LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 1
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 1
`
`

`

`
`
`
`Practices and Procedures
`of Industrial
`Electrical Design
`
`L. B. Roe
`
`Managing Director, L. B. Roe (Consultants) Ltd., and American Marketing Systems
`Los Angeles, California, and Blackpool, England
`Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
`
`McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY
`Johannesburg
` ODiisseldorf
`New York
`St. Louis
`San Francisco
`Kuala Lumpur
`London
`Mexico Montreal
`New Delhi
`Panama
`Rio de Janeiro
`Singapore
`Sydney
`Toronto
`
`
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 2
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 2
`
`

`

`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`
`B
`Roe, L
`Practices and procedures of industrial electrical
`design.
`1. Electric engineering.
`TK145.R74
`621.3
`ISBN 0-07-053390-3
`
`I. Title.
`70-168754
`
`Copyright © 1972 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
`Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
`publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
`or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
`mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without
`the prior written permission of the publisher,
`
`567890 KPKP76
`
`— editors for this book were Tyler G. Hicks and Stanley E. Redka,
`the designer was Naomi Auerbach, andits production
`Was supervised by George E. Oechsner.
`It was set in Caledonia
`by The Maple Press Company.
`It was printed and bound by The Kingsport Press.
`
`a
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 3
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 3
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`

`

`Dedicated to my parents
`Mr. and Mrs. G. B. Roe and B. J. W.
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 4
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 4
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`

`

`Contents
`
`Preface
`
`v
`
`PART 1 Electrical Design Information
`
`1. Definitions and Standards ...... 2.0... ce 3
`
`4
`
`5
`
`1.1 National Electrical Code
`12 Definitions
`4
`13 Standards
`4
`1.4 Symbols
`1.5 Notes
`5
`1.6 Revisions
`1.7 Signatures and Approvals
`1.8
`Inspection and Permits
`1.9 Extras
`6
`1.10 Specifications
`
`3
`
`6
`
`6
`
`7
`
`2. The Basic Electric System ... 0.0... eee 8
`
`2.1 The System and Primary Components
`2.2 Measurement and Control
`8
`
`8
`
`vil
`
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`

`

`viii
`
`Contents
`
`2.3
`2.4
`2.5
`2.6
`2,7
`2.8
`2.9
`2.10
`2.11
`2.12
`2.13
`
`9
`
`10
`
`Equipment
`9
`The Generator
`The Circuit Breaker
`The Stepup Transformer
`The Circuit-breaker Location
`The Transmission Line
`Il
`The Stepdown Transformer
`The Distribution System
`The Distribution Transformer
`Protection and Control
`13
`The Substation
`13
`
`10
`
`12
`
`11
`
`12
`
`12
`
`3. Job Preparation
`
`3.1
`3.2
`3.3
`3.4
`3.5
`
`The Single Line
`The Hold
`16
`The Plot Plan
`The Drawing List
`The Job File
`20
`
`17
`
`15
`
`19
`
`4, Motors and Exciter Wiring Calculations ..............-...-5+45---
`
`22
`
`4.1
`4.2
`4.3
`4.4
`4.5
`4.6
`4.7
`48
`49
`4.10
`4.11
`4.12
`4.13
`4.14
`4.15
`4.16
`417
`4.18
`
`22
`Basic Requirements [NEC 430-1(a)]
`22
`Squirrel Cage (Three-phase Motor)
`Three-phase Induction-motor Calculations
`Multiple Motors
`25
`Future Motor Installations
`Breaker Trip Setting
`28
`29
`Code Compliance
`29
`A Logic Analysis
`The Wound-retor Motor
`Secondary Conductors
`Conductor Sizing
`33
`The Single-phase Motor
`Direct-current (DC) Motors
`Synchronous Motors
`37
`DC Rotor Field
`40
`The Exciter
`Size Evaluation and Short-circuit Ratio
`Conductor Size
`42
`
`38
`
`4l
`
`22,
`
`Q7
`
`31
`
`32
`
`34
`
`36
`
`5. Generators and Variable-speed Drives .... 2... 2c ee eee
`
`44.
`
`44
`Generators
`The AC Generator—Three-phase
`Generator Ratings
`45
`Power Factor
`Power
`46
`Generator Output
`Generator Conductors
`
`AT
`
`48
`
`46
`
`A4
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 6
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 6
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`

