Near Field
`Communication (NFC)
`
`EE174 – SJSU
`Tan Nguyen
`
`This presentation was taken from EE174 @ SJSU as indicated above. It was originally given my Prof. Tan Nguyen,
`who is a Lecturer in the department there, as well as an engineer at IBM in San Jose, California.
`
`It is being used as the framework for a presentation in 14-760 at CMU in Spring 2019.
`
`CARDWARE EXHIBIT 2022, Page 1 of 44
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`
`Communication (NFC)
`
`EE174 – SJSU
`Tan Nguyen
`
`This presentation was taken from EE174 @ SJSU as indicated above. It was originally given my Prof. Tan Nguyen,
`who is a Lecturer in the department there, as well as an engineer at IBM in San Jose, California.
`
`It is being used as the framework for a presentation in 14-760 at CMU in Spring 2019.
`
`CARDWARE EXHIBIT 2022, Page 1 of 44
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`
`
`OBJECTIVES
`
`• RFID
`• NFC
`• NFC Operations
`• NFC Applications
`• NFC Advantages/Disadvantages
`• Summary
`
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`
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`What is RFID?
`• Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is the use of radio waves to read and
`capture information stored on a tag attached to an object. A tag can be read
`from up to several feet away and does not need to be within direct line-of-
`sight of the reader to be tracked.
`• The RFID device serves the same purpose as a bar code or a magnetic strip on
`the back of a credit card or ATM card; it provides a unique identifier for that
`object. And, just as a bar code or magnetic strip must be scanned to get the
`information, the RFID device must be scanned to retrieve the identifying
`information.
`• RFID mostly use frequency ranges:
`LF: 125-134KHz
`•
`• HF: 13.56MHz
`• UHF: 433MHz, and 860-915MHz
`
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`
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`How RFID Works
`
`A RFID system consists of:
`• A tag or label.
`• A reader.
`• Ant
`RFID tags or labels are
`embedded with a
`transmitter and a receiver.
`The RFID component on
`the tags have two parts: a
`microchip that stores and
`processes information, and
`an antenna to receive and
`transmit a signal. The tag
`contains the specific serial
`number for one specific
`object.
`
`To read the information encoded on a tag, a two-way radio transmitter-
`receiver (called an interrogator/reader emits a radio-frequency signal in a
`relatively short range to the tag using an antenna. In case of passive RFID
`tag, the RF radiation also provides the energy to the passive RFID tag to
`communicate.
`The tag responds with the information written in its memory bank. The
`interrogator will then transmit the read results to an RFID computer
`program.
`
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`Added Slide: Capacitive Coupling
`
`• Devices are very close
`• Effectively touching
`• Application example: Hotel key cards that slide into lock
`• Each device has an electrode
`• Two electrodes together form two plates of a capacitor
`• Requires common ground
`• Capacitors block DC components
`• But let AC components pass – Data transmission
`
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`Added Slide: Capacitive Coupling
`
`Source: https://www.slideshare.net/TimCollins14/inemi-printed-rfid-presentation/6
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`Added Slide: Backscatter coupling
`
`• Good for a few meters at most
`• Tag reader sends a carrier
`• Carrier bounces off of tag
`• Energy from carrier is used to drive a simple circuit
`• This circuit alters the properties of the tag’s antenna
`• The altered properties of the antenna change the way the signal bounces back
`• This might be accomplished by using a semiconductor to switch a resistance in and
`out of the antenna circuit
`• Tag reader filters out its own signal from the one bouncing back
`• “directional coupling”
`• Differences in modulation are read as data
`
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`Added Slide: Backscatter coupling
`
`https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc id=1276306#
`http://books.elsevier.com/us/newnes/us/subindex.asp?isbn=9780750682091
`
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`Added Slide: Inductive Coupling
`
`• Good for a few to several centimeters
`• Each device has a ring antenna
`• When close enough ring antennas allow for inductive coupling
`• Thing back to high school physics
`• Changing current flow means changing magnetic field
`• That changing magnetic field (“flux”) in turn induces a changing current flow and
`“induced voltage”
`• Basically like a transformer with a core made of air.
