(12) United States Patent
`US 7,597,250 B2
`(10) Patent N0.:
`9
`
` Finn 45) Date of Patent: Oct. 6 2009
`
`
`USOO7597250B2
`
`(54) RFID READER WITH MULTIPLE
`INTERFACES
`
`inventor: David Finn, Mayo County (111')
`(75)
`(73) Assignee: DPD Patent Trust Ltd., Tourmakeady,
`County Mayo (1h)
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 485 days.
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`(21) Appl.No.: 11/420,747
`
`(22)
`(65)
`
`Filed:
`
`May 27, 2006
`Prior Publication Data
`Us 2006/0219776 A1
`Oct. 5, 2006
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`(63) Continuation—in—part of application No. 11/381,389,
`filed on May 3, 2006, and a continuation—in—part of
`application No, 1 l/355,264, filedon Feb, 15: 2006, and
`a continuation-in—part of application No, 10/990,296,
`filed on Nov. 16, 2004, now Pat, No. 7,213,766.
`
`(60) Provisional application No. 60/602,595, filed onAug.
`18, 2004, prox71s10nal application No. 60/562,204,
`filed 011 Apr- 14. 2004- prov1sional application N0~
`60/520,698, filed on Nov. 17, 2003, provisional appli-
`cation No. 60/652,895, filed on Feb. 15, 2005, provi-
`sional application No. 60/660,398, filed on Mar. 10,
`2005, provisional application No. 60/664,974, filed on
`Mar. 24, 2005, provisional application No. 60/734,
`409‘ filed on Nov. 8 2005 provisional application No.
`60/725 818 filed 0:1 Oct ’12 2005 provisional appli-
`cation 1110 60/708 70% filedaon Aug 16 2005 provi-
`sional applicationaNo ,60/708 628 h]ed on Ailg 1 6
`2005 provisional application 1:10 60/691 337 file-d ori
`Tun 16 2005 provisional applicationNoa60/685 503
`h]ed 011’ May ’27 2005
`.
`’
`’
`'
`
`5
`
`(51-)
`
`Int. Cl.
`006K 5/00
`006K 7/08
`006K 19/06
`
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`(2006.01)
`
`(52) U.S. Cl.
`
`....................... 235/380; 235/375; 235/451;
`235/487; 235/492
`h ................. 235/451
`'fi
`t'
`S
`F' 1d fCl
`235/492, 380, 375’
`ass1 ca 10n earc
`1e
`0
`See application file for complete search history.
`References Cited
`,
`,
`.
`.
`,
`,
`,
`,
`,
`,
`,
`U'b' PAL th DOCUMENIS
`4,367,965 A
`1/1983 Speitel et a1.
`
`58
`
`(
`
`)
`
`(5 6)
`
`D“
`
`(Connmled)
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`19631050
`2/1998
`
`(Continued)
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`ACR38CT Contact/e55 SIM Tracker Technical Specmcation,
`Advanced Card Systems ltd, Hnng Kong
`(Continued)
`
`Primary ExamineriThien M. Le
`Assislam ExamineriTuyen KVo
`(74) Allomev, Agent, or Firm4(}erald E. Linden; Dwight A.
`Stauffer
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`.
`.
`A pocket—size RFID reader apparatus hav1ng a contactless
`interface and a slot for insertion ofa contactless smart card
`fob, and having a biometric sensor, thereby providing two
`levels ofpersonalization. The apparatus may have a Wireless
`interface; and a slot for insertion ofa Wireless SD I/O device.
`The apparatus may have a slot for insertion of an external
`memory device. The apparatus may have a mechanical con.
`nection (contact) interface. The apparatus may also have an
`RF interface for reading an electronic immobilizer within the
`apparatus.
`
`21 Claims, 4 Drawing Sheets
`
`
`
`Google LLC v. RFCyber Corp. / Page 1 of 33
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`US 7,597,250 B2
`Page 2
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`W0
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`
`1063995
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`.
