MOSBY’S
`MEDICAL
`DICTIONARY
`
`
`
`8TH EDITION
`
`Illustrated in full color throughout
`With over 2450 illustrations
`
`
`
`Genome Ex. 1019
`
`Page 1 of 8
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`Genome Ex. 1019
`Page 1 of 8
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`

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`MOSBY
`ELSEVIER
`
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`MOSBY’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY
`
`ISBN: 978-0-323-05290-0
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`Copyright © 2009, 2006, 2002, I998, I994, I990, I986, 1982 by Mushy, Inc., an afliliate of Elsevier Inc.
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`manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula. the method
`and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on
`their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best
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`Library of Congress Cataloging—in-Publication Data
`
`Mosby’s medical dictionary. -- 8th ed.
`p. ; cm.
`ISBN 978-0-323-05290-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) I. Medicine-Dictionaries. I. Mosby, Inc. 11.
`Title: Medical dictionary.
`[DNLM: l. MedicineuDictionary--English. W 13 M894 2009]
`R121.M89 2009
`610.3—«dc22
`
`2008018950
`
`Executive Publisher: Darlene Como
`Editor: Tamara Myers
`Asa-adore Developmental Editor: Tina Kaemmerer
`Publishing Services Manager: Pat Joiner-Myers
`Senior Project Manager: Rachel E. Dowel]
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`Cover Designer: Kim Denando
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`Cover Himtrotions:
`Hemophil (Forbes, Salim, and Weissfeld, 2007)
`Magnetic resonance angiography (Kowalczyk and Mace, 2009)
`Leukaemia (Kanski, 2007)
`Emilia histolflica (Kumar et a], 2007)
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`enome Ex. 1019
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`Page 2 of 8
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`liL.-SE.\--“"l ER
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`infilfi'l‘ulili
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`Genome Ex. 1019
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`_.___.._o-............r:.-.auiunimfiwnuimnaaaiai‘53.
`
`
`
`
`
` _._
`
`bl‘IIZene
`
`m b
`
`enign migratory gltxssitis
`
`m4
`
`See pwtvirnl fa-
`
`has two or more definitely recognizable Incscnchvnntl etc-
`rnents in addition to fibrous tissue.
`.
`benign migratory gltxssitis.
`See geographic tongue.
`benign mucosnl pcntphigoid.
`Sec cicntricial pent-
`phigoitl.
`benign Inynlgic encephulomyelilis.
`tigue syndrome.
`ht‘ltign neoplasm 1L. lu-m'gmm- + Gk. rims. new. plasma.
`lormationl.
`a localized tumor that has a fibrous capsule.
`limited potential for growth. a tegultu‘ shape. and cells that
`are well differentiated. A benign neoplasm does not invade
`surrounding tissue or metastasize to distant sites. Some kinds
`of benign neoplasms are udenoma. tibroma. hemangioma.
`and lipoma. Also called benign tumor. Compare malignant
`neoplasm.
`a renal disorder marked by
`benign nephntsclemsis.
`interiolosclemtic tat‘teriosclenisis atl‘ecting mainly the arteri~
`oles) lesions in the kidney. It is associated with hypertension.
`benign paroxysmal peritonitis.
`See familial lt-tediterra-
`nean fever.
`
`recurrent vertigo
`benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
`and nyslagtnus occurring when the head is placed in certain
`positions. It can be. debilitating and can cause difficulty in
`walking straight. it is usually not associated with central ner-
`vous system lesions.
`I OBSERVATIONS: Patients may experience the sensation of
`disorientation in space combined with a sensation of mution
`accompanied by nystagntus. nausea andfor vomiting. perspi-
`ration. pallor. increased saiivation. and general malaise. Di-
`agnosis is made by history and clinical exam in conjunction
`with ENG and positional testing. Audiology. ABR. CT. or
`MRI may be used to mic out other causes of vertigo.
`I tNtERvEN'nous: Treatment is focused on a series of vestib~
`ular exercises. including gait training. sets of visual vestibu-
`lar head and eye movements, Epley maneuvers, and Brandt-
`Darofl‘ maneuvers.
`If exercises provoke nausea. pre-
`medication with anticrnetics may be necessary. Surgical
`plugging of the posterior semicircular canal may be done in
`individuals with an intractable recurrent pattern of vertigo
`attacks that are unresponsive to exercise therapy.
`on
`I nunsmo
`CONSIDERATIONS: Nursing care
`focuses
`demonstration and return demonstration of prescribed
`exercises.