`

`Contents
`
`ix
`
`5.8
`5.9
`5.10
`5.11
`5.12
`5.13
`5.14
`5.15
`
`50
`
`The Exciter
`49
`Sample Calculations
`50
`Cost Evaluation
`51
`DC Generators
`The DC Generator Exciter
`Variable-speed Drives
`52
`Horsepower and Load
`54
`Motor-starting Characteristics
`
`51
`
`56
`
`6. Transformers 2... ee eee ens 57
`
`61
`
`57
`Transformer Function
`57
`Transformer Principles
`58
`Transformer Selection
`59
`The Autotransformer
`59
`Transformer Rating
`Autotransformer Limitations
`Power Transformers
`61
`The Single-phase Transformer
`Distribution Transformers
`Control Power Transformers
`Potential Transformers
`62
`Isolating Transformer
`62
`Current Transformers
`63
`63
`The Zigzag Transformer
`65
`Constant-current Transformer
`Transformer Overcurrent Protection
`Differential Protection
`66
`Polarity
`68
`Subtractive and Additive Polarity
`Transformer Connections
`69
`.
`
`62
`
`61
`
`62
`
`66
`
`68
`
`7. PAWOF Bi ERGY oo oes eee sein ewes Vai OER ea Hees
`
`81
`
`6.1
`6.2
`6.3
`6.4
`6.5
`6.6
`6.7
`6.8
`6.9
`6.10
`6.11
`6.12
`6.13
`6.14
`6.15
`6.16
`6.17
`6.18
`6.19
`6.20
`
`7.1
`7.2
`7.3
`7.4
`7.5
`7.6
`te
`7.8
`7.9
`7.10
`7.11
`712
`7.13
`7.14
`7.15
`7.16
`
`81
`
`82
`
`82
`82
`83
`83
`
`81
`Power
`Power Measurement
`Apparent Power
`Active Power
`Phase Angle
`Time Period
`Real Power
`Reactive Power
`Power Addition
`Vector Addition
`Ammeter Reading
`Power Factor
`8&5
`Unity Power Factor
`Lagging Power Factor
`Oversize Motors
`86
`Oversize Exciter
`86
`
`83
`84
`84
`84
`
`86
`
`86
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 7
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 7
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`

`

`x
`
`Contents
`
`88
`
`87
`7.17 Leading Power Factor
`87
`7.18 Power-factor Correction
`88
`7.19 Leading-var Generators
`7.20 Power-factor-correction Calculations
`7.21 Plant Power-factor Correction
`89
`7.22 System Capacity Release
`91
`92
`7.23 Switched Capacitors
`7.24
`System Analysis and Capacitor Location
`7.25
` Power-factor Calculations of Mixed Loads
`7.26 Capacitors on Distribution Lines
`95
`96
`7.27 Capacitors Installed at Transformers
`7.28 Motor and Switched Capacitor Installation
`7.29 Calculation of Capacity
`98
`
`93
`93
`
`96
`
`SB. System: Say: ocscsiws oSieweees eV Es pa ea eRe pH 99
`
`99
`100
`100
`
`99
`8.1 Scope
`8.2 The Single Line
`8.3
`Input Parameters
`8.4 Reason for Study
`101
`8.5 Study Layout
`101
`8.6 Degree of Complexity
`8.7 Protective-device Coordination
`8.8 Fuses versus Circuit Breakers
`8.9 The Circuit Breaker
`102
`8.10 The Recloser
`103
`103
`8.11 The Sectionalizer
`103
`8.12 The Evaluation
`103
`8.13 Relays—Analog Type
`8.14 Relays—Digital Binary Type
`
`101
`102
`
`103
`
`9. The Short-circuit Study ©... 0000. eee 105
`
`105
`Short Circuits
`9.1
`9.2 Breaker Interrupting Capacity (IC)
`9.3 Bolted Short Circuit
`106
`9.4 Short-circuit Current
`107
`9.5 The Short-circuit Study
`107
`9.6 Fault Location
`108
`9.7 Equipment Impedance
`9.8
`Impedance Parameters
`109
`9.9 Percentage Values
`109
`9.10 Degree of Accuracy
`9.11 Equipment Rating—Transformer
`9.12 Base KVA
`111
`9.13 Rotating Equipment
`9.14 Equipment Reactances
`9.15 Momentary Rating
`9.16
`Interrupting Rating
`9.17
`Impedance Diagram
`
`108
`108
`
`111
`114
`
`114
`114
`115
`
`106
`
`110
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 8
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 8
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`