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`6’763’JJ)
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`.
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`‘2
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`6, 876,4 20 37
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`ong et
`'
`’
`’ “
`“
`4’,2005 Tordera er 31‘
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`’
`’
`’
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`
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`
`DE
`IIK
`
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`
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`
`GOOG-1040
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`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 6, 2009
`
`Sheet 1 0f4
`
`US 7,597,250 B2
`
`
`
`User’s Thumb
`
`102
`
`134
`
`
`
`
`SD memory
`SDIO wireless
`
`\S‘mal't Fob
`
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`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 6, 2009
`
`Sheet 2 0f4
`
`US 7,597,250 B2
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 6, 2009
`
`Sheet 3 0f4
`
`US 7,597,250 B2
`
`RFID Reader
`
`FIG. 2A
`
`Memmy
`
`Contact Interface(s)
`
`M
`
`r 1
`
`[\30
`
`0
`
`1.6
`
`Microprocess
`
`Contactless Interface(s)
`
`A;
`
`Storage
`
`Wireless Interface(s)
`
`LN[\JIx.)
`Slot(s) & (11023,
`
`Human Interfaces
`
`TCP/IP Interfaee(s)
`
`30
`
`Biometric
`Interface
`
`Card
`Infrared
`slot(s) M (110%
`
`Vehicle Immobilizer
`
`Electronic
`Immmobilizer
`
`23:1
`
`IR
`Remote Control
`
`E
`
`Slot for
`removable USB
`
`23
`
`Contact Interface(s)
`
`M
`
`Microprocessor
`‘My—A O
`
`Contactless Interface-(s)
`AZ
`
`Storage
`
`Wireless Interface(s)
`
`1
`
`Human Interfaces
`[\JIraN
`
`Biometric
`Interface 226
`
`TCP/IP Interface(s)
`
`Card
`
`Infrared
`
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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 6, 2009
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`Sheet 4 0f4
`
`US 7,597,250 B2
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`PSTN, Internet, etc.
`
` Contactless
` Mechanical
`
`Real World
`
`lock
`
`
`
`Vendors
`M
`
` 302
`
`38
`31'
`
`
`
`Pager
`Function
`
`M
`
`l [BroadBand
`
`Immobilizer
`
`and IR
`
`RFID
`Reader
`Apparatus
`m
`
`Wireless
`
`Hot Spot
`(Wi—Fi)
`L
`
`Contact l T —0r- § QUWB, TR, etc.
`
`Bluetooth,
`
`i TBroadBand
`
`Personal
`
`Computer
`(PC)
`
`3.1 6.
`
`Internet
`
`Music
`Vendor
`
`Financial
`Source
`3 1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`US 7,597,250 B2
`
`1
`RFID READER WITH MULTIPLE
`INTERFACES
`
`
`1
`
`CROSS-R A F a RENCE TO RELATED
`
`APPLICATION S
`
`
`
`25
`
`This is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. Ser. No, 10/990,296
`filed Nov. 16, 2004 (published as 20050109841 May 26,
`2005), claiming priority of
`Provisional Application No. 60/602,595 filed Aug. 18,
`2004
`ProvisionalApplication No. 60/562,204 filedApr. 14, 2004
`Provisional Application No. 60/520,698 filed Nov. 17,
`2003
`This is a continuation-in-part of US. Ser. No. 11/355,264 15
`filed Feb. 15, 2006, claiming priority of
`Provisional Application N o. 60/652,895 filed Feb. 15,
`2005.
`Provisional Application No. 60/660,398 filed Mar. 10,
`2005.
`Provisional Application No. 60/664,974 filed Mar. 24,
`2005.
