`

`Editor: David B. Troy
`Managing Editor: Matthew J. Hauber
`Marketing Manager: Marisa A. O'Brien
`
`Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
`
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`Baltimore, Maryland 21201-2436 USA
`
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`Philadelphia, PA 19106
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`All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be r~produced_ in any for~ ~r b; any ~eans,
`including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permisswn rom t e copy(cid:173)
`right owner.
`
`The publisher is not responsible (as a matter of product liability, negligence or otherwise) for any inju~y resulting _from any
`material contained herein. This publication contains information relating to general principles of medical care_which should not
`be construed as specific instructions for individual patients. Manufacturer's product information and package mserts should be
`reviewed for current information, including contraindications, dosages and precautions.
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885 by Joseph P Remington, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at
`Washington DC
`
`Copyright 1889, 1894, 1905, 1907, 1917, by Joseph P Remington
`
`Copyright 1926, 1936, by the Joseph P Remington Estate
`
`Copyright 1948, 1951, by the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science
`
`Copyright 1956, 1960, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, by the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science
`
`Copyright 2000, 2006, by the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
`
`All Rights Reserved
`Library of Congress Catalog Card Information is available
`ISBN 0-7817-4673-6
`
`The publishers have made every effort to trace the copyright holders for borrowed material. If they have inadvertently overlooked
`any, they will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
`
`The use of structural formulas from USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names is by permission of The USP Convention. The
`Convention is not responsible for any inaccuracy contained herein.
`
`Notice-This text is not intended to represent, nor shall it be interpreted to be, the equivalent of or a substitute for the official
`United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and I or the National Formulary (NF). In the event of any difference or discrepancy between the
`current official USP or NF standards of strength, quality, purity, packaging and labeling for drugs and representations of them
`herein, the context and effect of the official compendia shall prevail.
`
`To purchase additional copies of this book call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030 or fax orders to (301)
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`
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`Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy ... A treatise on the theory
`and practice of the pharmaceutical sciences, with essential
`information about pharmaceutical and medicinal agents; also, a
`guide to the professional responsibilities of the pharmacist as the
`drug information specialist of the health team ... A textbook and
`reference work for pharmacists, physicians, and other practitioners of
`the pharmaceutical and medical sciences.
`
`EDITORIAL BOARD
`
`Paul Beringer
`
`Pardeep K. Gupta
`
`Ara DerMarderosian
`
`John E. Hoover
`
`Linda Felton
`
`Steven Gelone
`
`Nicholas G. Popovick
`
`William J. Reilly, Jr
`
`Alfonso R. Gennaro
`
`Randy Hendrickson, Chair
`
`AUTHORS
`
`The 133 chapters of this edition of Remington were written by
`
`the editors, by members of the Editorial Board, and by the au(cid:173)
`
`thors listed on pages xi to xv.
`
`Director
`
`Philip P Gerbino 1995-2005
`
`Twenty-first Edition-2005
`
`Published in the 185th year of the
`PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND SCIENCE
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`contents
`
`I
`