`

`Contents
`
`xi
`
`9.18
`9.19
`9.20
`9.21
`9.22
`9.23
`
`Star Delta Conversion
`Short-circuit Magnitude
`Assymmetrical Current
`Rules of Thumb
`120
`Motor Control Center
`Summary
`121
`
`118
`119
`120
`
`121
`
`10. Instrumentation and Control Circuits ................6.0..5-5--
`
`122
`
`10.1
`10.2
`10.3
`10.4
`10.5
`10.6
`10.7
`10.8
`10.9
`10.10
`10,11
`10.12
`10.13
`10.14
`10.15
`10.16
`10.17
`10.18
`10.19
`10.20
`10.21
`10.22
`10.23
`10.24
`10.25
`10.26
`10.27
`
`122
`
`123
`
`123
`
`129
`130
`130
`131
`
`133
`
`Project Conception
`Flowsheet
`122
`123
`P&ID
`Analog Instruments
`Digital Instrumentation
`Protective Relays
`123
`Control Relays
`124.
`124
`Logie Arrangement
`124
`Control Contacts
`125
`Relay Variations
`125
`Selector Switches
`126
`Limit Switches
`126
`Control-circuit Parameters
`Program Construction and Analysis
`The Rewrite
`127
`Logic Connectives
`The Circuit Layout
`STOP/START Circuit
`HAND/OFF/AUTO
`132
`Control Switches
`132
`Logic Variables
`Control-switch Option
`Auxiliary Relay
`133
`135
`Multiple STOP/START
`STOP/START and HAND/OFF/AUTO
`Undervoltage Release
`136
`Summary
`136
`
`126
`
`135
`
`12, GiGiLOgl.. cca ccomne omar seen omaia woe ee aes ai emeRTe €
`
`138
`
`138
`
`139
`
`11.1
`Mathematical Logic
`11.2
`Circuit Logic
`139
`11.3
`“Permissive” or “Hindrance” Solution?
`11.4
`The Logical AND
`140
`11.5
`The Logical OR=141
`11.6
`De Morgan’s Law
`142
`ab Ard
`The Exclusive OR
`144
`11.8
`The AND-OR Circuits
`11.9
`Networks
`146
`11.10
`Redundancy and Absorption
`
`145
`
`148
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 9
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 9
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`

`

`Contents
`
`12. Wiring and Connection Diagrams ...........-.-+. 2s sees see eens
`
`152
`12.1 Contro] Diagram
`12.2 Schematic Diagram and Numbering
`12.3. Wiring Diagram
`153
`153
`12.4 Connection Diagram
`12.5 Wiring and Connection Diagrams Combined
`12.6 Airway Connection Method
`155
`12.7 Color Coding
`156
`
`152
`
`154
`
`13. Grounding ... 0... 06. e ee ene Hee pene See Eee ee
`
`152
`
`157
`
`159
`
`158
`
`160
`
`157
`13.1 Definition
`13.2 System and Equipment Grounding
`13.3.
`System Grounding
`158
`13.4 Delta System
`158
`13.5 Delta System Ground
`160
`13.6 The Star System
`13.7.
`Solid, Resistance, Reactance Grounding
`13.8 Ground Location
`160
`161
`13.9 Low-voltage Systems
`161
`13.10
`Identified Conductor
`161
`13.11 Grounding Conductor
`161
`13.12 Equipment Grounding
`162
`13.13 Enclosure Grounding
`13.14 Nonelectric Equipment Grounding
`13.15 Portable Equipment Grounding
`13.16 Structural Grounding
`162
`13.17 Lightning Conductors
`162
`13.18 Bonding
`163
`163
`13.19 Grounding Source
`163
`13.20 Water Pipe Bonding
`13.21 Structural Steel Grounding
`13.22
`“Made” Electrodes
`164
`13.23 Ground Wells
`164
`13.24 Ground Resistance
`13.25 Ground Testing
`
`162
`162
`
`163
`
`164
`165
`
`i. AIRE ioe cremnucwnmeraexenenen cen earencen onetime sé
`
`166
`
`166
`
`167
`
`14.1 The Art of Lighting
`166
`142 Lighting Design
`14.3 Lighting Calculations
`14.4 Lumen Method
`167
`14.5 Validity of Lighting Calculations
`14.6 Rule of Thumb
`169
`14.7
`Fixture Spacing
`170
`14.8 Louvers and Diffusers
`14.9 High-bay Lighting
`14.10 Fixture Selection
`
`171
`
`171
`171
`
`168
`
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 10
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`