`This is a continuation—in—part of US. Ser. No. 11/381,389
`filed 03 May 2006
`This is a non—provisional filing of:
`Provisional Application No. 60/734,409 filed Nov. 08,
`2005
`ProvisionalApplication No. 60/725,818filed Oct. 12,2005
`Provisional Application No. 00/708,707 filed Aug. 16,
`2005
`Provisional Application No. 60/708,628 filed Aug. 16,
`2005
`Provisional Application No. 60/691,337 filed Jun. 16, 2005
`Provisional Application No. 60/685,503 filed May 27,
`2005
`All of the above are incorporated (in their entirety) by
`reference herein, and all of the above name David Finn as an
`inventor.
`
`2
`metric identifiers that comply with standards established by
`ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization).
`Chip-based contactless smart cards and keychain fobs
`loaded with payment applications are used by commuters in
`mass transit to pay fares. To conduct the transaction the corn-
`muter simply taps their contactless card on a reader which
`deduets the price of the ticket or fare from the stored value in
`the memory ofthe RFID chip. This Tap-and-Go technology is
`also used in convenience stores, cafes, pharmacies and movie
`to theaters to make low—value purchases that don’t require a
`cardholder signature. Contactless electronic payment appli—
`cations also include vending, ticketing, parking, toll collec—
`tion and redemption of vouchers, points or coupons earned
`from a merchant loyalty program.
`In another example, a consumer can load cash to the elec-
`tronic purse of the contactless smart card via Internet bank-
`ing, and while still connected to the PC use the stored value to
`pay for online products or services. Equally, a consumer can
`load electronic cash to the contactless smart card and use the
`20 e-cash at participating merchants to pay for goods and ser-
`vices.
`NFC (Near Field Communication) enabled devices,
`including mobile phones. have contactless chips that can
`function like payment cards and download ticketing and other
`information from chip embedded “smart posters”. Mobile
`telephones are also used for small value purchases, to pay for
`parking meters, taxi fares and vending machine items.
`Contactless chip card teclmology is based on two stan-
`dards: ISO/113C 14443 Type A and Type B (for proximity
`30 cards), and ISO/113C 15693 (for vicinity cards). Cards that
`comply with these standards operate at the 13.56 MHz fre-
`quency. ISO/IEC 14443 products have a range ofup to 10 cm
`
`(centimeters), while ISO/IEC 15693 products can operate at a
`range between 50 and 70 em.
`In the above applications the contactless smart card or fob
`is a passive device and a separate entity to the RFID reader. In
`standard use, the reader is a stationary device connected to a
`PC or integrated into a terminal or kiosk.
`Portable mobile handheld readers with multiple interfaces
`40 are known. See, for example, standard POS terminals from
`Hypercom (www.11ypercom.com) and Ingenico (www.m-
`genicocom).
`For example, conventional POS (Point of Sale) terminals
`are used by merchants to charge an amount owed on pur-
`45 chases by swiping a credit card or inserting a contact/contact-
`less smart card and by entering a PIN (personal identification
`number) into the reader, then seeking clearance of payment
`by communicating in wireless mode with the network which
`In the corporate environment, contactless technology is
`dials up the respective payment clearing center or trust center
`used in access control (physical), network logon (logical) and
`for authenticating a document, an email, a 1:116 01‘ any form of 50 for acceptance of the purchase amgunt. These devices are
`written communication with a digital signature, certificate,
`handheld and portable, but are not well suited for carrying
`PHSSWOFd or cryptographic kcy (PHbliC & Private Key IHfl‘fl-
`around in your pocket, because of their weight (approxi-
`SU’UCer).
`mately 700 grams) and size (bulky, because of their require-
`In secure identification applications, contactless tcchnol-
`ment for battery power). The wireless interface is for com-
`ogy is often married with biometric identifiers storing the 55 municating with a central server over the Wi-Fi network in a
`template of a fingerprint. facial image, blood veins pattern of
`store, for authorization of a credit card payment.
