The Atnerican
`Heritage® Dictionary
`of the English Language
`
`FOURTH EDITION
`
`~'t; HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
`~ Boston New York
`
`.
`
`Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Ltd., et al.
`v.
`Helsinn Healthcare S.A., et al.
`U.S. Patent No. 9,(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:22),(cid:28)(cid:23)(cid:21)
`Reddy Exhibit 1030
`
`Exh. 1030
`
`

`
`Words are included in this Dictionary on the basis of their usage.
`Words that are known to have current trademark registrations are
`shown with an initial capital and are also identified as trademarks. No
`investigation has been made of common-law trademark rights in any
`word, because such investigation is impracticable. The inclusion of any
`word in this Dictionary is not, however, an expression of the
`Publisher's opinion as to whether or not it is subject to proprietary
`rights. Indeed, no definition in this Dictionary is to be regarded as
`affecting the validity of any trademark.
`
`American Heritage® and the eagle logo are registered trademarks of
`Forbes Inc. Their use is pursuant to a license agreement with
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`Copyright © 2000 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`The American Heritage dictionary of the English language. -4th ed.
`em.
`p.
`ISBN 0-395-82517-2 (hardcover) -
`(hardcover with CD ROM)
`1. English language-Dictionaries
`PE1628 .A623 2000
`423-dc21
`
`ISBN 0-618-08230-1
`
`00-025369
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
`Exh. 1030
`
`

`
`phagocytosis I PharmM
`phag•o•cy•to•sis (fag'a-si-to'sis) n. The engulfing and ingestion
`of bacteria or other foreign bodies by phagocytes. -phag 'o•cy•totfic
`(-tWik) adj.
`phag•o•some (fag'a-som') n. A membrane-bound vesicle found
`in a cell by an inward folding of the cell membrane to hold foreign matter
`taken into the cell by phagocytosis.
`-phagous suff. Eating; feeding on: ichthyophagous. [From Latin
`-phagus, from Greek -phagos, from phagein, to eat. See bhag- in Appen-
`dix I.)
`-phagy suff. Variant of -phagia.
`pha•lange (fiitlanj', fa-lanj') n. See phalanx (sense 3). [French,
`from Old French, body of infantrymen, from Latin, from Greek phalanx,
`phalang-, log, batde array, bone between the finger and toe joints. See
`PHALANX.)
`pha•lan•ge•al (fa-lan'je-al, fa-) also pha•lan•gal (fa-lang' gal,
`fa-) or pha•lan•ge•an (fa-lan'je-an, fa-) adj. Anatomy Of or relating
`to a phalanx or phalanges.
`pha•lan•ger(fa-lan'jar) n. Any of various small arboreal marsupials
`of the family Phalangeridae, of Australia and adjacent islands, having a
`long tail and dense woolly fur and including the cuscus and the flying
`phalanger. [New Latin, from Greek phalanx, phalang-, toe bone (from its
`fused hind toes). See PHALANX.]
`pha•lan•ges (fa-lan'jez, fa-) n. A plural of phalanx.
`phal•an•ster•y (fal'an-ster'e) n., pl. -ies 1a. A self-sustaining co-
`operative community of the followers of Fourierism. Also called phalanx.
`b. The buildings in such a community. 2. An association resembling a
`Fourierist phalanstery. [French phalanstere : phalange, phalanx (from
`Latin phalanx, phalang-; see PHALANX) + (mona)stere, monastery (from
`Late Latin monasti!rium; see MONASTERY).) -phal'an•ste'ri•an
`(-st!r'e-an) adj. & n. -phal'an•stefri•an•ism n.