`

`Contents
`
`xiii
`
`172
`
`14.11 Candlepower Distribution Curve
`14,12 Point-to-point Calculation
`175
`14.13 Cireuiting
`178
`14.14 Floodlighting
`14.15 Summary
`
`178
`
`179
`
`15) CHECKING 2.5 sas. cxensa ome caay WEE Oe oe oe CU Ee 181
`
`181
`15.1 Drawing Issue
`15.2 Conditions of Issue
`182
`15.3 Drawing Check
`15.4 Color Code Checking
`15.5 Checking Philosophy
`15.6 Drafting Technique
`
`181
`
`182
`182
`183
`
`PART 2
`
`Simplified Design Mathematics
`
`‘
`
`16. Number Manipulation ......... 0.2.0.0. nes 187
`
`188
`
`187
`187
`
`16.1 The Scalar
`16.2 The Equality
`188
`16.3 The Sum
`16.4 The Difference
`188
`16.5 The Product
`189
`16.6 Division
`16.7 Unknown Quantities
`16.8 Cross Multiplication
`16.9 The Exponent
`195
`16.10 The Radical
`197
`16.11 Powers of Ten
`199
`*
`
`190
`192
`
`4
`
`17. Trigonometry and the Radius Vector .....,......-.......-0 2005.
`
`201
`
`201
`17.1 The Right Triangle
`202
`17.2. The Coordinate Axis
`202
`17.3. The Radius Vector
`17.4 Trigonometric Functions
`17.5 Pythagorean Theorem
`17.6 Common Functions
`17.7 Quadrants
`205
`205
`17.8 Angles Greater than 360°
`17.9 Functions of Angles Greater than 90°
`
`203
`204
`205
`
`206
`
`18. Vector Manipulation ..... 2.2...2 eee 209
`
`18.1 Vector Representation
`18.2 Location of a Point
`18.3 Polar Form
`210
`18.4 Rectangular Form
`
`209
`209
`
`211
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 11
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 11
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`

`

`xiv
`
`Contents
`
`212
`18.5 Cartesian Form
`18.6 Polar, Rectangular, and Cartesian Transposition
`18.7 Operator j
`214
`18.8 Vector Operations
`18.9 Vector Manipulation
`
`216
`217
`
`214
`
`19. Mathematical Logic
`
`220
`
`221
`
`19.1 Principles of Logic
`19.2 The Proposition
`19.3 Negation
`222
`19.4 The Logical Sum
`19.5. The Logical Product
`19.6 The Logical Equality
`19.7 The Implication
`227
`19.8 Modus Ponens
`229
`230
`19.9 De Morgan's Law
`230
`19.10 The Exclusive OR
`19.11 Application of Mathematical Logic
`
`223
`224
`224
`
`7
`
`232
`
`236
`Ampacities
`237
`Conduit Fill
`Properties of Conductors§238
`Circuit-breaker Types
`239
`240
`Circuit-breaker Application Ratings
`Table A.6
`Motor-branch-circuit Data—460-volt Three-phase AC
`Transformer Data
`243
`Table A.7
`NEMA Enclosure Classification
`Table A.8
`Table A.9
`Temperature Conversion
`245
`Table A.10
`Three-phase Motors Full Load Currents
`Table A.11
`Natural Trigonometric Functions
`247
`Table A.12
`American Standard Device Function Numbers=248
`Table A.13
`Selected Symbols
`249
`Table A.14
`Electrical Formulas
`252
`Table A.15
`The Greek Alphabet
`252
`Table A.16
`Electrical and Magnetic Nomenclature
`Table A.17
`Rule-of-thumb Approximations
`254
`
`242
`
`244
`
`246
`
`253
`
`Index
`
`255
`
`
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 12
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 12
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`

`

`Preface
`
`This book is written for the whole of the engineering profession, for
`practicing engineers as well as for students. Thus it is a reference book
`containing facts which all members ofthe field may find useful. How-
`ever, it is aimed at the workhorse of the industry; the designer.
`Because the bookis an electrical book, naturally it is written with, the
`electrical designer in mind.
`It assumes that
`the designer has some
`previous experience, but that there will always be problems arising with
`which he is not completely familiar.
`Depending upon the reader's background, then, the contents of the
`book may occasionally seem “out of order” or possibly too advanced or
`too elementary. The subject matter was selected and arranged in accor-
`dance with two criteria:
`
`1. Material should be presented that will make the designer’s task
`easier and speedier.
`2. The information should be presented in the order of requirement
`as a design progresses.
`This is why power-factor correction, short-circuit studies, and checking
`occur toward the middle or end of Part I rather than as fundamentals
`at the beginning.
`
`Pi
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 13
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 13
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`