`a hand or iris scan in the memory of the RFID chip. For
`Handheld readers are also used for ID verification in
`example, at security checkpoints in an airport, contactless
`mobile applications such as;
`smart cards can beused to enable fasterpassage of“registered
`Employee ID in large restricted areas (e.g. airports, sea—
`travelers” or “frequent travelers” through special security 60
`ports, military bases and ships) and attended access con—
`lanes. The biometric kiosks equipped with an RFID reader
`trol gates
`to authenticate travel documents
`compare the image presented by the traveler to data stored on
`Cross border control
`the contactless smart card to verify that the traveler is the
`(e-Passport and Visa) from a citizen of any nation
`same person.
`National ID to verify a holder ofa government ID card
`Inamove towards greater border control, travel documents 65
`These handheld readers support several types of cards;
`need to be tamper-proof machineireadable passports
`contact
`(ISO 7816), contactless (ISO 14443 type A’B,
`(MRP) that incorporate contactless IC chips, as well as bio-
`MIFARE, DESFire) and incorporate a biometric fingerprint
`
`35
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`This invention relates to contactless smart card technology
`and to RFID (radio frequency identification) reader teehnol—
`Ogy.
`
`BACKUROUND 01" THE INVENTION
`
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`q
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`3
`sensor (3—D capacitive) to authenticate the employee‘s or
`citizen’s fingerprint against the fingerprint template stored on
`the card and to display his/her credentials along with results.
`Using the wireless communication interface (via a standard
`access point), the reader obtains constant access to updated
`information on the database servers. The reader can also
`communicate with the servers through cellular technologies
`like GSM (GPRS) or CDMA.
`The company Labcal in Canada is working in this area. See
`http://www.labcal.com/. For example, Labcal’s Be.U Mobile
`SMC—800 MCW is a handheld unit for checking the identity
`of an employee in large restricted areas. The employee’s
`credentials, including a biometric template of his or her fin—
`gerprint is stored in the memory of the ID chip card or con-
`tactless card. The access control guard simply inserts the card
`into the handheld unit and all information pertaining to the
`individual is shown on the display. The guard can also scan a
`live fingerprint and compare it with the template stored in the
`memory of the chip card. This handheld unit has also a wire-
`less interface and can communicate with a central server to
`check the current status of his or her contract and areas of
`admission or restriction in the facility. It can also be used for
`cross border control.
`Labcal’s new rugged mobile reader is algorithm agnostic
`and can be used with existing AFIS systems. Moreover, the '
`Be.U Mobile performs 1:1 matching with an ID document.
`contact or contactless card and l:N matching by storing the
`fingerprint templates and the credentials in the reader or on a
`server. The reader communicates wirelessly with the server
`via \Vi-Fi, GSM or CDMA. The Be.U Mobile is also available
`with an embedded bar code scanner which allows 1D and 2D
`bar code decoding.
`In these remote ID verification applications, the mobile
`handheld readers are held by access control guards,
`law
`enforcement personnel & police, and not by the citizen nor by
`the employee. The handheld readers are only used to check
`the credentials of the individual. The contactless smart card
`carried by the person in question is not an integral part of the
`handheld reader. The individual is in no position to authorize
`a transaction using the biometric identifier in the handheld,
`nor can the individual download e-money, value or content
`from an Internet-connected PC to the contactless smart card.
`In short, the handheld readers with multiple interfaces for
`identification verification and point-of-sale are not pocket
`size devices, nor do they allow the consumer, citizen or
`employee to have control over identification, authentication,
`memory storage and “pay—as—you—go” applications.
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`Pay—By—Touch
`“Pay-By-Touch” technology allows consumers the option
`ofpaying for groceries using a finger scan linked to their bank
`account. The “Pay-By-Touch” system scans customers’ fin-
`gerprints at the point of sale terminal and links the image with
`an electronic wallet which holds financial and loyalty pro-
`gram data, eliminating the need to carry cards, cash or a check
`book.
`
`Vehicle Immobilizers
`Most vehicles today have an electronic immobilizer for
`protecting a vehicle against unauthorized use.