`a histologic diag-
`benign pmstatie hyperplasia (BPH),
`nosis associated with nonmalignant, noninflammatory en-
`largement of the prostate, most common among men over 50
`years of age. BPH diagnosis can only be made after biopsy
`or resection; otherwise the diagnosis is benign prostatic en-
`Iargcruent. BPH is usually progressive and may lead to are-
`thral obstruction and to interference with urine flow, urinary
`frequency, nocturia, dysuria, and urinary tract infections.
`Treatment may include medication. localized application of
`heat, balloon dilation, laser vaporization. and microwave hy-
`pothermia. Surgical resection of the enlarged prostate is
`sometimes
`necessary. Compare prostalitis. See
`also
`prostatectomy.
`benign prostatic hypertrophy.
`hyperplasia.
`benign pseudohypenrophic muscular dystrophy. Sec
`Becker’s muscular dystrophy.
`benign stupor,
`a state of apathy or lethargy, such as occurs
`in severe depression.
`.
`benign thrombocytosis.
`Sec thrombocytosls.
`benign tumor.
`See benign neoplasm.
`benne oil. See sesame oil.
`'
`Benner, Patricia,
`a nursing theorist who confirmed the
`levels of skill acquisition in nursing practice in From Nov-
`ice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Naming
`
`See benign prostatic
`
`Prui'tr't'r‘ l | 084}. Bonner used systematic descriptions of me
`stages: novice. advanced beginner. competent. Pml‘lt‘icml
`and expert. Thirtymnc competencies emerged from an
`analysis of actual patient care episodes. From this Work
`seven areas of nursing practice having a number of comm,
`tencies with similar intents. functions. and meanings dove],
`oped. They are identified as (I) the helping role. (2) [he
`teaching-coaching t‘uncrion. {3) the diagnostic and patient.
`monitoring function. {4) effective management of rapidly
`changing situations. (5) administering and monitoring thera-
`peutic interventions and regimens. to) monitoring and ensur.
`ing the quality of health care practices. and (7} organiza.
`tiomil work-mic competencies. Bcnncr‘s work dCHCl'lbes
`nursing practice in the context of what nursing actually is
`and does rather titan from context-free theoretic descriptions,
`ltenitet‘s small corpuscle.
`See Drysdale’s corpuscle,
`llennett angle [Nonnan (3. Bennett. English dentist. not}.
`I947}.
`the angle formed by the sagittal plane and the path
`of the advancing eondyte during lateral mandibular move.
`ment. as viewed in the horizontal plane.
`llennetl hand tool test.
`a test used in occupational ther-
`apy and pit-vocational testing to measure hand function. co-
`ordination, and speed in performance.
`lrish surgeon,
`lleimett's fracture [Edward H. Bennett,
`18374907].
`a fracture that runs obliquely through the
`base of the first metacarpal bone and into the carpometacar-
`pal joint. detaching the greater part of the articular facet.
`Bennett‘s fracture may be associated with dorsal subluxation
`or with dislocation of the first metacarpal.
`Benoquin.
`trademark for a depigmenting agent (mono-
`benzene).
`an inhibitor of the decar—
`benserazide lben-ser'ah-zidl,
`boxylation of peripheral levodopa to dopamine, having ac-
`tions similar to those of carbidopa. When given with levo-
`dopa, benscrazide produces higher brain concentrations of
`dopamine with lower doses of levodopa, thus lessening the
`side effects seen with higher doses. It is used orally in con
`junction with levodopa as an antiparkinsonian agent.
`bent fracture.
`See greenstick fracture.
`bentiromide test,
`(for pancreatic fimction) bentiromide is
`administered orally. and its cleavage into benzoyl-tyrosyl
`and p-aminobenzoic acid is monitored as a measure of pan-
`creatic production of chymotrypsin.
`colloidal, hydrated alu-
`bentonite [Fort Benton. Montana],
`minum silicate that. when added to water, swells to approxi-
`mately 12 times its dry size. It is used as a bulk laxative and
`as a base for skin care preparations. Also called miner-
`al soap.
`a flocculation test for the presence of rheu-
`bentonite test,
`matoid factor in patient blood samples. After sensitized ben-
`tonite particles are added to the serum, the test result is con-
`sidered positive for rheumatoid arthritis if adsorption has
`occurred with 50% of the particles.