`• Reader sends energy to power tag
`• Varying load on tag is detected by reader
`• This is how the communications from tag to reader works.
`
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`Added Slide: Inductive Coupling
`
`From slide 9
`
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`
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`Passive RFID Tag
`There are two types of RFID tags:
`• Passive or non-battery powered RFID tag
`• Active or battery powered RFID tag
`
`•
`
`A passive RFID tag that does not contain a battery
`will use the interrogator’s radio wave energy to relay
`its stored information back to the interrogator.
`• Disadvantages of a passive RFID tag:
`• Can be read only at very short distances,
`typically a few feet at most. This greatly
`limits many applications.
`It may not be possible to include sensors
`that can use electricity for power.
`• Advantages of a passive RFID tag:
`• Functions without a battery and have a
`useful life of twenty years +.
`Less expensive to manufacture
`•
`• Much smaller (size of a grain of rice). These
`tags have almost unlimited applications in
`consumer goods and other areas.
`
`An active RFID tag is equipped with a battery that can be used as
`a partial or complete source of power for the tag's circuitry and
`antenna. Some active tags contain replaceable batteries for years
`of use; others are sealed units.
`• Disadvantages of an active RFID tag:
`• Cannot function without battery power, which limits the
`lifetime of the tag.
`• Typically more expensive.
`Is physically larger, which may limit applications.
`•
`• Higher cost for maintenance if the batteries are replaced.
`• Battery outages can result in expensive misreads.
`• Advantages of an active RFID tag:
`• Can be read at distances of one hundred feet or more,
`greatly improving the utility of the device.
`• May have other sensors that can use electricity for power.
`
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`http://blog.atlasrfidstore.com/what-is-rfid-used-for-in-applications
`
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`What is NFC?
`
`• NFC is an offshoot of RFID with the exception that NFC is designed for use by devices within close proximity to each other.
`
`• NFC is a short range high frequency wireless technology that carry secure two-way interactions between electronic devices.
`
`• NFC utilizes electromagnetic radio fields while technologies such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi focus on radio transmissions instead.
`
`• NFC provides contact or contactless communication in a proximity of 1 – 4 centimeters and up to 10 centimeters.
`
`• NFC is mainly aimed for mobile or handheld devices.
`
`• NFC allows communication between:
`• Two powered (active) devices
`• Powered and non self-powered (passive) devices.
`
`• NFC offers the ultimate in security and convenience, and makes new interactions possible.
`
`• NFC combines the interface of a smartcard and a reader into a single device that allows two-way communication between
`endpoints, where RFID system was one-way only.
`
`• NFC devices operate at 13.56MHz, with a bandwidth 14kHz.
`
`• NFC supports data rates: 106, 212 and 424 Kbits/s
`
`•
`
`For two devices to communicate using NFC, one device must have an NFC reader/writer and one must have an NFC Tag.
`
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`
`
`NFC Time Line
`
`Event
`
`The first patent to be associated with RFID was granted to Charles Walton
`
`NXP Semiconductors and Sony co-invent NFC
`
`Nokia, Phillips and Sony established the NFC forum
`
`Initial specifications for NFC Forum Tags and “Smart Poster” records
`
`Nokia launches the first NFC phone (Nokia 6131)
`
`NFC Forum releases Peer-to-Peer standards
`
`Samsung, Nexus 5: First Android NFC phone shown
`
`AT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile announces Softcard mobile payment joint venture
`
`Google I/O “How to NFC” demonstrates NFC to initiates a game and to share a contact, URL, app, video, …
`
`RIM is 1st company for its devices is certified by Mastercard worldwide, the functionality of PayPass
`
`Samsung introduces TecTile, a set of NFC stickers and a companion App for Android to read/write TecTile
`
`Sony introduces “Smart Tags” using NFC technology to chab=nge modes and profiles on Sony smart phone
`
`Wired US is the 1st mass market publication to feature NFC enable advertisements
`
`Samsung and Vise announces major partnership to develop mobile payments
`
`Apple introduces iPhone 6 with Apple Pay using NFC Tecnology
`
`Year
`
`1983
`
`2002
`
`2004
`
`2006
`
`2006
`
`2009
`
`2010
`
`2010
`
`2011
`
`2011
`
`2012
`
`2012
`
`2012
`
`2013
`
`2014
`
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`Active and Passive NFC Devices
`
`Active NFC device usually a microcontroller based
`like a NFC enabled smartphone, would not only be
`able to collect information from NFC tags, but it
`would also be able to exchange information with
`other compatible phones or devices and could even
`alter the information on the NFC tag if authorized to
`make such changes.