`pha•lanx (fiitlangks', fal'angks') n., pl. pha•lanx•es or pha•lan•
`ges (fa-lanfjez, fa-) 1. A compact or dose-knit body of people: "formed
`a solid phalanx in defense of the Constitution and Protestant religion"
`(G.M. Trevelyan). 2. A formation of infantry carrying overlapping
`shields and long spears, developed by Philip II of Macedon and used by
`Alexander the Great. 3. pl. phalanges Anatomy A bone of a finger or
`toe. Also called phalange. 4. See phalanstery (sense Ia). [Latin phalanx,
`phalang-, from Greek.)
`phal•a•rope (fiil'a-rop') n. Any of several small wading birds of the
`family Phalaropodidae, resembling sandpipers but having lobed toes that
`enable them to swim. [French, from New Latin phalaropiis : Greek
`phalaris, coot (from phalaros, having a white spot; see bhel-1 in Appen-
`dix I) + Greek pous, foot; see ped- in Appendix I.)
`phal•li (falfi') n. A plural of phallus.
`phal•lic (falfik) adj. 1. Of, relating to, or resembling a phallus. 2. Of
`or relating to the cult of the phallus as an embodiment of generative
`power: phallic worship. 3. Of or relating to the third stage of psychosex-
`ual development in psychoanalytic theory, from about ages three to six,
`during which gratification is focused on sensations associated with the
`genital organs. The phallic stage is preceded by the anal stage and fol-
`lowed by the latency period. [Greek phallikos, from phallos, phallus. See
`PHALLUS.) -phaifJi•cai•ly adv.
`phal•lo•cen•tric (fal'o-sen'trik) adj. Centered on men or on a
`male viewpoint, especially one held to entail the domination of women
`by men. [PHALL(US) +-cENTRIC.) -phai'io•cenftrism n.
`phal•lus (fii.lfas) n., pl. phal•li (fii.lfi') or phal•lus•es 1. Anatomy
`a. The penis. b. The sexually undifferentiated tissue in an embryo that
`becomes the penis or clitoris. 2. A representation of the penis and testes
`as an embodiment of generative power. 3. The immature penis consid-
`ered in psychoanalysis as the libidinal object of infantile sexuality in the
`male. [Late Latin, from Greek phallos. See bhel-2 in Appendix I.)
`-phane or-phan suff. A substance resembling something specified:
`tryptophan. [From Greek -phani!s, appearing, from phainesthai, to ap-
`pear. See bha-1 in Appendix 1.)
`phan•er•o•gam (fan'ar-a-gam', fa-nar'a-) n. A plant that produc-
`es seeds. [New Latin phanerogamus : Greek phaneros, visible (from
`phainein, to cause to appear; see bha-1 in Appendix I) +Greek gamos,
`marriage; see -GAMOUS.) -phan'er•o•gam'ic, phan'er•og'a•
`mous (fan'a-r6g'a-mas) adj.
`Phan•e•ro•zo•ic (fan'ar-a-zo'ik) adj. Of or relating to the geologic
`time period from approximately 570 million years ago to the present,
`comprising the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras, and marked by
`an abundance of fossil evidence of life, especially higher forms, in the
`corresponding rocks. See table at geologic time. •!• n. The Phanerozoic
`Eon. [Greek phaneros, visible (from phainein, to cause to appear; see
`bha-1 in Appendix I)+ -ZOIC.)
`phan•tasm (fanftaz'am) n. 1. Something apparently seen but
`having no physical reality; a phantom or an apparition. Also called phan-
`tasma. 2. An illusory mental image. Also called phantasma. 3. In Pla-
`tonic philosophy, objective reality as perceived and distorted by the five
`senses. [Middle English fantasme, from Old French, from Latin phantas-
`ma, from Greek, from phantazein, to make visible, from phantos, visible,
`from phainein, to show. See bha-1 in Appendix I.) -phan•tasfmal
`(fan-taz'mal), phan•tas'mic (-taz'mik) adj.
`phan•tas•ma (fan-taz'ma) n., pl. -ma•ta (-ma-ta) See phantasm
`(senses I, 2). [illtimately from Greekphantasma. See PHANTASM.]