`a topical skin protetf-
`bentoquatam fbcn’to—kwah'taml,
`tam used to prevent or reduce allergic contact dennamls
`from contact with poison ivy. oak, and sumac.
`.
`_
`Bentyl,
`oadcmark for an an 'cholinergic antispasmodlc
`(dicyclomine hydrochloride).
`-
`_
`hertz,
`abbreviation for a benzoate carboxylate anion.
`bemlkonhm fluoride,-
`. a disinfectant and fungicide pre-
`
`hydrocarbon (C6H6) originally derived by fractional distillfl:
`tion of coal tar. It is now derivedhy catalyncimforntms d'JI_
`ing petroleum refining. The prototypical aromatic con}c
`pound,
`it
`is used in the production of serious organl
`compounds. including pharmaceuticals.
`Genome Ex. 1019
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`Page 3 of 8
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`Genome Ex. 1019
`Page 3 of 8
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`

`

`benzene poisoning
`205
`Bergonié-Tribondeau lawW
`
`a toxic condition caused by ingestion
`benzene pmsomng,‘
`of benzene, Inhalation of benzene fumes, or exposure to
`benzene-related products such as toluene or xylene, charac-
`terized by blurred Vision, nausea. headache, dizziness, and
`incoordinatlonr in acute cases, respiratory failure, convul-
`sions. or ventncular fibrillation may cause death. Chronic
`exposure may result in aplastic anemia (a form of leukemia).
`See also nitrobenzene poisoning.
`topical
`a
`benzethonium chloride fben'zatho'ne-aml,
`antiinfective used for disinfecting the skin and for treating
`some infections of the eye, nose, and throat. It is also used as
`a preservative in some pharmaceutical preparations.
`benzhexol hydrochloride.
`See trihexyphenidyl hydro-
`chloride.
`a car-
`benzolalpyrene dihydrodiol epoxide (BPI)E-l}.
`cinogenic derivative of benzo[a]pyrene associated with to-
`bacco smoke.
`local anesthetic
`an ester-type,
`benzocaine tben'zakanf,
`agent derived from aminobenzoic acid that is most useful
`when applied topically. It is used in many over-the-counter
`compounds for pruritus and pain. Benzocaine has a low in-
`cidence of toxicity, but sensitization to it may result from
`prolonged or frequent use. Topical application of benzocaine
`may cause methemoglobinemia in infants and small chil-
`dren. A minimum of 5% benzocaine is required in a com-
`pound to be effective.
`one of a
`benzodiazepine derivative lben'zodi-az’apinf,
`group of psychotropic agents,
`including the tranquilizers
`chlordiazepoxide, diazeparn, oxazepam,
`lorazepam, and
`chlorazepate, prescribed to alleviate anxiety, and the hypnot-
`ics fiurazepam and triazolam, prescribed in the treatment of
`insomnia. Tolerance and physical dependence occur with
`prolonged high dosage. Mthdrawal symptoms,
`including
`seizures. may follow abrupt discontinuation. Adverse reac-
`tions to the benzodiazepines include drowsiness, ataxia, and
`a paradoxic increase in aggression and hostility. These reac-
`tions are not common with the usual recommended dosage.
`benzoic acid fbenzd'ikl,
`a keratolytic agent, usually used
`with salicylic acid as an ointment in the treatment of ath-
`lete’s foot and ringworm of the scalp. It has little antifungal
`action but makes deep infections accessible to more potent
`preparation. Mild irritation may occur at the site of appli-
`cation.
`a nonopiate antitussive.
`benzonatate fbenzfi'natfifl,
`I moresrrou: It is prescribed to suppress the cough reflex.
`I comammcarrou: Knovm hypersensitivity to this drug
`prohibits its use.
`such as
`I ADVERSE armors: Hypersensitivity reactions,
`bronchospasm, laryngospasm, and cardiovascular collapse,
`may occur and may be serious. Vertigo, sedation, headache,
`and constipation may sometimes occur.
`benzoyl peroxide lbenzo'ilr',
`an antibacterial, keratolytic
`drying agent.
`I DIDICAHON: It is prescribed in the treatment of acne.
`I COMDICATIONS: Known hypersensitivity to this drug
`Prohibits its use. It is not used in the eye, on inflamed skin, or
`on mucous membranes.
`I_ ADVERSE ass-ems: Among the more serious adverse reac-
`tions are excessive drying and allergic contact sensitization.
`benz‘iuinamide lbenzkwin'amidl.
`an antiemetic.