`
`NFC reader continuously emits RF carrier signals and
`keeps observing the received RF signals for data.
`
`A passive device, such as an NFC tag, contains
`information that other devices can read but does not
`read any information itself. NFC tag does not have its
`own power source. It absorbs energy emitted by the
`reader(phone) and starts sending modulated
`information when sufficient energy is acquired from
`the RF field generated by the reader. Data modulation
`(0s and 1s) is accomplished by either direct
`modulation or FSK or Phase modulation.
`
`• Operation: Active device generates the RF field and the passive device uses the field to power itself and communicate.
`
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`10% ASK modulation means ASK modulation in which modulation index will range between 8% and 14%.
`In 100% ASK modulation, unmodulated signal amplitude and modulated signal amplitude is almost equal.
`
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`
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` Operation Of NFC
`
`There are two mode of communication
`
`J LJ RD/WR
`————
`RD/WR Cr)
`
`RD/W/R
`
`==
`
`Communication
`Passive
`Mode: The Initiator device
`provides a carrier field and
`the target device answers by
`modulating existing field.
`In
`this mode, the Target device
`may
`draw its
`operating
`power
`from the _Initiator-
`provided
`electromagnetic
`field.
`
`Communication
`Active
`Mode: Both Initiator and
`Target device communicate
`by
`alternately
`generating
`their own field. A device
`deactivates its RF field while
`it is waiting for data. In this
`mode, both devices typically
`need
`to
`have
`a
`power
`supply.
`
`(cl
`
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`NFC and Manchester coding
`Manchester coding is used for the majority of cases for the NFC
`communications. The Manchester coding utilises the two different
`transitions that may occur at the midpoint of a period. A low-to-
`high transition expresses a 0 bit, whereas a high-to-low transition
`stands for a 1 bit.
`
`Manchester coding used for NFC data transfer
`
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`NFC and Modified Miller coding
`Depending on the information to be transmitted, bits are coded
`as shown below. A high or "1" is always encoded in the same way,
`but a low or “0" is encoded differently dependent upon what
`preceded it.
`
`Modified Miller coding used for NFC data transfer
`used for 106 kbps active device transfers
`
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`
`
`NFC RF signal coding
`NFC employs two different coding systems on the RF signal to
`transfer data. In most cases a level of 10% modulation is used,
`with a Manchester coding format. However for an active device
`transmitting data at 106 kbps, a modified Miller coding scheme
`is used with 100% modulation. In all other cases Manchester
`coding is used with a modulation ratio of 10%.
`
`DATA RATE
`KBPS
`
`106
`
`212
`
`424
`
`ACTIVE DEVICE
`
`PASSIVE DEVICE
`
`Modified Miller, 100%, ASK Manchester, 10%, ASK
`
`Manchester, 10%, ASK
`
`Manchester, 10%, ASK
`
`Manchester, 10%, ASK
`
`Manchester, 10%, ASK
`
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`
`
` Ze
`
`Operation Of NFC
`
`>» NFC devices communicate via magnetic field induction, where two loop
`antennas are located within each other's near field, effectively forming
`an air-core transformer.
`
`» The reader continuously generates an RF carrier sine wave (at 13.56
`MHz), watching always for modulation to occur. Detected modulation of
`the field would indicate the presenceof a tag.