`In such
`devices, the inductive key/steering—column lock communica—
`tion channel constitutes a very short-range radio transmission
`link operating at around 125 KHz (low frequency) which
`deactivates the immobilizing function when the electronic
`key is inserted into the steering-column lock. The ensuing
`check ofa use authorization code stored in the key transpon-
`der confirms that the key is the one authorizing the use of the
`vehicle. The communication is between an RFID reader
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`mounted in the steering—column lock and the vehicle key with
`transponder constituting the electronic immobilizer, more-
`over with the additional function ofremote control. The trail-
`sponder device is often packaged in a glass tube or plastic
`brick for integration in the vehicle key housing.
`Contact Interfaces
`As used herein, “contact interfaces” (or “mechanical inter-
`face”) refers to mechanical (wired) connections between one
`device and another, such as via a cable or inserting a module
`into a socket. The following are examples of contact inter-
`faces and/or devices that typically connect via a contact inter-
`face.
`USB Short for “Universal Serial Bus”. USB is a serial bus
`standard (standardized communications protocol) that
`enables data exchange between electronic devices. USE
`supports data transfer rates ofup to 12 Mbps (megabits per
`second). A single USB port can be used to connect up to
`127 peripheral devices, such as mice, modems, and key—
`boards. USB also supports plug—and—play installation and
`“hot plugging”. USB is expected to completely replace
`serial and parallel ports. Hi-Speed USB (USB 2.0) similar
`to FireWire technology, supports data rates up to 480
`Mbps.
`
`Ethernet A local-area network (LAN) architecture developed
`by Xerox Corporation in cooperation with DEC and Intel
`in 1976. Ethernet uses a bus or star topology and supports
`data transfer rates of 10 Mbps. The Ethernet specification
`served as the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard, which
`specifies the physical and lower software layers. Ethernet
`uses the CSMA/CD access method to handle simultaneous
`demands. It is one of the most widely implemented LAN
`
`standards. A newer version of Ethemet, called 100Base—T
`(or Fast Ethernet), supports data transfer rates of 100 Mbps.
`And the newest version, Gigabit Ethemet supports data
`rates of 1 gigabit (1,000 megabits) per second.
`
`IEEE 1394 IEEE 1394 (also known as FireWire® and
`iLINKTM) is a high-bandwidth isochronous (real-time)
`interface for computers, periphera s, and consumer elec-
`tronics products such as camcorders, VCRs, printers, PC 5,
`'l'Vs, and digi a1 cameras. With IEEE 1394-compatible
`products and systems, users can transfer video or still
`images from a camera or camcorc er to a printer, PC, or
`television (TV), with no image degradation.
`SD Short for “Secure Digital”. SD is a technology standard
`for providing portable devices with non-volatile memory/
`storage and peripheral I/O expansion capability. On some
`devices this standard is implemented in the form of SD
`memory expansion cards, used to store digital infomiation
`like applications, databases, photos, text, audio, video or
`MP3 music files, and an SD/SDIO expansion slot. The SD
`standard makes it possible to transfer information between
`devices that support SD expansion cards (e. g. transfer pho-
`tos between a digital camera and a PDA by exchanging the
`SD expansion card), assuming both devices support the file
`format used for the transferred information (e.g. JPEG
`image file).
`SDIO Short for “Secure Digital Input]Output”. SDIO is a part
`of the SD memory specification. It enables I/O (input/
`output) expansion for add-ons such as serial, modem, carn-
`era or GPS (global positioning system) cards. Whereas SD
`is only used for storage expansion cards, an SDIO capable
`expansion slot can also support SD expansion cards, while
`an SD-capable slot may not support an SDIO expansion
`card.
`
`
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`
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`SIM Short for “Secure Identity Module” or “Subscriber Iden-
`tification/Identity Module”. A SIM card inscribed with a
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`customers information and designed to be inserted into
`any mobile telephone. Usually SIM card phones work by
`GSM technology. The SIM card contains a user’s GSM
`mobile account information.