`l_ monstrous: It is prescribed in the treatment of postopera-
`l-Wc nausea and vomiting.
`I CONmAwmca-noss: Known hypersensitivity to this drug
`Prohibits its use. It is not usually administered to children or
`to Pregnant women.
`', ADVERSE arrears: Among the 111051 serious adverse reac-
`lmDS are sudden increase in blood pressure and cardiac ar-
`
`an anticholincrgic
`
`a diuretic and antihyper—
`
`rhythmia. Drowsiness, chills, and shivering are commonly
`noted.
`henzthiazide lbenztht'ezidf.
`tensive.
`I moresrtous: It is prescribed in the treatment of hyperten-
`sion and edema.
`I CONTRAINDICATIONS: Anun'a or known hypersensitivity to
`this drug, to other thiazide medication, or to sulfonamide de-
`rivatives prohibits its use.
`I ADVERSE armors: Among the more serious adverse effects
`are hypokalemia. hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hyper-
`sensitivity reactions.
`henztropine mesylate lbenztro'pén},
`and antihistaminic agent.
`I INDECATIONSI it may be prescribed as adjunctive therapy in
`the treatment of drug-induced cxtrapyramidal symptoms and
`all forms of parkinsonism.
`I conrnmwolcarlons: Known sensitivity to this drug prohib-
`its its use. and it is not administered to children less than 3
`years of age.
`I ADVERSE armors: Among the most serious adverse reac-
`tions are blurred vision, xerostornia, nausea and vomiting,
`constipation, depression, and skin rash.
`henzyl alcohol fben’zili,
`a clear, colorless, oily liquid. de-
`rived from certain balsams, used as a topical anesthetic and
`as a bacteriostatic agent in solutions for injection. Also
`called phenyl carbinol, phenyl methanol.
`benzyl benzoate {benzo'am a clear, oily liquid with a
`pleasant, pervasive aroma. It is used as an agent to destroy
`lice and scabies, as a solvent, and as a flavor for gum.
`benzyl carbinol.
`See phenylethyl alcohol.
`bepridil fbep’r—dill,
`a calcium channel blocking agent used
`orally as the hydrochloride salt in treatment of chronic an«
`gina pectoris.
`a substance obtained from bovine
`beractant fber-ak’tantl,
`lungs, containing mostly phospholipids. It mimics the action
`of human pulmonary surfactant and is used in prevention
`and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome of the new-
`born. Administered by endotracheal intubation.
`Berdon’s
`syndrome, megacystis-microcolon—intestinal
`hypoperistalsis.
`a form
`bereavement lbsrév'mant/ [ME, bereven, to rob],
`of grief with anxiety symptoms that is a common reaction to
`the loss of a loved one. It may be accompanied by insomnia.
`hyperactivity, and other effects. Although bereavement does
`not necessarily lead to depressive illness, it may be a trigger-
`ing factor in a person who is otherwise vulnerable to depres-
`sion. See also grief, mourning.
`twentieth century French
`Berger’s disease [Jean Berger,
`nephrologist],
`a kidney disorder characterized by recurrent
`episodes of macroscopic hematuria, proteinuria, and a gran—
`ular deposition of immunoglobulin A (lgA) from the glomer—
`ular mesartgium. The condition may or may not progress to
`renal failure over a period of many years. A spontaneous re-
`mission occurs in some cases. The onset of disease is usually
`in childhood or early adulthood, and males are afl’ected twice
`as often as females. Treatment is similar to that of other renal
`diseases. Also
`called mosangial
`IgA nephropathy
`tmesanljé-all.
`Berger’s paresthosia [Oskar Berger, nineteenth century
`German neurologist; Gk, para, near, aisthest'a, sensation],
`a condition of tingling. prickliness, or weakness and a loss of
`feeling in the legs without evidence of organic disease. The
`condition afi‘ects young people.
`Berger wave.
`See alpha wave.
`[Jean A.
`Bergonié-Tribondeau law lber’gone'tribodo'l
`Bergonié, French radiologist,
`[857—1925; Louis EA.
`Genome Ex. 1019
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`Page 4 of 8
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`Genome Ex. 1019
`Page 4 of 8
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`a»
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`1
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`by Erin]
`[£1131
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`tack
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`all
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`‘Wmalonio acid
`1136
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`Fig!!!
`.
`
`-
`to extend the distal jomt of a finger or toe. It may be Caused
`{£35151 “two
`by severe damage. such as rupture of the terminal tendo
`fat}: 815 8
`See also hammer finger, hammer toe.