`
` Read/write Head
`
`Data Carrier
`
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`
`
`a
`
`Operation Of NFC
`
`
`
`A tag enters the RF field generated by the reader. Once the tag has
`received sufficient energy to operate correctly,
`it divides down the
`carrier and begins clocking its data to an output transistor, which is
`normally connected across the coil inputs.
`
`The tag’s output transistor shunts the coil, sequentially corresponding to
`the data which is being clocked out of the memory array.
`
`Shunting the coil causes a momentary fluctuation (dampening) of the
`carrier wave, which is seen as a slight change in amplitude of the carrier.
`
`The reader peak-detects the amplitude modulated data and processes
`the resulting bit stream according to the encoding and data modulation
`methods used.
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`Comparison With Existing Technologies
`
`
`
`Up to 10cm
`Hes
`; ae ;
`Easy, intuitive,
`| os contric
`fast
`mon
`High, given,
`security
`) Pay, get access,
`share: initiate
`.oe oasy set
`—_—_— Touch, wave,
`simply connect
`
`Partly given
`
`item tracking
`
`Get
`information
`
`or Ree
`~O.5s
`~6 sec
`
`Up to 5m
`
`Up to 30m
`
`centric
`_ Easy
`
`Line of
`| sight
`
`Control! &
`exchange
`data
`Easy
`
`Data centric
`
`Medium
`
`Who are you?
`
`Network for
`data exchange,
`headset
`
`Configuration
`
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`needed
`
`NFC
`<0.ims
`
`
`Raa
`<0.ims
`
`Up to 3m
`
`Set-up time
`
`Range
`
`Usability
`
`Selectivity
`
`Use cases
`
`Consumer
`experience
`
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`
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`Operating Modes of NFC devices
`
`
`
`
`
`Reader/writer mode
`
`the NFC device is capable of reading NFC Forum-
`mandated tag types, such as a tag embeddedin an
`NFC smart poster
`
`Peer-to-Peer mode
`
`Two NFC devices can exchange data. For example, you
`can share Bluetooth or Wi-Fi link set-up parameters or
`you can exchange data such as virtual business cards
`or digital photos.
`
`Card Emulation mode
`
`The NFC device appears to an external reader much
`the same as a traditional contactless smart card. This
`enables contactless payments and ticketing by NFC
`devices without changing the existing infrastructure.
`
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`
`
`NFC —- How DoesIt Work?
`
`Ee
`
`P2P Communication (Device to Device)
`NFCIP-1, NFCIP-2 (ISO/IEC18092, ISO/1EC21481)
`
`Connect devices through physical
`proximity:
`A magical connection of devices by
`simply touching them. A true device
`“hand shake”.
`
`Connect the world ofapps with the Tag/Card Reader/Writer(Terminal)
`physical world:
`Multi-standard (ISO/IEC14443, JIS X 6319-4/Felica, 1SO/1EC15693)
`Apps jump into the world and touch
`
`3 communication modes
`people, objects and other apps.
