Touch Sensor| Capacitive and Resistive Touch Sensors
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`https://www.electronicshub.org/touch-sensors/
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`= @ ElectronicsHub .
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`(https://www.electronicshub.org)
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`Introduction to Touch Sensors | Working,
`Capacitive and Resistive
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`April 20, 2019 By Administrator(https://www.electronicshub.org/author/elktros/)
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`In this tutorial, we will learn about Touch Sensors. Today, almostall user interface is
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`based on touch. The range of applications is count-less and some important ones are
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`Mobile Phones, Tablets, Laptop computers, Cars, Elevators, ATMs, Cameras,etc. Touch
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`Sensorsare the important components in modern Touch Screen Applications.
`
`Outline
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` :=-
`
`Introduction
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`The senseof touch is an important sensory channel in many animals and someplants.
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`Our senses inform to us when our hands touch something. Computer input devices are
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`indifferent to human contact as there is no reaction from software in the event of
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`making, maintaining or breaking physical contact like touches or releases.
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`Thus, touch sensing input devices offers numerouspossibilities for novel interaction
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`techniques. Touch sensor technology is slowly replacing the mechanical objectslike
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`mouse and keyboard.
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`https://www.electronicshub.org/touch-sensors/
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`= @ ElectronicsHub .
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`(https://www.electronicshub.org)
`
`Introduction to Touch Sensors | Working,
`Capacitive and Resistive
`
`April 20, 2019 By Administrator(https://www.electronicshub.org/author/elktros/)
`
`In this tutorial, we will learn about Touch Sensors. Today, almostall user interface is
`
`based on touch. The range of applications is count-less and some important ones are
`
`Mobile Phones, Tablets, Laptop computers, Cars, Elevators, ATMs, Cameras,etc. Touch
`
`Sensorsare the important components in modern Touch Screen Applications.
`
`Outline
`
` :=-
`
`Introduction
`
`The senseof touch is an important sensory channel in many animals and someplants.
`
`Our senses inform to us when our hands touch something. Computer input devices are
`
`indifferent to human contact as there is no reaction from software in the event of
`
`making, maintaining or breaking physical contact like touches or releases.
`
`Thus, touch sensing input devices offers numerouspossibilities for novel interaction
`
`techniques. Touch sensor technology is slowly replacing the mechanical objectslike
`
`mouse and keyboard.
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`Touch Sensor | Capacitive and Resistive Touch Sensors
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`https://www.electronicshub.org/touch-sensors/
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`A touch sensor detects touch or near proximity without relying on physical contact.
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`Touch se
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`controls,
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`and switches.
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`,
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`y
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`, remote
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`l buttons
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`Touch sensors with simple rotational sliders, touch pads and rotary wheels o�er
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`signi�cant advantages for more intuitive user interfaces. Touch sensors are more
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`convenient and more reliable to use without moving parts. The use of touch sensors
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`provides great freedom to the system designer and help in reducing the overall cost of
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`the system. The overall look of the system can be more appealing and contemporary.
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`Touch sensors are also called as tactile sensors and are sensitive to touch, force or
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`pressure. They are one of the simplest and useful sensors. The working of a touch
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`sensor is similar to that of a simple switch.
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`When there is contact with the surface of the touch sensor, the circuit is closed inside
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`the sensor and there is a �ow of current. When the contact is released, the circuit is
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`opened and no current �ows.
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`The pictorial representation of working of a touch sensor is shown below.
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`Touch Sensor| Capacitive and Resistive Touch Sensors
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`Touch sensor pressed
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`- GE ectronicsHub :
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`
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`SMURFat flow
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`Touch sensor released
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`(https://www.electronicshub.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/1.-working-of-a-touch-
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`sensor.|pg)
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`BACK TO TOP
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`Capacitive Touch Sensor
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`Capacitive touch sensors are widely used in most of the portable deviceslike mobile
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`phones and MP3 players. Capacitive touch sensors can be found even in home
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`appliances, automotive and industrial applications. The reasons for this development
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`are durability, robustness, attractive product design and cost.
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`Touch sensors, unlike mechanical devices, do not contain moving parts. Hence, they are
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`more durable than mechanical input devices. Touch sensorsare robust as there are no
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`openings for humidity and dust to enter.
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`The principle of a capacitive touch sensor is explained below.
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`The simplest form of capacitor can be made with two conductors separated by an
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`insulator. Metal plates can be considered as conductors. The formula of capacitanceis
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`shownbelow.