`'1-
`lg ,
`d1
`mallet finger.
`See hammer finger.
`mallet fracture,
`a fracture in which the dorsal base
`distal phalanx of the hand or foot is torn away. The fra of a
`.
`c
`disrupts
`the assoc1ated extensor apparatus and ”1:23
`dropped flexion of the distal segment.
`'
`s
`malleus Imal'é-as/ pi. mallei [L, hammer].
`one of the three
`ossicles in the middle ear, resembling a hammer with
`head, neck, and three processes. It is connected to the tyma
`panic membrane and transmits sound vibrations to th-
`incus, which communicates with the stapes. (30mmre incuse
`stapes. See also middle ear.
`’
`Mallory body imal’are! [Frank B. Mallory, American pa
`thologist.
`[862—1941; AS, bodig. body],
`an eosinophm;
`cytoplasmic inclusion, alcoholic hyalin, found in the liver
`cells. It is typically, but not always, associated with acute al-
`coholic liver injury. See also cirrhosis.
`Mallory-Weiss syndrome [G. Kenneth Mallory, American
`pathologist, b. 1926; Soma Weiss, American physician
`1899-1942],
`a condition characterized by massive bleed:
`ing after a tear in the mucous membrane at the junction of
`the esophagus and the stomach. The laceration is usually
`caused by protracted vomiting, most commonly in alcohol-
`ics or in people whose pylorus is obstructed. The BSOphageal
`tear is located by esophagoscopy or arteriography. Surgery is
`usually necessary to stop the bleeding. After repair the ping.
`nosis is excellent.
`
`malignant hyperthermia precautions
`
`
`
`Malignant hypertension: kidney disease
`fKumm; Abbas, and FGUSl’D, 2005/Courtesy Dr, H. Reunite, Brigham and
`Women '5 Hospital}
`
`the administration of large quantities of dantrolene sodium,
`administration of 100% oxygen, immediate cooling, cessa-
`tion of surgery, and correction of acidosis and hyperkalemia.
`Patients susceptible to malignant hyperthermia must be in~
`formed of the condition and susceptible relatives screened.
`The family is referred to the Malignant Hyperthermia Reg-
`istry (MHAUS).
`a nursing inter-
`malignant hyperthermia precautions,
`vention from the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC)
`defined as prevention or reduction of hypermetabolic re-
`sponse to pharrnacologic agents used during surgery. See
`also Nursing Interventions Classification.
`malignant malnutrition.
`See kwashiorkor.
`malignant melanoma.
`See melanoma.
`malignant mesenchymoma,
`a sarcoma that contains
`mesenchyrnal elements.
`malignant mole.
`See melanoma.
`malignant neoplasm,
`a tumor that tends to grow, invade,
`and metastasize. The tumor usually has an irregular shape
`and is composed of poorly differentiated cells. If untreated, it
`may result in death.
`See neurosarcoma.
`malignant neuroma.
`See anthrax.
`malignant pustule.
`malignant transformation,
`the changes that a normal
`cell undergoes as it becomes a cancerous cell. See also
`carcinogenesis.
`a neoplasm that characteristically in-
`malignant tumor,
`vades surrounding tissue, metastasizes to distant sites, and
`contains anaplasu'c cells. A malignant
`tumor may cause
`death if treatment does not intervene.
`malingering fmaling'garing/
`[Fr, malingre, puny, weak],
`a willful and deliberate feigning of the symptoms of a dis-
`ease or injury to gain some consciously desired end. -—ma—
`linger, v.. malingerer, n.
`able to be
`to beat],
`malleable fmal’é-aball [L, malleare,
`presscd, hammered, or otherwise forced into a shape without
`breaking.
`See malleus.
`mallet.
`malleolar fold,
`one of two folds, the anterior and poste-
`rior, on the surface of the tympanic membrane. See also pars
`flaccida.
`
`little hammer],
`[L,
`malleolus [male’alasl pl. malleoli
`a' rounded bony process. such as the protuberance on each
`side of the ankle.
`_
`_
`See external malleolus.
`malleolus fibulae.
`mallet deformity [ME. millet, maul],
`a loss of the ability
`
`
`
`Mallory-Weiss syndrome
`{Goldman et al, 2008}
`
`malnutrition lmal’nfi‘otrish’anl [L, mains, bad, name-:3
`nourish],
`any disorder of nutrition. It may resultfwlgflimd
`unbalanced, insuficient, or excessive diet or from ideefi_
`absorption, assimilation, or use of foods. Con'lPare
`ciency disease.