`phan•tas•ma•go•ri•a (fan-taz'ma-gor'e-a, -gar'-) also phan•
`tas•ma•go•ry (fan-taz'ma-gor'e, -gar' e) n., pl. -ri•as also -ries 1a.
`A fantastic sequence of haphazardly associative imagery, as seen in
`dreams or fever. b. A constantly changing scene composed of numerous
`elements. 2. Fantastic imagery as represented in art. [Alteration of ob-
`solete French phantasmagorie, art of creating supernatural illusions : per-
`
`1316
`
`haps fantasme, illusion (from Old French; see PHANTASM) + allegorie, al-
`legory, allegorical visual representation (from Old French, allegory fro
`Latin alli!goria; see ALLEGORY).] -phan•tas'ma•gorfic (-~ortf:
`-gor'-) adj. -phan•tas'ma•gor'i•cal•ly adv.
`'
`phan•tom also fan•tom (fan'tam) n. 1a. Something apparent!
`seen, heard, or sensed, but having no physical reality; a ghost or an ap~
`parition. b. Something elusive or delusive. 2. An image that appears on]
`in the mind; an illusion. 3. Something dreaded or despised. •!• adj. l
`Resem?ling, characteristic of, or being a phantom; illusive. 2. Fictitious:
`nonexistent: phantom employees on the payroll. [Middle English fantom'
`from Old French fantosme, probably from Vulgar Latin *phantaum '
`from Greek dialectal *phantagma, from Greek phantasma. See p~'
`TASM.)
`phantom limb pain n. Pain or discomfort felt by an amputee in
`the area of the missing limb.
`Phar•aoh also phar•aoh (far'o, fa'ro) n. 1. A king of ancient Egypt
`2. A tyrant. [Middle English Pharao, from Late Latin Pharao, fro~
`Greek, from Hebrew par'o, from Egyptian pr-" : pr, house + ", great.]
`-Phar'a•on'ic (far'a-on'ik) adj.
`pharaoh ant n. A tiny, yellowish-red ant (Monomorium pharaonis)
`that infests human dwellings throughout the world.
`Pharaoh hound n. Any of a breed of sleek, swift-running hunting
`do~ originating in Egypt and having a short, glossy, tan coat and large,
`pomted ears.
`pha~•i.•sa•ic (fa~'i-~a'ik) also phar•i•sa•i•cal ( -sa'i-kal) adj. 1.
`Phansa1c also Phansa1cal Of, relatmg to, or characteristic of the Phar·
`isees. 2. Hypocritically self-righteous and condemnatory. -phar'i•
`safi•cal•ly adv. -phar'i•sa'i•cal•ness n.
`phar•i•sa•ism (fiir'i-sa-iz'am) also phar•i•see•ism (-se-iz'am)
`n. 1. Pharisaism also Phariseeism The doctrines and practices of the
`Pharisees. 2. Hypocritical observance of the letter of religious or moral
`law without regard for the spirit; sanctimoniousness.
`phar•i•see (far'i-se) n. 1. Pharisee A member of an ancient jewish
`sect that emphasized strict interpretation and observance of the Mosaic
`law in both its oral and written form. 2. A hypocritically self-righteous
`person. [Middle English pharise, from Old English fariseus and from Old
`French pharise, both from Late Latin pharisaeus, from Greek pharisaios,
`from Aramaic parisayyii, pl. of pariS, separate, from para$, to separate. See
`prs in Appendix II.)
`phar•ma•ceu•ti•cal (fiir'ma-soo'ti-kal) also phar•ma•ceu•tic
`( -tik) adj. Of or relating to pharmacy or pharmacists. •!• n. A pharma·
`ceutical product or preparation. [From Late Latin pharmaceuticus, from
`Greek pharmakeutikos, from pharmakeuti!s, preparer of drugs, variant of
`pharmakeus, from pharmakon, drug.] -phar'ma•ceufti•cal•ly adv.