`

`xvi
`
`Preface
`
`It was decided to place the reference mathematics as Part 2 of the
`book. This decision was made becauseit is basically an electrical book,
`not a mathematics book.
`It is essential, however, that the mathematics
`part be perused first. Unless the reader is familiar with classical logic,
`trigonometry, and vectors, his understanding of the electrical portion will
`be limited.
`Project engineers from other fields such as civil, mechanical, and chem-
`ical engineering should have no difficulty in understanding matters of
`electrical design after reading this book or a specific chapter ofit.
`Because the designer seems to be the forgotten individual as far as
`practical textbooks are concerned, the author would welcome any sug-
`gestions as to future material to include.
`Asrevisions are introduced the
`designers can eventually have their own design standard.
`Thanks to Charles J. Helin, P.E., Past President, Board of Registration
`for Professional Engineers, State of California, for his review of the
`manuscript and his helpful suggestions.
`Illustrations are by John Smets, of Huntington Park, California.
`
`L. B. Roe
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 14
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 14
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`

`

`Chapter Two
`
`The Basic Electric System
`
`2.1
`
`The System and Primary Components
`
`It is only useful, however,
`Electricity is simply another form of energy.
`when it can be controlled and transmitted. There are three basic re-
`quirements for the electric system: production, transmission, and utiliza-
`tion. The production of electricity requires a source of energy, such
`as water, steam, gas, fossil fuels, atomic energy, etc. These are then
`used to provide a “prime mover” with power. Attached to the “prime
`mover” is a generator. The generator produceselectricity at a relatively
`low voltage. To prepare the electricity for transmission over long dis-
`tances,
`it
`is fed into a device known as a transformer. The voltage
`is
`then raised by transformer action to approximately 1,000 volts for
`every mile of transmission. For 150 miles the voltage would probably
`be a standard 169 ky (169 kilovolts), When the fringe of the local
`area is reached, the electricity is once more fed into a transformer,
`which then reverses the process and lowers the voltage for
`local
`distribution,
`-
`
`2.2 Measurement and Control
`
`The quantity of electricity used is measured by meters and other instru-
`ments, The amount delivered and the stability of the system are con-
`trolled by regulating devices, protective relays, and circuit breakers.
`8
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 15
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`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 15
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`

`

`The Basic Electric System
`
`9
`
`2.3 Equipment
`
`Generally, all “transmitting” electric equipment will fall into one of the
`preceding categories. The actual size of the equipment will vary with
`the amountof voltage and powerit is required to handle. For example,
`a circuit breaker can be as small as a cigarette package, or it can be
`large enough to walk around in.
`In either case,
`it serves the same
`basic function, To ensure a comprehensive understanding of the function
`of a particular piece of equipment, we will introduce the basic system.
`No attempt will be made to explain the design of a specific piece of
`equipment or the limits of its use. This will be covered in a later
`chapter. We will explain the general function of the equipment and
`introduce the correct terminology. Some terms tend to be ambiguous.
`Therefore, for the purpose of this text, we will establish the generic
`name and the specific duty of the equipment.
`
`Power
`
`station
`
`Optional
`location of
`breaker
`circuit
`
`:
`\
`Mere te
`Generator,
`up to 13.8 kv
`
`,
`uJ
`
`| line, 13 to 500 kv
`
`“a
`4
`
`Incoming
`! main
`substation
`
`
`
`Power
`transformer———~__
`Circuit breaker
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Subtransmission
`
`line,
`11 to 33 kv
`
`transformer:\
`
`
`
`Primary feeders ;
`
`2.4= to 13.8-kv range
`
`oo,
`
`Secondary circuit,
`115 volts, 230 volts,
`Consumer,
`480-volt distribution
`
`Substation
`
`Distribution
`
`Consumer,
`Single - phase
`service
`
`Fig. 2.1 Basic electric system,
`
`2.4 The Generator
`The generator is a device used to transform mechanical energy into
`electrical energy. The electricity may be in the form of direct current,
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 16
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 16
`
`