`“dare to
`malocclusion fmal’aklfi’zhan/ [L, mains + 0655
`“151,61
`Sill“ UP].
`abnormal contact between the teeth’Df the . a.
`jaw and those of the lower jaw. See also angle 5
`hite m5.
`tion of Malocclusion (modified), occlusion.
`a :diatr: com-
`malonic acid (CH2(COOH)2) Imalo’mki,
`talline. highly toxic substance used as an totem x lic acid-
`pound in the production of barbiturates; a dltifiIbo 5'
`
`'
`
`Genome Ex. 1019
`
`Genome Ex. 1019
`Page 5 of 8
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`

`

`
`
`.
`
`.
`
`.
`
`pcrtajning to
`
`_ malpighjan body
`- big]: body /malpig'é-gnj [Marc
`”Egg“, regs—1694: AS. bodig. bodyfllo Taifiigfléhiiafli
`Eusclflt WthhflTl‘Céufles a glfmlel'ulus with Bowman's cap-
`qu6- 2- also C
`e. ymphatic nodule. lymphoid tissue sur-
`rounding the arteries of the spleen.
`. malpighifln corpusclt‘ [Marcello Malpighi; L, corpusculum,
`We body].
`one of‘a number of small. round, deep-red
`ieS in the cortex of the kidney, each communicating with
`arena] tubule. Malptghtan corpuscles average about 0.2 mm
`in diameter. WIth each capsule composed of two parts: a cen-
`tral glomerulus and a glomerular capsule. The corpuscles are
`ofa filtering system through which nonprotein compo-
`nents of blood plasma enter the tubules for urinary excretion.
`A150 called malpighlan batty, renal corpuscle.
`lposition [ma] pQZISh’anl,
`a wrong or faulty placement
`of a body part, such as ‘In an untreated fracture.
`malpractice {malprak'trsl [L mains + Gk. praktt'kas, prac-
`deal].
`(in lawlprofesstonal negligence that is the proxi-
`mate cause oi injury or harm to a patient. resulting from a
`lack of professronal knowledge. experience. or skill that can
`masonably be expected in others in the profession in similar
`circumstances or from a failure to exercise reasonable care
`or judgment in the application of professional knowledge.
`experience, or skill. The four necessary elements of negli-
`gence essential to maintain a medical malpractice claim are
`duty, breach of duty, damages/injury, and causal connection
`between the breach and the injury.
`bad,
`[L, mains,
`malpresentation
`Imalpres’anta'shan/
`pmesenrare, to show],
`an abnormal position of the fetus in
`the birth canal.
`a kidney that failed to rotate properly
`' malrotaled kidney,
`during its ascent from the pelvis in prenatal development.
`usually with the hilum facing anteriorly instead of
`antetcmedially.
`1. any abnormal rotation of
`lalrotation lmal'rota'shonl,
`an organ or body part, such as the vertebral column or a
`tooth. 2. a failure of the intestinal tract or other viscera to
`undergo normal rotation during embryonic development.
`malt [molt] {A5, mealr],
`a preparation obtained from ger-
`minated grain, such as barley,
`that contains partially de-
`
`graded starch and protein with nutritive and digestive prop-
`erties.
`See bmcellosis.
`Malta fever.
`
`maltitol lmawl'ti’toll,
`a hydrogenated, partially hydrolyzed
`Starch used as a sweetener.
`.
`
`malt soup extract,
`an extract of malt from barley grains,
`containing also a small amount of polymeric carbohydrates-
`
`proteins, electrolytes, and vitamins, administered orally as a
`balk-forming laxative.
`_
`
`millunion lmalyfi'nyonl [L, mains + units. one],
`all Im-
`Pel'fect union of previously fragmented bone or other tissue.
`
`Causes of bone malunion include osteomyelitis and im—
`Pmpta immobilization of a fracture.
`_
`
`wary body- lmarn'iler'el [L, mammilla, nipple; AS,
`*8, body],
`either 0f the two small round masses of gray
`
`matter in the hypothalamus located close to one another in
`[Dry reliexes.
`
`Damon,
`prefix meaning “mmary gland or the breast":
`' Warrant}; mammogram, mammtroptc.
`-
`See mammary glands.