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`Touch Sensor | Capacitive and Resistive Touch Sensors
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`https://www.electronicshub.org/touch-sensors/
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`Where
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`C = ε * ε * A / d
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`
`
`(https://www.electronicshub.org)
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`ε is the permittivity of free space
`0
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`ε is relative permittivity or dielectric constant
`r
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`A is area of the plates and d is the distance between them.
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`Capacitance is directly proportional to the area and inversely proportional to the
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`distance.
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`In capacitive touch sensors, the electrode represents one of the plates of the capacitor.
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`The second plate is represented by two objects: one is the environment of the sensor
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`electrode which forms parasitic capacitor C and the other is a conductive object like
`0
`human �nger which forms touch capacitor C .
`T
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`The sensor electrode is connected to a measurement circuit and the capacitance is
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`measured periodically. The output capacitance will increase if a conductive object
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`touches or approaches the sensor electrode. The measurement circuit will detect the
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`change in the capacitance and converts it into a trigger signal.
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`The working of a capacitive touch sensor is shown in below �gure.
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`Touch Sensor| Capacitive and Resistive Touch Sensors
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`https://www.electronicshub.org/touch-sensors/
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`= @ElectronicsHub .
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`(https://www.electronicshub.org)
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`Principle.jpg)
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`Image Resource Link: www.fujitsu.com/downloads/MICRO/fme/articles/fujitsu-
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`whitepaper-capacitive-touch-sensors. pdf
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`If the area of the sensorelectrode is bigger and the thickness of the cover material is
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`less, the touch capacitance Cryis also big. As a result, the capacitance difference between
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`touching pad and untouchedsensor padis also big. This meansthat the size of the
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`sensor electrode and covering material will influence the sensitivity of the sensor.
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`The measurementof capacitance is used in many applications like determining distance,
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`pressure, acceleration, etc. Capacitive Touch sensorsare anotherarea of application.
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`There are numerous methods to measure capacitance. Some of them are: amplitude
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`modulation, frequency modulation, time delay measurement, duty cycle, etc.
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`In case of capacitive touch sensors, presence of a conductive material is enough to
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`trigger the load and do not require any force. Hence, the risk of false or unintended
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`triggers is higher in case of capacitive touch sensors. This problem is more in the
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`presenceof moisture or water, which is a good conductor.
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`The method of measurementof capacitance in touch sensors requires a reference plane
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`located near by the sensing pad. In capacitive touch sensors,a finger trip forms the
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`capacitance betweenthe sensing electrode and reference plane. The skin oils or sweat
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`from human body maycausea falsetrigger.
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`Touch Sensor | Capacitive and Resistive Touch Sensors
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`https://www.electronicshub.org/touch-sensors/
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`To distinguish between intended and false touches additional sensing pads or software
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`algorithm
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`de.
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`(https://www.electronicshub.org)
`There are two types of capacitive touch sensors: surface capacitive sensing and
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`projected capacitive sensing.
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`In surface capacitive sensing, an insulator is applied with a conductive coating on one
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`side of its surface. On top of this conductive coating, a thin layer of insulator is applied.
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`Current is applied to all the corners of the conductive coating.
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`When an external conductor like a human �nger comes in contact with the surface, a
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`capacitance is formed between them and draws more current from the corners. The
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`current at each corner is measured and their ratio will determine the position of the
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`touch on the surface.
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`In projected capacitive sensing, the whole surface is not charged, but an X – Y grid of
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`conductive material is placed between two insulating materials. The grid is often made
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`of Copper or Gold on a PCB or Indium Tin Oxide on glass. An IC is used to charge and
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`monitor the grid.
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`When a charge is pulled by external conducting object like a �nger(s) from an area on
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`the grid, the IC calculates the location of the �nger on the touch surface. Touch sensors,
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`made of projective capacitive technology can be used to sense a �nger that is not
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`touching its surface. They act as near proximity sensors.
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`Resistive touch sensors are used for a longer time than capacitive solutions as they are
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`Touch Sensor | Capacitive and Resistive Touch Sensors
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`https://www.electronicshub.org/touch-sensors/
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`simple control circuits A resistive touch sensor does not depend on the electrical
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`
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`property
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`conducti g
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` –
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`pp
`g
`(https://www.electronicshub.org)
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`
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`In contrast to capacitive touch sensors which measure the capacitance, resistive touch
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`sensors sense the pressure on the surface.