`phar•ma•ceu•tics (fiir'ma-so-o'tiks) n. 1. (used with a sing. verb)
`The science of preparing and dispensing drugs. 2. (used with a pl. verb)
`Pharmaceutical preparations; medicinal drugs.
`phar•ma•cist (fiirfma-sist) n. A person trained in pharmacy; a
`druggist.
`pharmaco- pref. Drug; medicine: pharmacognosy. [Greek, from
`pharmakon, poison, drug.)
`.
`phar•ma•co•dy•nam•ics (fiir'ma-ko'di-nam'iks) n. (used with
`a sing. verb) The study of the action or effects of drugs on living orgaJ_I·
`isms. -phar'ma•co'dy•nam'ic adj. -phar'ma•co'dy•nam'''
`cal•ly adv.
`phar•ma•co•ge•net•ics (fiir'ma-ko-ja-net'iks) n. (used with •
`sing. verb) The study of genetic factors that influence an organism's re·
`action to a drug. -phar'ma•co•ge•net'ic adj.
`phar•ma•cog•no•sy (fiir'ma-k6g'na-se) n. The branch of ph?r·
`macology that deals with drugs in their crude or natural state and With
`medicinal herbs or other plants. [PHARMACQ- + Greekgnosis, knowledg~;
`see GNOSIS.) -phar'ma•cog'no•sist n. -phar'ma•cog•nosftiC
`( -kog-n6s'tik) adj.
`·
`phar•ma•co•ki•net•ics (fiir'ma-ko-ka-nettiks, -ki-) n. (used
`with a sing. verb) 1. The process by which a drug is absorbed, distributed,
`metabolized, and eliminated by the body. 2. The study of this process.
`-phar'ma•co•ki•net'ic adj.
`phar•ma•col•o•gy (fiir'ma-k6Jfa-je) n. 1. The science of drugs,
`including their composition, uses, and effects. 2. The charactenstJCS or
`properties of a drug, especially those that make it medic.ally effe~~D
`-phar'ma•co•logfic (-b-16j'ik), phar'ma•co•log'••ca! (-I·
`adj. -phar'ma•co•log'i•cal•ly adv. -phar'ma•colfo•gist "·. -)
`phar•ma•co•poe•ia also phar•ma•co•pe•ia (fiir'ma-ka-pe'~
`n. 1. A book containing an official list of medicinal drugs together WI
`articles on their preparation and use. 2. A collection or stock of "':~
`[New Latin, from Greek pharmakopoiia, preparation of drugs: . 0to
`pharmakopoios, preparing drugs : pharmako-, pharmac?- + P~:e;)~dj.
`make; see kwei-
`in Appendix I.) -phar'ma•co•poeftal (-pea
`-phar'ma•co•poe'ist ( -pefist) n.
`_ jes
`phar•ma•co•ther•a•py (fiir'ma-ko-ther'a-pe) n., pl. P
`Treatment of disease through the use of drugs.
`.
`aod
`phar•ma•cy (far'ma-se) n., pl. -cies 1. The art of prepanng AlSO
`dispensing drugs. 2. A place where drugs are sold; a drugstore. Old
`called apothecary . . [Middle. English farmacie, a _purgative, fr~:pnar­
`French, from Medieval Latm pharmada, a medtcme, from Gre
`h rnacrJ
`makeia, use of drugs, from pharmakon, drug.)
`PharmB abbr. Latin Pharmaciae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of P ar)
`PharmD abbr. Latin Pharmaciae Doctor (Doctor of Pbarma~ fro!11
`pharm•ing (fiir'mlng) n. The production of pharmaceutiC~ ;nil
`genetically altered plants or animals. [Blend of PHARMACEUTI
`farming, gerund of FARM.)
`cy)
`PharmM abbr. Latin Pharmaciae Magister (Master of Pharma
`
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`
`Exh. 1030