`

`io
`
`Electrical Design Information
`
`alternating single-phase current, or alternating polyphase current. The
`selected frequency of the alternating current can be optional. The stan-
`dard frequency in the United States and Canadais 60 cycles per second
`(cps) for normal utility systems.
`In aircraft and missile systems, vary-
`ing frequencies are used. For example, 400 cps is used in some aircraft
`systems. This high frequency allows a reduction in the weight of com-
`ponents, The rating of ac generators is given in kva output at rated
`voltage and power factor. The de generators are rated in kw output
`at rated voltage. kva is simply an abbreviation for kilovolt-amperes
`or va 10°* (kilo meaning a thousand). The same applies to kw (this
`is an abbreviation for kilowatts). The standard generator used for con-
`ventionalutility electric systems is always a three-phase unit.
`
`2.5
`
`The Circuit Breaker
`
`The conductors leaving the generator terminate in a circuit breaker.
`The function of this piece of equipment is to prevent excessive currents
`in the system beyond the generator. At the sametime, it can be made
`to serve as a protective device to prevent overloading of the generator.
`Circuit breakers come in many forms, shapes, and sizes. There are
`air circuit breakers, vacuum circuit breakers, oil circuit breakers, power
`circuit breakers, and plastic case circuit breakers. These are varied
`in current rating, voltage rating, short-circuit rating, and shock rating
`(mechanical shock). The methods of tripping the circuit breakers are
`also quite varied. Each manufacturer has particular features in his de-
`sign which he feels may make it better than another manufacturer's
`design. Sometimes these features become standard and are common
`to all circuit breakers. With all these differences, all circuit breakers
`have one thing in common: They disconnect a circuit from the supply
`when the current in the system exceeds predetermined limits.
`Thecir-
`cuit breaker may also serve double duty as a disconnect device or switch,
`being operated manually instead of automatically.
`
`2.6 The Stepup Transformer
`
`We now begin our sequence of transmitting power from one location
`to another. Wehave, up to now—beginning with the generator—termi-
`nated in a circuit breaker. From here, we feed into a transformer. The
`purpose of the transformeris to raise the voltage from the rated voltage
`of the generator to a new voltage level, suitable for transmitting over
`long distances. This new voltage level
`is determined by evaluating
`a number of conditions. The voltage selected is dependent on installa-
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 17
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 17
`
`

`

`The Basic Electric System
`
`11
`
`tion cost, distance, operating expense, and also present and future volt-
`ages of other systemsin the vicinity.
`The types of transformers used for feeding transmission lines are usu-
`ally custom built to meet the utility-company requirements. They may
`be three-phase autotransformers' with approximately a 2:1 ratio of trans-
`formation, or three-phase two-winding transformers with higher ratios
`of transformation.
`In some cases, three single-phase transformers are
`used and connected in star or delta to provide a three-phase system
`of transformation.
`
`2.7. The Circuit-breaker Location
`
`Wewill again introduce the circuit breaker at this point. As we are
`considering a logical sequence of major equipment, we must point out
`that apparent poweris the product of voltage and current. For a given
`quantity of apparent power, we can consider low voltage and high cur-
`rent or high voltage and low current. Depending on the particular
`values in each case, selection of a circuit breaker must be made. The
`current values in the low-voltage system may be excessive for a circuit
`breaker, whereas in the high-voltage system, the current and voltage
`levels may be well within normal limits for standard circuit breakers.
`Therefore, we may find it necessary to locate the circuit breaker on
`the high-voltage side of the transformer.
`In either case, the same pro-
`tection is offered to the system. There may also be other factors (such
`as the type of system the generator and transformer are being connected
`to) which will govern the location of the circuit breaker. The main
`point to consider is that there is a choice of locations between the secon-
`dary and primary sides of the transformer for location of the circuit
`breaker.
`
`2.8 The Transmission Line
`
`The transmission line may be considered the part of the system bridging
`the gap between one remote area and another remote area.
`Its sole
`purpose is to span long distances. This is accomplished by a system
`of towers carrying high-voltage conductors. The towers are usually
`steel and are a familiar sight across the country. The high-voltage sys-
`tems are as high as 450 kv (450,000 volts). We then get into what
`is known as the EHV system (extra high voltage). This is in the range
`of around 700 kv (700,000 volts). The transmission line may besection-
`alized for convenience purposes. Also, there may be interlinkages with
`other transmission systems requiring switching connections. This does
`*See Chap. 6.
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 18
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 18
`
`