`
`=
`
`
`Interactive wallet:
`Allows your phone to act like an
`“interactive card” for payment,
`transportation, ID and physical access
`
`°
`Card Emulation
`TAP
`EMVCo/1SO/1EC14443, JIS X6319-4/Felica
`
`—_
`no
`oD
` WFC FOrLMm
`
`
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`
`
`
` abe:
`Specifications
`The NFC Forum has issued various specifications to date:
`
`Specification
`
`Purpose
`
`NFC Data Exchange Format
`(NDEF)
`
`(Defines a common data format between NFC-
`compliant devices and tags
`
`Record Type Definition (RTD)|Specifies rules for building standard record types
`Five specific RTDs (Text, URI, Smart Poster, Generic
`Control, and Signature) are used to build standard
`record types
`
`Logical Link Control Protocol|Defines a protocol to support peer-to-peer
`(LLCP)
`communication between two NFC-enabled devices
`
`OperationsSpecifications for|Enable core interoperability between tags and NFC
`Four Tag Types (1/2/3/4)
`devices
`
`Connection Handover
`
`
`
`Defines how to establish a connection using other
`wireless communication technologies
`
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`
`
`BEFORE & AFTER
`
`PREVIOUSLY USED
`
`METHODS
`
`CURRENT & FUTURE
`
`METHODS
`
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`
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`DATA RATE & RANGE
`
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`
`
`
` ; Application of NFC
`
`x IDENTIFICATION
`fy NFO
`(QISi
`
`,
`
`TIME &
`
`’
`
`iw]
`
`|
`
`
`
`PHYSICAL
`ACCESS
`
`Se secure
`:
`
`PC LOG-ON
`
`B h
`
`TICKETIN
`
`LOVALTY &
`MEMBERSHIPS
`
`’
`
`CASHLESS
`
`PAYMENT =
`
`
`Cin
`
`|
`TRANSIT er
`
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`
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` Application of NFC
`
`Smart Posters
`
`a three-dimensional object
`
`® An object that has, affixed to or embedded
`in it, one or more readable NFC tags with
`NDEF messagesstored in them.
`@ Each tag is read when an NFC deviceis held
`close to it
`
`m “N-Mark” shows touch point
`™ Not only a paper poster on the wall
`® Billboard, garment tag, magazine page, even
`
`The Smart Poster
`record defines a URI >
`plus
`some
`added
`metadata about it
`
`NDEF Message
`
`:
`URI
`Text
`Action
`Configuration
`vCard data
`
`
`Sp (Smart Poster)
`
`applheation veard
`
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`
`
` Application of NFC
`
`NFC and Mobile Payment
`
`A customer makeshis payment through
`mobile phone using NFC
`
`> NFC phonewill open wallet application
`® Wallet will display product cost
`when user clicks “Buy”
`pm At check out, wallet will display all
`credit/debit cards in wallet for
`payment
`» Customer will select card for payment
`> Wallet will show the confirmation page
`with the check out basket
`
`> Wallet will connect to retailer back end
`for authorization and display tracking
`information
`
`NFC payment confirm
`
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`
`
` Application of NFC
`
`Peer-to-peer
`
`@ Connection Handover : A handover use case is the
`exchangeof configuration information via the NFC link
`to easily establish a
`connection over
`(for e.g.
`Bluetooth or Wi-Fi ) and carry the information to be
`shared. Connection can be set between NFC devices
`
`Speakers (touch to connect)
`
`
`set-up
`
`*Home computer components
`
`*Homeentertainment systems
`
`*Cameras and printers
`
`* In-car devices
`
`* Headsets and handsets
`
`*Secure WLAN modem
`
`@ \fthe amount of information is relatively small (up to
`one kilobyte), it is possible to use NFC to transmit
`the
`data
`itself
`(e.g.
`electronic
`business
`cards, contacts).
`
`Smart Tags
`
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`
`
`Application of NFC
`
`Additional Use Cases for NFC Smart Posters
`
`
`
`Asset Management - Use NFC phones
`to read smart
`tags per product for
`inventory
`Access - Ensure secure building area
`access for personnel with NFC device
`and contactless reader
`Parking — Use NFC to authenticate
`parking entry and keep record .
`Meal orders — Customers order their
`meals by touching NFC SmartPosters.
`
`Remote worker reporting — Remote
`workers confirm locations visited and
`tasks completed
`Maps — An interactive NFC Smart
`Poster map
`allows
`the
`user
`to
`download the map, get additional
`information on relevant services, and
`access coupons,etc.
`Events calendar — Users can download
`tickets or coupons or be linked to
`event websites
`
` NFC Parking >>
`
`<< Security Gate
`
`
`
`CARDWAREEXHIBIT 2022, Page 33 of 44
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`CARDWARE EXHIBIT 2022, Page 33 of 44
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`
`
`
`
`
`Evolution and Future of NFC
`
`NFC Projected Development
`
`NFC Forum
`
`devices
`
`i
`
`
`x
`
`2007
`
`2008
`
`2009
`
`2010
`
`2011/12
`
`a_ non-profit
`The NFC Forum is
`industry association to advance the
`use of NFC short-range wireless
`interaction
`in
`consumer
`electronics, mobile devices and PCs.