`SIM cards are portable between GSM devicesithe user’s
`mobile subscriber information moves to whatever device
`houses the SIM.
`ISO 7816ISO7816 defines specification ofsmart cardcontact
`interface IC chip and IC card. The main ISO standard
`relating to smart cards is ISO 7816: “Identification cards:
`integrated circuit cards with contacts”.
`Wireless Interfaces
`As used herein, “wireless interfaces" refers to ultra-high
`radio frequency (RF) connections between one device and
`another, typically over a moderate distance, such as up to 100
`meters, and in some cases (such as WilVlAX) over long dis-
`tances such as 50 km. The following are examples of wireless
`interfaces and/or devices that typically connect via a wireless
`interface.
`Wireless Technology that allows a user to communicate and/
`or connect to the Internet or mobile phone networks with—
`out physical wires. Wi—Fi, Bluetooth®, CDMA and GSM
`are all examples of wireless technology.
`Wi—Fi Short for “Wireless Fidelity”. Wireless technology,
`also known as 802.11b, enables you to access the Internet.
`to send and receive email. and browse the Web anywhere
`within range of a Wi-Fi access point, or HotSpot.
`Bluetooth A wireless technology developed by Ericsson,
`Intel, N okia and Toshiba that specifies how mobile phones,
`computers and PDAs interconnect with each other, with
`computers, and with office or home phones, The technol-
`ogy enables data comrections between electronic devices
`in the 2.4 GHZ range at 720 Kbps (kilo bits per second)
`within a 10 meter range. Bluetooth uses low—power radio
`frequencies to transfer infomration wirelessly between
`similarly equipped devices.
`UWB is short for “Ultra Wide Band”. UWB is a wireless
`communications technology that transmits data in short
`pulses which are spread out over a wide swath of spectrum.
`Because the technology does not use a single frequency,
`UWB enjoys several potential advantages over single-fre-
`quency transmissions. For one, it can transmit data in large
`bursts because data is moving on several channels at once.
`Another advantage is that it can share frequencies, which is
`used by other applications because it transmits only for
`extremely short periods, which do not last long enough to
`cause interference with other signals.
`WLAN Short for “wireless local—area networ ”. Also referred
`to as LAWN. A W'LAN is a type of local-area network that
`uses high-frequency radio waves rather thanwires forcom-
`munication between nodes (e.g., between PCs).
`IEEE 802.11 The IEEE standard for wireless Local Area
`
`Networks (LAN5). It uses three different physical layers,
`802.1121, 802.11b and 802.1 lg.
`WiMAX short for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
`Access. (IFFF, 802.1 6) \ViMAX is a standards-based wire-
`less technology that provides high—throughput broadband
`connections overlong distances, such as several kilometers
`(up to 50 km with direct line—of—sight, up to 8 km without
`direct line—of—sight). WiMAX can be used for a number of
`applications, including “last mile” broadband connections,
`hotspots and cellular backhaul, and high-speed enterprise
`connectivity for business.
`Contactless Interfaces
`As used herein, “contactless interfaces” refers to high radio
`frequency (RF) connections between one device and another,
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`typically over a very short distance, such as only up to 50 cm.
`The following are examples of contactless interfaces and/or
`devices that typically cormect via a contactless interface.
`ISO 14443 ISO 14443 RFID cards; contactless proximity
`cards operating at 13 .56 MHZ with a read/write range ofup
`to 10 cm. ISO 14443 defines the contactless interface smart
`card technical specification.
`ISO 15693 ISO standard for contactless integrated circuits,
`such as used in RF-ID tags. ISO 15693 RFID cards; corr-
`tactless vicinity cards operating at 13.56 MHZ with a read/
`write range of up to 100 cm. (ISO 15693 is typically not
`used for financial transactions because ofits relatively long
`range as compared with ISO l4443.)