`
`'I‘éamary lmam'aré/ [L, momma, bfeflSl],
`‘
`breast.
`ll“military duct.
`See lacfiferous duct
`acorn],
`{mi-finer? glands [1,, mm, breast, glans,
`hummus glands within the breasts. Glandular tissue forms
`_ a “idols of lobes containing alveoli, each lobe havmg a sys-
`
`1137
`
`mammopiasty
`
`tern of ducts for the passage of milk from the alveoli to the
`nipple. The central part of the breast is filled with glandular
`tissue. Also called breast. mamma. See also lactation.
`mammary papilla.
`See nipple.
`mammary region.
`the part of the pectoral region sur-
`rounding the mammary gland.
`mammogram lmam'agram/ [L, momma + Gk. gunman.
`record],
`an x—ray film of the soft tissues of the breast.
`
`
`
`Mammogram
`
`the radiographic examina—
`mammography lmamog’rafét’,
`tion of the soft tissues of the breast. It is used to identify vari-
`ous benign and malignant neoplastic processes and may
`show conclusively that a lesion is malignant. Routine mam-
`mography reduces the breast cancer mortality rate by 25% to
`35% in asymptomatic women in middle age. The baseline
`mammographic examination is recommended at 35 years of
`age. The National Cancer Institute recommends a yearly
`mammogram for women between 50 and 75 years of age.
`After 75 years of age, routine mammography screening de
`pends on a woman’s overall health. Because of newer tech-
`niques using lower doses of radiation, the advantage of hav-
`ing regular mammograms greatly outweighs the risk of
`radiation exposure.
`an
`Mammography Quality Standards Act tMQSA).
`act passed into law in the United States in 1992. which re-
`quires all mamrnography facilities to be accredited.
`mammoplasty imam’aplas'tEI [L, mama + Gk, plassei'n.
`to mold],
`plastic reshaping of the breasts, performed to re-
`duce or lift large or sagging breasts, to enlarge small breasts,
`or to reconstruct a breast after removal of a tumor. To reduce
`the size of the breasts and raise them, excess tissue is re-
`moved from the underside of the breasts. The breast is then
`lifted. and the nipple drawn through an opening in an over-
`hanging skin flap. To enlarge a breast, a saline-filled or sili-
`cone gel prosthesis is inserted in a pocket formed beneath
`the breast on the chest wall. The complications after surgery
`are infection and, with the use of foreign body implants. re-
`jection by tissues. The nurse observes the nipples for signs of
`vascular insufficiency or congestion, applies a firm suppom
`ing breast binder or brassiere, and instructs the patient to
`limit use of her arms to lift herself.
`
`Genome Ex. 1019
`
`Page 6 of 8
`
`Genome Ex. 1019
`Page 6 of 8
`
`

`

`1180
`metaphyseal dysplasia
`
`normal diaphyseal and epiphyseal ossification centers. Treat
`ment is supportive and symptomatic. No specific modality
`is used.
`
` 1. Direct extension into
`
`neighboring tissue
`
`2. Permeation
`along lymphatic
`vessels
`
`
`
`
`
`a condition characterized by dis-
`metaphyseal dysplasia.
`ordered modeling of the long bones, in which the metaphys-
`eal circumference is enlarged and the medullary area is re—
`duced. Metaphyseal dysplasia most often affects the distal
`femur or the proximal tibia.
`to grow].
`metaphysis fmataf'osis/
`[Gk, meta + phyein.
`a region of a growing long bone in which diaphysis and epi-
`physis converge. —metaphyseal, adj.
`Inctaplasin fmet'opla'rhaf.
`the reversible conversion of
`normal tissue cells into another, less differentiated cell type
`in response to chronic stress or injury. With prolonged expo-
`sure to the inducing stimulus, cancerous transformation can
`occur.
`
`a beta2 recep~
`
`See cell inclusion.
`metaplasm.
`mctaproterenol sulfate fmet'oprbter'indll,
`tor agonist bronchodiiator.
`I
`INDICATIONS: It is prescribed in the treatment of bronchial
`asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease when a
`delayed onset but prolonged effect is desired.
`I CONTRAINDICATIONS: Arrhythmias associated with tachy»
`cardia or known hypersensitivity to this drug prohibits its
`use. It should be used with caution in patients with hyperten-
`sion, hyperthyroidism. congestive heart failure, coronary ar-
`tery disease, or diabetes.
`I novnase armors: Among the more serious adverse effects
`are tachycardia, hypertension, and cardiac arrest.