`
`promotes
`Forum
`NFC
`The
`implementation and standardization
`of NFC
`technology
`to
`ensure
`interoperability
`between
`ands
`services.
`In
`September
`2008, there were over 150 members
`of the NFC Forum.
`
`CARDWARE exial, 2022, Page 34 of 44
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`CARDWARE EXHIBIT 2022, Page 34 of 44
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`
`
`Benefits of NFC
`
`
`
`NFC provides a range of benefits to consumers and businesses, such as:
`
`to
`
`the
`
`broadest
`
`suited
`ideally
`is
`NFC
`@ Versatile:
`industries, environments, and uses
`@ Open and standards-based: The underlying layers of NFC technology follow
`universally implemented ISO, ECMA,and ETSI standards
`# Technology-enabling: NFC facilitates fast and simple setup of wireless
`technologies, (such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.)
`@ Inherently secure: NFC transmissions are secure due to short
`communication
`
`range
`
`of
`
`range
`
`@ Interoperable: NFC works with existing Contactless card technologies
`@ Security-ready: NFC has built-in capabilities to support secure applications
`
`NFC is as simple asa >>
`
`,
`
`touch
`
`CARDWARE exibod 2022, Page 35 of 44
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`
`
`Advantages of NFC
`1.Convenience: Many consumers will "pay" for convenience because convenience is very important in
`today's society. NFC is a perfect source of convenience because it merges a mobile device with
`wallet(s). NFC is also quite intuitive; all it takes is a simple touch when using NFC for payments. Can
`you imagine how much faster line ups would be at the grocery store, coffee shop, etc?
`2. Versatility: NFC can be well adapted for all kinds of situations ranging from bank cards to transit
`passes, movie passes, reward systems and even keys. Ideally, NFC is suited for a broad range of
`industries and uses because this innovation allows users to manipulate through the development of
`software.
`3. Safety: Now, you might think how could fusing your wallet into your mobile device be safer. After
`all, just like a wallet, a cellphone could be stolen. However when your wallet is stolen, the thief has
`access to all your credit cards and information right away! With smartphones, passwords can be used
`to further protect your information.
`• NFC enabled credit cards are much more secure than a credit card magnetic strip
`• Requires PIN
`• Retailers no longer have physical access to your credit card information
`
`CARDWARE EXHIBIT 2022, Page 36 of 44
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`
`
`Disadvantages of NFC
`
`1. Company Agreements to use NFC: Many of us who would like to try out NFC
`wishes that it can be used everywhere and anywhere. However if companies do
`not agree to integrate NFC into their business, consumers will not be able to use
`the technology.
`2. Security:
`• Another major risk to NFC is computer hacking or phone hacking. As mobile
`phones become more developed, they become much like a hand held
`computer, and as with computers, they become prone to viruses. Hackers will
`want to gain access to these tiny computers because it contains a lot of
`important information all in one device.
`Examples include a phone’s owner credit card information, bill payments,
`social security information, etc. Moreover, as technology advances, it will
`becomes easier for hackers to do this.
`3. Limitations: NFC can be operated under short range (< 10 cm) with data rate is
`very less at about 106, 212 and 424kbps.
`
`•
`
`CARDWARE EXHIBIT 2022, Page 37 of 44
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`
`
`RFID vs. NFC: What’s the Difference?
`
`CARDWARE EXHIBIT 2022, Page 38 of 44
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`
`
`FUTURE OF NFC
`
`o New generations of iPhone, iPod and iPad products would
`reportedly be equipped with NFC capability which would
`enable small-scale monetary transactions.
`o On May 2, 2011, RIM announced the Blackberry Bold 9900, a
`new devicethat will use NFC technology.