`

`12
`
`Electrical Design Information
`
`Itis still a transmission system, with
`not makeit a distribution system.
`the primary function of spanning long distances.
`
`2.9 The Stepdown Transformer
`
`Whenthe transmission line reaches its approximate area of distribution,
`the voltage must be reduced to a lower level
`to permit distribution
`within populated areas. Here,
`then, we reverse the procedure. The
`transmission line terminates in a stepdown transformer. The specifica-
`tions for the transformer are similar to the requirements for the trans-
`former at the generating end. The circuit-breaker requirements also
`apply; ie, we may locate a circuit breaker on either the primary or
`the secondaryside.
`
`2.10 The Distribution System
`
`After lowering the voltage at the consumer’s end of the transmission
`system,
`the power must
`still be
`routed to various places
`of
`utilization. The distribution system is designed to cover a specific area
`such as a town rather than long distances. The method of distribution
`is usually by the use of wooden poles. The height of these varies but
`is usually between 30 and 50 ft. Using poles of this height requires
`reduced spacing between conductors. Therefore, the voltage is reduced
`to levels limiting the spacing between conductors to 2 or 3 ft. This
`allows crossarms of 6 to 10 ft to be utilized. Subtransmission lines
`are used to connect the transmission system to the distribution system.
`The voltage on these lines is approximately between 138 and 33 kv.
`From these main subtransmission lines, a further system of feeders is
`routed to other specific areas. Again, shorter distances are covered,
`and therefore the voltage may be reduced. This part of the distribution
`system is known as the primary circuits. From these, we connect further
`lines known as subfeeders and laterals. The voltages on the feeder
`part of the system are usually between 13 kv and 4.16 kv. The sub-
`feeders may be three-phase or single-phase, depending on the exact
`requirements of the load density in that particular area. The single-
`phase voltages would be the three-phase voltage divided by 1.73 or
`V3. And so the electrical system approximates the shape of a tree,
`with the transmission line as the trunk and the distribution system as
`the branches, gradually reducingin voltage.
`
`2.11
`
`The Distribution Transformer
`
`The last link between the distribution feeder and the consumer is the
`distribution transformer. This transformer is a standard stock item, de-
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 19
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 19
`
`

`

`The Basic Electric System
`
`13
`
`signed with standard voltages and output ratings. Minor extras are
`available in the form of taps to allow a small percent of adjustment in
`voltage. Optional impedances are available to permit paralleling with
`other transformers, and also to limit short-circuit availability to some
`extent. The transformers are available in single-phase and three-phase;
`however, the single-phase transformer is more adaptable to general use
`and provides more flexibility. To obtain three-phase power, it is only
`necessary to use three single-phase transformers. This also provides a
`safety margin,
`in that the failure of one transformer will still allow
`operation by connecting the remaining two in delta or open wye, provid-
`ing a service with 58% of the original three-transformer bank output.
`The voltages, of course, are reduced by the distribution transformer
`to the standard consumer levels, which could be 115, 230, 277, 480,
`or 550 volts, depending on local requirements.
`
`2.12
`
`Protection and Control
`
`To prevent failure of power supplies and also to provide protection
`against excessive overloads, numerous types of devices are used. Basi-
`cally, all these devices monitor the line variables in one form or other.
`They eventually result in the operation of a circuit breaker or instrumen-
`tation and metering. Some devices operate on current alone, others
`measure the angle between the current and voltage, and others measure
`voltage or voltage and current giving apparent power, The different
`types are too numerous to mention here; however, as we introduce var-
`ious design procedures, we will also introduce the necessary metering
`and protective devices required.
`
`2.13 The Substation
`
`The substation is the part of an electic system containing one or more
`power transformers, switchgear, bus-bar distribution, regulating equip-
`ment, and (sometimes) a control building. These substations can be
`a large complex of buildings, steel structures for bus-bar distribution,
`huge transformers and banks of power-switching circuit breakers, or
`they may be smaller,
`individual packaged unit substations supplying
`a small factory. The designation of substation, then, is dependent on
`function ratherthansize.
`The options available in electric system design are innumerable.
`Transmission line design, substation design, distribution system design,
`equipment application, system stability are all individual fields of study,
`each with its associated pitfalls, shortcuts, dos and don’ts that only expe-
`rience will give. This does not imply that design cannot be done in
`all these fields by the competent designer. All the informationis avail-
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 20
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 20
`
`

`

`14
`
`Electrical Design Information
`
`able in design procedures, and usually the specifications are outlined
`either by the customer or by the utility companies in the area. This,
`then,
`leaves only the conventional
`calculations
`and selection of
`equipment.
`Thus when we consider design procedures, we will assume that the
`standardpractice has already been formulated by the experts and chosen
`as the normal procedurefor all probable conditions. We will encounter
`unusual conditions where possibly another alternative might be better.
`However, for reasons not obvious to the nonexpert, it is better to stay
`with the conventional approach. Again, we do not recommend that
`original thinking not be used. But it should be pointed out that before
`deviating from the conventional approach, one should evaluate very
`carefully the contemplated change and consider all the aspects, from
`problems of obtaining equipment which may be nonstandard to consider-
`ation of the electrician who mayhave to troubleshoot during a thunder-
`storm. Sometimes the cost and convenience advantages acquired in
`straying from the standard are lost many times over in the down time
`or equipment-replacementcosts.
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 21
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 21
`
`

