done to bypass an obstruction (a " fish" ) in the origi­
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`tirely under a lake. Well 1 , drilled on a part ofthe struc­
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`nal wellbore (see Fig. 8 . 6) or to explore for additional
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`ture that is not under the lake, could be treated simply
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`producing horizons in adjacent sectors of the field (see
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`as a deviation-control well drilled on the shore. To de­
`Fig. 8 . 7 ) .
`velop the rest of the field, however, will necessitate drill­
`Strong economic and environmental pressures have in­
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`ing directional wells. The only way vertical wells could
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`creased the use of directional drilling. In some areas it
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`be drilled would be from a floating drilling vessel or plat­
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`is no longer possible to develop a field by making roads
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`form, with the wells being completed on the lake bed (sub­
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`to each surface location and drilling a near-vertical well.
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`lake completions), or from a floating or fixed production
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`
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`Instead, as in offshore installations, drilling pads must be
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`platform; and the economics of those approaches would
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`built from which a number of wells can be drilled. Not
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`
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`be far less attractive than drilling directional wells from
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`only is directional drilling increasing, but trajectory pro­
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`
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`some convenient land-based site where a standard land
`
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`grams are becoming more complicated and directional
`rig can be used. In some situations, there is no alterna-­
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`drilling is being applied in situations and areas where
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`tive to drilling a directional well. For example, the lake
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`
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`directional drilling has not been common. In hot-rock de­
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`may be the only source for drinking water in the area,
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`velopments, for example, directional wells are being
`
`8.1 Definitions
`
`and Reasons for
`Directional
`Drilling
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`352
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`APPLIED D R ILLING E N G I N E E R I N G
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`N
`
`- - -
`
`- -
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`BOTTOM HOLE LOCATIOt,
`
`� c>,,' """'''''
`SURFACE �CATION
`FOR WELL NO 1
`/' -
`I
`I
`<>
`--tl
`FOR WELL 2
`I
`
`I Z AXIS (TRUE VERTICAL
`t DEPTH)
`
`NORT H
`
`P L A N E I
`
`D I R E C T I O N
`
`- -
`
`II -
`I
`
`I I I I I I
`
`L __
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`Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/2794220/chapter08.pdf by Robert Durham on 26 January 2023
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`,--_1
`___ J
`SCALE
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`Fig. 8 . 1- l nclination and direction planes as a wel lbore proceeds
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`Fig. 8 . 2-Plan view of a typical oil and gas structure under a
`
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`in the depth plane.
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`lake showing how d irectional wells could be used to
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`develop it.
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`
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`DRILLING R I G INSIDE BUI LDING
`
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`wells.
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`Fig. 8.4-Developing a field under a city using d i rectionally
`
`Fig. 8.3-Typical offshore development platform with directional
`drilled wells.
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`IWS EXHIBIT 1043
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`Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/2794220/chapter08.pdf by Robert Durham on 26 January 2023
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`D I R ECTIONAL D R I L L I N G A N D DEVIATION CONTROL
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`353
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`
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`SIDETRACKED HOLE AROUND FISH
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`wel l s where the reservoi r is Fig. 8.S-Dri l l i n g of d irectional
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`
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`beneath a major surface obstructi o n .
`
`Fig. 8.S-Sidetracking aro u n d a fish.
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`and metamorph­
`drilled in hard granites and other igneous
`
`
`
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`ic rocks. Geothermal projects have been developed with
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`horizontal reaches
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`directional wells. Wells with extended
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`of 1 4 ,000 ft are being drilled, with goals of going even
`
`farther. As the costs of field development increase-in
`
`deeper waters, remote locations, hostile environments,
`
`
`and deeper producing zones-the use of directional drill­
`ing will also increase.
`
`8.2 Planning the Directional Well
`
`Trajectory
`
`The first step in planning any directional well is to de­
`
`
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`sign the wellbore path, or trajectory, to intersect a given
`
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`
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`target. The initial design should propose the various types
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`
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`of paths that can be drilled economically. The second,
`
`or refined, plan should include the effects of geology on
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`the bottomhole assemblies (BHA' s) that will be used and
`
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`other factors that could influence the final well bore trajec­
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`
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`tory. This section explains how to plan the initial trajec­
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`tory for most common directional wells.
`
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`Fig. 8.8 depicts three types of trajectories that could
`
`be drilled to hit the target. Path A is a build-and-hold
`
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`trajectory: the well bore penetrates the target at an angle
`
`equal to the maximum buildup angle. Path B is a
`" modified-S" and C is an " S " trajectory. With the S­
`
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`shape trajectory the wellbore penetrates the target verti­
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`cally, and with the modified-S trajectory the wellbore
`
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`penetrates the target at some inclination angle less than
`the maximum inclination angle in the hold section. For
`cking Fig. 8.7-Using an old well to explore for new oil by sidetra
`
`
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`
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`Path D, a " continuous-build trajectory, " the inclination
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`out of the cas i n g and d r i l l i n g d i rectionally.
`
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`keeps increasing right up to or through the target. The
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`
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`build-and-hold path requires the lowest inclination angle
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`to hit the target; the modified-S requires more inclina­
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`tion; and the S-shape requires still more. The continuous­
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`build path requires the highest inclination of all the trajec­
`tory types to hit the target.
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`IWS EXHIBIT 1043
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`EX_1043_005
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