`oe Recently, Microsoft announced that all Windows Phone 8
`deviceswill make use of the NFC technology.
`
`600.000
`
`500.006
`
`400,000
`
`300,000
`
`200,000
`
`100,000
`
`
`
`oO eT
`
`2004
`
`2005
`
`<
`
`2006
`
`~
`20
`
`=
`=>
`
`a
`8S
`
`>
`&®
`
`=
`RF
`
`™
`RFR
`
`Worldwide Forecast of Cell Phones with Integrated NFC Capability
`(Thousands of Units)
`
`.
`
`oo
`R
`
`=
`RFR
`
`wo
`BR
`
`
`
`Source: (HS :Suppli May 2077
`
`
`
`CARDWAREEXHIBIT 2022, Page 39 of 44
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`CARDWARE EXHIBIT 2022, Page 39 of 44
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`
`
`NEC Phones Available Now
`
`275+ models
`
`worldwide
`
`500+ million in
`
`—no— eC FOrum
`
`market
`1.2 billion by 2018
`
`*
`TAP
`
`CARDWAREEXHIBIT 2022, Page 40 of 44
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`CARDWARE EXHIBIT 2022, Page 40 of 44
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`
`
`Americans with NFC smartphone
`devices by 2016
`
`@ NFC Device
`
`@ No NFC Device
`
`CARDWAREEXHIBIT 2022, Page 41 of 44
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`CARDWARE EXHIBIT 2022, Page 41 of 44
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`
`
`Conclusion
`
`• Mobile handsets are primary target for NFC and soon NFC will be
`implemented in most handheld devices. Even though NFC has the
`shortest range among radio frequency technologies, but it is
`revolutionary due to its security, compatibility, user friendly interface,
`immense applications, etc.
`• The advancements in mobile wireless technology and communication
`standards have enabled usage of contactless and NFC based payment
`models.
`• The mobile wallet based payment model is gaining considerable
`momentum and is currently being seen as one of the key payment
`model, to promote contactless payment processing practices.
`• The mobile wallet technology enables the end-users to make payments
`with their mobile wallet accounts, without having to use credit or debit
`cards and hence this technology can also help users that do not use
`credit or debit cards.
`
`CARDWARE EXHIBIT 2022, Page 42 of 44
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`
`
`References:
`http://www.epc-rfid.info/rfid
`http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/technology-article.asp
`http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/R/RFID.html
`http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Technology-Article.asp?ArtNum=2
`http://wnss.sv.cmu.edu/courses/14829/f11/files/CMU_NFC_Overview_11072011.pdf
`http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/nfc/near-field-communications-
`tutorial.php
`http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/nfc/nfc-near-field-communications-
`technology.php
`http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/nfc/near-field-communications-
`modulation-rf-signal-interface.php
`http://electronicdesign.com/communications/fundamentals-short-range-wireless-
`technology
`http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/short-range-wireless-communication-
`bluetooth-zigbee-infrared-transmission.html#lesson
`http://www.nxp.com/techzones/nfc-zone/overview.html
`http://www.nxp.com/techzones/nfc-zone/news.html
`http://www.nearfieldcommunication.org/how-it-works.html
`http://www.slideshare.net/akshatrohatgi/nfc-technical-presentation?related=1
`
`CARDWARE EXHIBIT 2022, Page 43 of 44
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`
`
`http://www.slideshare.net/NFC-Forum/nfc-in-action-conference?qid=1fd0de69-
`a16e-4c94-9b17-699bcecc74ff&v=qf1&b=&from_search=12
`
`http://www.slideshare.net/NehaSingh145/nfc-technology-27491511?qid=2b587069-
`0fd9-4c1f-ad64-ba20c37de4cc&v=default&b=&from_search=2
`
`http://near-field.blogspot.com/p/pros-cons.html
`
`CARDWARE EXHIBIT 2022, Page 44 of 44
`SAMSUNG V. CARDWARE PGR2023-00013
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`
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