`

`Shors, Cirtnt
`oO
`
`The Short-circuit Study
`
`115
`
`operate, it will open the circuit. To do this, it must be able to handle
`the momentary stresses existing at that time without damage. This,
`then, is termed the interrupting rating.
`
`9.17
`
`Impedance Diagram
`
`Theshort-circuit study is relatively simple, once the impedance diagram
`is established. The important step, then, is setting up the impedance
`diagram. We begin with the single line, as previously mentioned.
`Next we draw a similar single line, replacing all equipment symbols
`with a resistor symbol. The impedances will then eventually be reduced
`to a single impedance. This serves as the master plan for the short-
`circuit study. We must now decide where to locate the fault, and
`whether we require interrupting or momentary rating. We combine
`reactances with the samerulesasresistors.
`‘
`
`Series resistors
`Rr=R,+Rit+t Rs +--- +R,
`Parallel resistors ee ae ee
`ep Ra
`Ra
`By
`R,
`
`The approach to laying out the impedance diagram is relatively simple.
`It is necessary to remember somebasic rules:
`
`1. Show all sources of fault current, i.e., induction motors, generators,
`and synchronous motors.
`2. Replace all components having resistance and/or reactance with a
`resistor symbol.
`4
`3. Identify these components with letters.
`4. Showall power-transformer secondaries feeding an induction-motor
`load whether motors are indicated or not (unlessall load is accounted
`for).
`5. Join all components by an “infinite bus.”
`6. The source is not the “infinite bus,’”? but is shown as a separate
`reactance.
`7. Rearrange reactances carefully into parallel and series groups.
`8. When considering momentary rating, include all induction motors
`and use subtransient X"'d reactances.
`9. When considering interrupting rating, neglect all branches feeding
`pure induction motors and use only transient reactance X'd except
`below 600 volts.
`
`* Even though we are using reactances, the accepted term is impedance diagram.
`*The “infinite bus” can be considered a conductor connecting all the machine's
`neutral points together.
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 22
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 22
`
`

`

`116
`
`Electrical Design Information
`
`Ti
`
`Induction
`motors
`
`sync
`motors
`
`
`
`»\ Suitinth oN
`
`If not known, assume hp=T! (kva)
`
`(a) Step
`
`1
`
`eetf
`
`Rearrange
`
`(b)
`
`Infinite
`
`bus
`
`
`
`
`(b)
`
`Step 2
`
`Combine
`
`(c)
`
`Step
`
`3
`
`(d)
`
`Step
`
`4
`
`Add
`Ti
`
`M3
`
`Total %
`reactance
`
`(e)
`
`Step
`
`5
`
`(f)
`
`Step 6
`
`Note: Refer to Table 9.3 for interrupting duty and which
`reactances
`to include or omit.
`Short-circuit kva=base kva x 100/ Total % reactance
`SC amp,
`symmetrical = SC kva/kv x
`|.73
`For asymmetrical, see Table 9.3 for multiplier
`
`Fig. 9.3 Impedance diagram, Example 1. Neglect cables for example only.
`Calculation is for momentary rating.
`
`We notice in Example 1, Step 2, that we have reactances connected
`at only one end. The general procedure to follow here is to connect
`the unconnected ends to the source (infinite) bus, except
`for
`the
`reactance(s) terminating in thefault.
`Now we will consider a more involved system in the Example 2,
`Fig. 9.4. Notice the two following points: The motor loads ml, m2,
`
`
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 23
`
`LIBERTY EXHIBIT 1029, Page 23
`
`

`

`The Short-circuit Study
`
`117
`
`62
`T2
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`
`system outline
`Single-line
`(a) Step 4
`
`Replace with impedances
`(b) Step 2
`
`
`
`Rearrange and combine
`in parallel
`groups
`
`G1
`TI
`
`G2
`T2
`
`Isolate this part from
`step 3 diagram
`
`Change to equivalent
`star x
`
`(c) Step
`
`3
`
`(d) Step 4
`
`(e) Step 5
`
`a =p—Equivalent
`.
`star
`replacement
`
`Add
`
`i
`|| 4Combine, then
`TS
`
`||||| ;
`
`
`