`metaraminol bitartrate fmet'iiram’inoll,
`an adrenergic
`vasopressor.
`
`I moicnrlons: It is prescribed in the treatment of hypoten-
`sion and shock.
`
`I comammcnnons: Known hypersensitivity to this drug
`prohibits its use. It is not used with the MAO inhibitors cy-
`clopropane or halothane anesthesia or as the sole drug for
`hypovolemic hypotension.
`I ADVERSE erase-rs: Among the more serious adverse effects
`are cardiac arrhythmia, tissue necrosis at the site of injection,
`hypertension, tremors, and nausea.
`metarubricyte l—rfi’brisit! [Gk, meta + L, mbet: red, kyros,
`cell],
`a red blood cell possessing a nucleus. Such cells,
`also known as normoblasts, are not normally found in circu-
`lating blood.
`See supersaturate.
`metastable solution.
`metastable state,
`a transient energy state of an atom with
`a half«life longer than 10‘” seconds (e.g., technetiumggm).
`metastasis lmatas'tasisf pl. metastases [Gk, meta + stasis,
`standing],
`1. an active process by which tumor cells move
`from the primary location of a cancer by severing connec-
`tions from the original cell group and establishing remote
`colonies. Because malignant tumors have no enclosing cap—
`sule. cells may escape, become emboli, and be transported
`by the lymphatic circulation or the bloodstream to implant in
`lymph nodes and other organs far from the primary tumor.
`2. a rumor that develops away from the site of origin. Com-
`pare anaplasia. -—-metastasize, v., metastatic, adj.
`metastasizing mole.
`See chorioadenoma destruens.
`metastatic. . See metastasis.
`metastatic abscess f-stat'iid [Gk, meta, beyond, stasis,
`standing; L, abscedere,
`to go away],
`any secondary ab-
`scess that develops at a point distant from an original infec-
`tion, resulting from lIausportation of infectious particles to
`other locations via the bloodstream.
`metastatic calcification [Gk, meta + stasis, standing; L,
`calx, lune, facere, to make],
`the pathologic process where—
`by calcium salts accumulate in previously healthy tissues,
`
`
`
`3. Embolism via lymphatic
`vessels to the
`
`
`
`lymph nodes
`
`
` 4. Embolism via
`
`
`
`blood vessels
`
`5. By invasion
`of body cavity
`
`by diffusion
`
`Modes of metastasis of cancer
`(Monahon et al, 2007]
`
`caused by excessive levels of blood calcium, such as 111 ill“
`arath oidism.
`_
`_
`rigsmtifendometriosis [Gk, meta, beyond, starts, stand
`ing, tendon, within, metro, womb, osr's, condition].
`c
`peritoneal lesions that resemble metastases from a
`_
`noma.
`See sympathetic ophthalfll‘gijn
`metastatic ophthalmia.
`metastatic survey [Gk, meta, beyond, stasis, standings; read
`surveon; to examine],
`a method of monitonnghtig P
`of a cancer by taking a series of periodic x—ray fi
`surface}-
`metatarsal fmet’otiir'so]! [Gk, meta + tarsos, fiat an
`1. adj, pertaining to the metatarsus of the foot. 2. H,
`of the five bones making up the metatarsas.
`foot.
`metatarsal artery. See arcuate artery of the s + alga"
`metatarsalgia lmet’attirsal’jai [Gk, meta + was31 bones
`pain],
`a painful condition around the meta
`Genome Ex. 1019
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 7 of 8
`
`Genome Ex. 1019
`Page 7 of 8
`
`

`

`
`“8]
`metatarsal phalanx
`.
`b
`an abnormality 0f the foot or by recalcification ol‘
`can
`56d yed heads of metatarsal bones.
`degenerat
`flat
`I Phala'l" /-lI5r'sal/ le. meta + tarsus.
`”ta ['53
`1mm.
`line ot soldiers],
`the bones of the fuel
`
`surface. PM
`toes-
`a break or rupture of a meta-
`;Edwmrsal stress fracture.
`ne caused by prolonged running or walking. The
`I ha
`I
`.
`.
`.
`
`”Edition is alien difficult to diagnose w1th x-ray films. Also
`fined march fracture.
`
`flat surfacel.
`tamrsus lztfir'sas/ Ile mam + terms.
`me m of the foot. conSlStlng ot five bones. numbered I in V
`
`313
`the medial side. Each bone has a lo