`Part 1
`
`1
`2
`3
`4
`5
`6
`7
`8
`
`9
`10
`
`Orientation
`Scope of Pharmacy ..... . .... . ... . ... . . .... . . ... . .3
`Evolution of Pharmacy ... .. . .. .. . . . . . . ... ... ...... 7
`Ethics and Professionalism .. . . . . ........ . ......... . 20
`The Practice of Community Pharmacy . .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. 30
`Pharmacists in Industry ... . . .... .. ......... . . . .... 35
`Pharmacists in Government . ... ........ .. . ........ . 40
`Pharmacists and Public Health . ... . . . . ... . .. . . ..... .51
`Information Resources in Pharmacy and the
`Pharmaceutical Sciences .......... . . ... .. ... . . .... 64
`Clinical Drug Literature .......... . .. ...... ... .. . . . 74
`Research .... .. . . . .... ... . .. . . . ... . . .. . . .. .... . 87
`
`Part 2
`
`Pharmaceutics
`
`11
`12
`13
`14
`15
`16
`17
`18
`19
`20
`21
`22
`23
`
`Metrology and Pharmaceutical Calculations .. ... .. . ... 99
`Statistics .. .. .... . . . . .... .. ........... .... . .. . 127
`Molecular Structure, Properties, and States of Matter . . . 162
`Complex Formation ...... .. .... . . . ..... . .. ..... 186
`Thermodynamics ..... .. .. .. ...... .. . . ...... . .. . 201
`Solutions and Phase Equilibria . . . . . ... .. . . .. .. . . ... 211
`Ionic Solutions and Electrolytic Equilibria .. . ... .. . .. . . 231
`Tonicity, Osmoticity, Osmolality, and Osmolarity . .. . . .. 250
`Chemical Kinetics .. . ... . ........ .. ..... .. . .. . .. 266
`lnterf acial Phenomena .. ... . ... . . . ..... . .. . .. . .. 280
`Colloidal Dispersions .. . ....... . .. . . . .. . . . ... . .. . 293
`Coarse Dispersions . .. . . . . . .. .... .. . .... . ... .. . .319
`Rheology
`. . ......... . . .. ... . .. ... . .. ... . ... . . 338
`
`Part 3
`
`Pharmaceutical Chemistry
`
`24
`25
`26
`27
`28
`29
`
`Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry .... . ..... . .. . . . 361
`Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry .. .. . . . . . .. .. ... .386
`Natural Products . . . ..... .. .. ... ..... .. .... . .... 410
`Drug Nomenclature-United States Adopted Names . . .. 443
`Structure-Activity Relationship and Drug Design . . . . .. .468
`Fundamentals of Medical Radionuclides ... . . . ..... . .479
`
`Part4
`
`Pharmaceutical Testing, Analysis, and Control
`
`30
`31
`32
`33
`34
`35
`
`Analysis of Medicinals . . .. . . .. .... . .... . .. . .. . . . . 495
`Biological Testing
`. .. .. . . . . . . .. . .. .. ... .. . .... . .553
`Clinical Analysis .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. ... . .... . . . 565
`Chromatography .. .. ... . .. . . . . . ... . .... . . .. .. .599
`Instrumental Methods of Analysis . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . 633
`Dissolution . . .. .. . ... . . . . ... . .. ... . . ..... . . ... 672
`
`Part 5
`
`Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
`
`36
`37
`38
`39
`40
`41
`42
`43
`44
`45
`46
`47
`48
`
`Separation ..... . ... .. .... . . . ... . . . . .. .. . . . . .. 691
`Powde~ .. . . ... .. .... . ... . . ... .. . . ... . . .. ... . 702
`Property-Based Drug Design and Preformulation .. .. .. . 720
`Solutions, Emulsions, Suspensions, and Extracts
`. . ... . . 745
`Sterilization ... . . . . .. .. . .... . . . . ...... ..... ... . 776
`Parenteral Preparations . ... . .. . . . .. . ... .. . . . .. . . . 802
`Intravenous Admixtures
`. .. .. . .. . . .... .. . . . . . .. . . 837
`Ophthalmic Preparations . .. .. . . . . . ... . .... . . ..... 850
`Medicated Topicals . . .. . . . .. . . . . ........ . . . . ... . 871
`Oral Solid Dosage Forms ......... . .. ... . . . . . .. . . . 889
`Coating of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms . .. . . ..... . . 929
`Extended-Release and Targeted Drug Delivery Systems .. 939
`The New Drug Approval Process and
`Clinical Trial Design .. .... ... .... .. .. .. .... .. . . .. 965
`
`49
`50
`51
`52
`53
`54
`55
`
`Biotechnology and Drugs . ... . . ..... • • • • • • · · · · · · 1~~~
`o 18
`Aerosols .... . • • · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