`NFC Short for “Near Field Communication”. NFC is a con-
`tactless connectivity technology that enables short-range
`communication between electronic devices.
`If two devices are held close together (for example, a
`mobile phone and a personal digital assistant), NFC inter-
`faces establish a peer—to—peer protocol, and information such
`as phone book details can be passed freely between them.
`NFC devices can be linked to contactless smart cards, and can
`operate like a contactless smart card, even when powered
`down. This means that a mobile phone can operate like a
`transportation card, and enable fare payment and access to the
`subway. NFC is an open platform teclmology standardized in
`ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association)
`340 as well as ETSI (European Telecommunications Stan-
`dards Institute) TS 102 190 V 1.1.1 and ISO/113C 18092.
`These standards specify the modulation schemes, coding,
`transfer speeds, and frame format of the RF interface ofNFC
`devices, as well as initialization schemes and conditions
`required for data collision—control during initializationifor
`both passive and active modes.
`RFID Short for “Radio Frequency Identification”. An RFID
`device interacts, typically at a limited distance, with a
`“reader”, and may be either “passive” (powered by the
`reader) or “active” (having its own power source, such as a
`battery).
`Wireless Versus Contactless Interfaces
`Wireless and Contactless are two types of radio frequency
`(RF) interfaces. In a most general sense, both are “wireless”
`in that they do not require wires, and that they use RF. How-
`ever, in the art to which this invention most nearly pertains,
`the terms “wireless” and “contactless” have two very differ-
`ent meanings and two very different functionalities.
`The wireless interfaces of interest in the present invention
`are principally WLAN, Zigbee, Bluetooth and UWB. These
`wireless interfaces operate at a distance of several meters,
`generally for avoiding “cable spaghetti” for example, Blue-
`tooth for headsets and other computer peripherals. WTAN is
`typically used for networking several computers in an office.
`The contactless interfaces of interest in the present inven-
`tion are principally RFID contactless interfaces such as ISO
`14443, 15693 and NFC. RFID operates at a maximum dis-
`tance of 100 cm for the purpose of identification in applica—
`tions such as access control. In a payment (financial transac—
`tion) application, the distance is restricted to 10 cm. For
`example, a contactless RFID smart card protocol according to
`ISO 14443 can be used for private, secure financial transac-
`tions in “real world” applications such as payment at a
`retailer.
`Wireless and contactless use different communications
`protocols with different capabilities and are typically used for
`very different purposes. Note, for example, that 100 cm (ISO
`15693, an RFID contactless protocol) is considered to be too
`great a distance to provide appropriate security for (contact-
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`7
`less) financial transactions. But 100 cm would not be enough
`to provide a (wireless) network between office computers!
`Additionally, generally, contactless technology is primarily
`passive (having no power source of its own), deriving power
`to operate from the electromagnetic field generated by a
`nearby reader. Also, contactless technology, using the smart
`card protocol, is used for secure identification, authentication
`and payment. Wireless technologies, on the other hand, gen-
`erally require their own power source (either batteries, or
`plugged in) to operate. Contactless is different than wireless;
`different protocol, different signal characteristics, different
`utility, different energy requirements, different capabilities,
`different purposes, different advantages, different
`limita—
`tions.
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`tion interfaces using radio frequency (RF) for transferring
`data between compatible devices, as follows:
`“contactless”, for very short distances, up to 100 cm (less
`than one meter), such as for performing secure applica-
`tions such as access control, or financial transactions.
`(When carrying a smart card, a user needs to feel confi-
`dent that the contents of the card cannot be snooped or
`skimmed from a nearby stranger wielding a laptop.)
`Within contactless, a further distinction can be made
`between extremely short distances (such as ISO 14443
`operating at up to 10 cm distance, and useful for secure
`financial transactions) and moderately short distances
`(such as ISO 15693 having a read/write range of up to
`100 cm, and useful for RFID used to collect tolls elec-
`t