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`A resistive touch sensor consists of two conductive layers separated by small spacer
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`dots. The bottom layer is made up of either glass or �lm and the top layer is made up of
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`�lm. The conductive material is coated with metallic �lm generally Indium Tin Oxide and
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`is transparent in nature. A voltage is applied across the surface of the conductor.
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`When any probe like a �nger, stylus pen, pen, etc. is used to apply pressure on the top
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`�lm of the sensor, it activates the sensor. When ample pressure is applied, the top �lm
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`�exes inward and makes contact with the bottom �lm. This results in voltage drop and
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`the point of contact creates a voltage divider network in the X – Y directions.
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`This voltage and the changes in the voltage are detected by a controller and calculate
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`the position of the touch where the pressure is applied based on the X – Y coordinates
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`of the touch.
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`The functioning of a resistive touch sensor can be explained using the following �gure.
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`Touch Sensor| Capacitive and Resistive Touch Sensors
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`https://www.electronicshub.org/touch-sensors/
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`Dg ElectronicSHUubieune
`(https://www.electonicshub.org)
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`|—
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`Sensor-Working.jpg)
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`The resistance of the object touching the electrodes will come into the picture in the
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`working of resistive touch sensors. For example, when finger touchesthe surface, the
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`small resistance of the finger allows somecurrent to flow throughit, completing a
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`circuit. The transistor acts as a switch. The resistor Rp is used to protect the transistor
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`from any possible short circuit of the electrodes. The resistor Rb is used to keep the
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`base at the ground whenthecircuit is open,i.e. there is no finger.
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`Whenboth the electrodes are touched, small current flows throughthe finger and the
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`transistor switches ON, as a result the load becomesactive.
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`A simple resistive touch sensitive circuit is shown below.
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`https://www.electronicshub.org/touch-sensors/
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`= @ElectronicsHub.
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`S ‘
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`|
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`(https://www.electronicshub.org)
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`‘ LED
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`Sensor.jpg)
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`It consists of two electrodes, two transistors connected in Darlington configuration, a
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`resistor and an LED. Whena fingeris placed on the electrodes,the circuit is complete
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`and current amplification takes place. The resistor is used to restrict the amountof the
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`current to the LED.
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`There are three types of resistive touch sensors: 4 - wire, 5 - wire and 8 - wire.
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`4 - Wire resistive touch sensor is most cost effective. 5 - Wire resistive touch sensors are
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`most durable. They are similar to 4 - wire sensors exceptthatall the electrodesin this
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`type are on the bottom layer. The top layer in 5 - wire sensorsact as a voltage
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`measuring probe. Becauseofthis type of construction, 5 - wire resistive touch sensors
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`allow higher numberof actuations.
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`In 8 - wire resistive touch sensors, each edge of the sensorprovides a sensingline.
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`These sensing lines act as a stable voltage gradient for the touch controller. The actual
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`«iG ElectronicsHub .
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`Any objectlike a finger, styltpS//wwe!¢ctronicshuDoTQeod to apply pressure on
`resistive touch sensors, they are mostly used in harsh environments. But the response
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`time of resistive touch sensorsis less than capacitive touch sensors. Hence, the
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`capacitive touch sensorsare slowly replacing them.
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`BACK TO TOP
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`PREVIOUS- IR SENSOR (/ir-sensor/)
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`Related Posts:
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`3 Responses
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`go (https://b2stats.com/) /rcomment.29344) NPS
`vt
`.
`October 10, 2017 at 7:50 pm (https://www.electronicshub.org/touch-sensors
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`Touch Sensor | Capacitive and Resistive Touch Sensors
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`Woah
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`It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of times it s challenging to get tһat
`(https://www.electronicshub.org)
`“perfect balance” between superb ᥙѕaЬility and visual ɑppearancе.
`I must say that yoս’ve done ɑ fantastic job with thiѕ.
`Ӏn addition, the blog loаds extгemely fast for me on Internet explorer.
`Outstanding Blog!
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`Reply
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`
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`Malina Metea says:
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`January 6, 2021 at 8:07 am (https://www.electronicshub.org/touch-sensors/#comment-420225)
`
`IC means Integrated Circuit?
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`Reply
`
`YesNoSpin says:
`
`January 27, 2023 at 7:44 pm (https://www.electronicshub.org/touch-sensors/#comment-2482277)
`
`Interesting blog post! I’m currently working on a project that uses capacitive touch sensors
`and I’m definitely interested in learning more about them.
`
`Reply
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