`1
`Quality Assurance and Control . . ..... .. • • • • · · · · · ·
`Stability of Pharmaceutical Products . ... . .. .. • • • • · .1025
`Bioavailability and Bioequivalency Testing .. . . . . • . • • .1037
`·
`·
`· I
`1047
`Plastic Packaging Matena s .. ... . .... . • • • · · · · · · · ·
`Pharmaceutical Necessities . .. . . . . . ...... . . . • . • • .1058
`
`Part 6
`
`Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
`
`56
`57
`58
`59
`60
`61
`62
`63
`
`Diseases: Manifestations and Pathophysiology .. • - • • .1095
`Drug Absorption, Action, and Disposition . . : . .. .. . . . 1142
`Basic Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynam1cs
`. ..... 1171
`Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics .. ... 1191
`Priniciples of Immunology ........ .. . . . .. . • • • . • • .1206
`Adverse Drug Reactions and Clinical Toxicology . .. . .. 1221
`Pharmacogenomics . .. . .. . ....... . .. . . ... .. .. .. 1230
`Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics in
`Drug Development . ... .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . ...... . 1249
`
`Part 7
`
`Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Agents
`
`64
`65
`66
`67
`68
`69
`70
`71
`72
`
`73
`74
`75
`76
`77
`78
`79
`80
`81
`82
`83
`84
`85
`86
`87
`88
`89
`90
`91
`92
`93
`
`Diagnostic Drugs and Reagents .. . . . ............. . 1261
`Topical Drugs ..... . . .. ... . . .. ... . . . .. .. . . .. .. 1277
`Gastrointestinal and Liver Drugs . . .. . . .. . .... . .. . . 1294
`Blood, Fluids, Electrolytes, and Hematological Drugs .. . 1318
`Cardiovascular Drugs ...... . . . . .... . . .... . . ... . 1350
`Respiratory Drugs .. .. . .... .. .... . . . . . . ... . .... 1371
`Sympathomimetic Drugs . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . ... ... . 1379
`Cholinomimetic Drugs .. . . . . ...... .. .. . . . . . . ... 1389
`Adrenergic Antagonists and Adrenergic
`Neuron Blocking Drugs . ...... . ... . . . .. . .. . .. . . . 1399
`Antimuscarinic and Antispasmodic Drugs ... . . . .. . .. 1405
`Skeletal Muscle Relaxants .. . ... ... ... .. . ... ... .. 1411
`Diuretic Drugs . .. .. .. . . ..... . . . . . ... . . . . .. ... . 1422
`Uterine and Antimigraine Drugs .. . .... . .. . .. .... . 1432
`Hormones and Hormone Antagonists . . ... .. .. . .. . . 1437
`General Anesthetics . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. ... . .. . . .. 147 4
`Local Anesthetics .... . . . . . . . ... .. . . . ... ... .. . . 14 79
`Antianxiety Agents and Hypnotic Drugs
`. ...... .. . . . 1486
`Antiepileptic Drugs . . ... .. . . . ... . .. . .. ... .. . .. . 1501
`Psychopharmacologic Agents ... . . .... .. .. . .. . . . . 1509
`Analgesic, Antipyretic, and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs . . . 1524
`Histamine and Antihistaminic Drugs . . . . . . .. .... . .. 1543
`Central Nervous System Stimulants . .. . . ..... . . .. .. 1551
`Antineoplastic Drugs ... .. . . ..... . .... . . .. . . . ... 1556
`lmmunoactive Drugs . . .. . ...... . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . 1588
`Parasiticides
`. .. .. . . .. . ... . . ..... ... . ... .. . ... 1595
`Immunizing Agents and Allergenic Extracts .. . ... . . . . 1600
`Anti-lnfectives ... .. ... . .. . .. ... .. ... . ... . .. . . . 1626
`Enzymes . . . . . . . . ... .. . .. . . .. ... . . . .. .. . . .. . . 1685
`Nutrients and Associated Substances
`. .. .. . ... .. ... 1688
`Pesticides ... . ... . . . .. . ... . ... .. . . .......... . 1719
`
`Part 8 Pharmacy Practice
`
`A Fundamentals of Pharmacy Practice
`Application of Ethical Principles to Practice Dilemmas . . 1745
`Technology and Automation ... .. . . ... . .. . . . . . .. . 1753
`The Patient: Behavioral Determinants .. .. ..... .. . .. 1762
`Patient Communication
`. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . 1770
`Patient Compliance ..... . . . . ... . .. ... . . . ... .... 1782
`Drug Education . ... ..... .. .... .... . .. ... .. .. .. 1796
`
`94
`95
`96
`97
`98
`99
`
`xxi
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